iron, has acquired the title of the Birmingham | of Belgium. The neighboring village of Seraing is a focus of industry, iron furnaces, forges, and coal mines, the chief being the establishment formed by John Cockerill, an English engineer, and now conducted by a company. Glons, a village N. of Liége, is the centre of a great straw hat manufacture, employing more than 6,000 persons; and 3 m. from the town is Herstal, from which Pepin the Fat took his name D'Héristal, and which is important for its steel works, coal mines, and iron founderies. The manufactures in and around the town include hardware, broadcloth, glass, leather, nails, steam engines, and all sorts of machinery, carriages, and linen and cotton goods. The manufacture of firearms, however, is that for which Liége and its environs are most celebrated. The royal cannon foun dery was established there in 1802.-A village named Legia or Leodium occupied the site of the town in the 7th century. At the beginning of the 8th it became the seat of a bishop, who in the 10th was raised to the rank of an independent sovereign prince by the German emperor. At the beginning of the 12th the chapter of St. Lambert cathedral in Liége was the noblest in Europe. In 1212 Henry I., duke of Brabant, captured the city and pillaged it for six successive days. The struggles of the Liégeois with their bishops and the dukes of Burgundy are described in Scott's "Quentin Durward." Charles the Bold, to protect the bishop Louis de Bourbon, inflicted severe punishment upon his mutinous subjects by abridging their privileges and demolishing all the fortifications. In 1468, the citizens having resumed their rebellious conduct, Charles con demned the town to destruction, and all the buildings except churches and monasteries were burned and many of the inhabitants slaughtered. Louis of Bourbon was murdered in 1482 by William de la Marck, the "wild boar of the Ardennes," who wished to obtain the mitre for his son. But the audacity of the bishops was not easily to be subdued, and one of them declared war against Louis XIV., in consequence of which the town was taken by the French. Marshal Bouflers bombarded it for five days in 1691, and eventually abandoned it to the duke of Marlborough, who stormed the citadel, Oct. 23, 1702. The bishops were expelled on the outbreak of the French revolution in 1789, but reinstated by Austrian troops. In 1794 Liége was annexed to France, and was comprised in the department of Ourthe till 1814, when it was included in the new king dom of the Netherlands. In 1830 the Liégeois were the most enthusiastic in advocating the national independence of Belgium. LIEGNITZ, a town of Prussia, capital of a district of the same name in the province of Silesia, on the Katzbach, and on the Silesian and Saxon railway, 37 m. W. N. W. of Breslau and 147 m. S. E. of Berlin; pop. in 1871, 23,124. It is an old but well built and handsome town, with five suburbs, and is surrounded by a boulevard planted with trees. It contains seven churches, a synagogue, the Ritter academy (a school for nobles), several hospitals, a public library, a gymnasium, industrial and other schools, and a deaf and dumb institution. The Schloss or castle, a part of which dates from the 15th century, is now a museum of art and industry. In the Fürstencapelle are the monuments of many of the dukes of the Polish Piast family, who down to 1675 ruled the territory of Liegnitz. The manufactures include table linen, hosiery, hats, tobacco, &c. There are extensive vegetable gardens in the suburbs and surroundings.-Frederick the Great won here a victory over the View in Liegnitz. Austrians on Aug. 15, 1760. The neighboring field of Wahlstatt witnessed the great battle of April 9, 1241, against the Mongols, and that of Aug. 26, 1813, in which Blücher defeated the French (battle of the Katzbach). The title of princess of Liegnitz was conferred by Frederick William III. of Prussia upon the countess Auguste von Harrach, with whom he contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824. LIEN (Fr. lier, to tie or bind), in its broader sense, every hold upon or right to property to secure the payment of a debt, or the discharge of an obligation. In this sense it includes mortgages, pledges, bottomries, and respondentia. All of these are liens created by contract; but in a narrower and more specific sense, it has been well defined as "a right in one man to retain that which is in his possession belonging to another till certain demands of the person in possession are satisfied." (Hammond v. Barclay, 2 East, 227.) Liens of this kind are seldom created by contract, but arise almost always by the operation of law upon the relation between the parties. The most common of these are the liens of a carrier, an innkeeper, a factor, and a salvor. In addition to these, which are treated under their own titles, it may be said that modern law tends strongly to give this security to every bailee, or person to whom property is delivered, who receives the property for the purpose of improving its condition or adding to its value by putting his labor into the materials supplied him; as a tailor, who by this rule would have a lien on the cloths delivered him to make up into garments, for his wages or compensation for so doing; a watchmaker, employed to clean or repair a watch; a bookbinder on books bound by him; dyers on goods sent to them to be dyed, &c. It is by an extension of the same principle that an attorney has a lien on the papers in his hands, and on any judgment or money he may receive, for his demands against his client. For a similar reason, a banker has a general lien on the paper securities in his hands to cover his claims; and so has an insurance broker, and if the assured transferred his interest in the policy, the transferee would take it subject to the broker's lien. In all these cases it will be observed that the lien is nothing more than a right to retain possession of the property. This principle is important because it makes possession absolutely essential to the lien, and therefore the lien is lost if the creditor give up the possession; for the creditor is then supposed to waive and renounce the security he has upon the thing itself, and to trust only to his personal demand against the debtor. For an analogous reason, it is a general rule, that if one who has a lien to secure a debt receives from the debtor other and adequate security for the debt, he thereby waives and loses his lien on the goods; and if the creditor who thus loses his lien by giving up the possession, afterward comes into possession anew, he does not hold the goods by his former lien for security.-In general liens are enforced in courts of equity. Upon petition, they will decree a sale of the property to pay the debt, or take such other order as the case may require. It used to be thought that this was the only way in which the holder of property by lien could avail of it. Now, however, it seems certain, in some cases of lien, and probably in all, that a creditor may himself sell the property and pay the debt to himself, holding the balance of proceeds, if any, for the debtor; provided that in all the circumstances of the sale, the notice given to the debtor, the time, place, and manner of the sale (which should, generally at least, be by public auction), he consults, in all fairness and with reasonable discretion, the rights and interests of the debtor. In some cases there may be a kind of foreclosure; in some the creditor may have a writ of scire facias against the debtor; in others there are precise provisions of law applicable to the case (as in mechanics' liens); and in all the fair agreement of the parties will determine their rights and obligations. There may be adverse liens on the same thing, and then the question arises as to which shall prevail; and when that which prevails is satisfied, most notable buildings are the Protestant parish church and the government hall. It has also a cantonal library, a museum, manufactories of gloves, tapestry, and paper, and several breweries. the other comes into effect. Thus a carrier of goods from a seller to a buyer may be notified to retain them for the seller, for payment of his price; but the carrier has himself a lien for the price of carrying them. He will therefore hold the goods for his own demand; but when that LIEUTENANT (Fr., from Lat. locum tenens, one price is paid to him, or if he recovers it in any holding the place, i. e., acting for another), a way, his lien is discharged, and his possession title applied to various representative officers, is now the possession of the seller, who has a military and civil. In most armies the lieutenlien for the price. (See SALE, and STOPPAGE ant is next in rank below a captain, in whose IN TRANSITU.)-Another exceedingly important absence he commands the company. In the lien is that upon the land of the debtor, created United States service this officer is called first in favor of a creditor by a judgment or final lieutenant, a second lieutenant being subordidecree of a court of law. The law and prac- nate to him. In the British service a lieutenant tice on this subject are singularly different in in the foot guards ranks with a captain in the different states. Thus, in the New England army; the second lieutenant is generally called states and some others, a judgment is no lien ensign. In the United States navy a lieutenant whatever, nor is execution until it be levied. ranks next below a lieutenant commander, who But in those states land may be attached on is subordinate to a commander. In both the mesne process, and this attachment, when re- American and the British service a lieutenant turned and recorded as the law requires, is a in the navy ranks with a captain in the army. valid lien. In New York and a number of The lieutenant colonel of a regiment is the secothers every judgment and final decree are a ond commissioned officer, immediately suborlien on the real estate of the debtor, from the dinate to the colonel. The lieutenant general docketing of the judgment.-Another very im- in the United States is next in rank to the genportant lien is the equitable lien of a seller of eral, who, under the president, is commanderreal estate for the unpaid balance of his price. in-chief. This grade, conferred first on WashThis also is derived from England, and is un- | ington, expired by limitation at his death. It known in some of our states, and exists with was revived by congress, Feb. 15, 1855, and much variety in those in which it is recognized. given to Gen. Winfield Scott as a brevet, but In general it may be said that the vendor will the act was so framed that the rank should not have a lien on the land sold by him for any survive him. Congress again revived it by a unpaid portion of the purchase price, provided law of March 1, 1864, when the rank was conhe has taken no security for the same, and ferred on Gen. U. S. Grant. On the creation there is nothing in the contract of sale to nega- in his favor of the new grade of general, tive the existence of the lien. The purchaser's July 25, 1866, Gen. William T. Sherman beown note or obligation to pay is not considered came lieutenant general. When he became as security. Still another lien of great impor- general, March 4, 1869, he was succeeded by tance is that of mechanics on the houses and Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. In the British serships they build or repair. It is of recent in- vice there are a number of lieutenant generals, troduction, and depends almost wholly upon who rank the same as in the American army. statutory provisions; and these differ so much-In French history, the lieutenant général du as to leave but little resemblance between royaume is a person invested with the powers them, except on the main point. They all of regent in temporary emergencies. Thus, agree in giving to the mechanic a hold on the the count d'Artois (afterward Charles X.) took ship or house as his security for his work upon this title on entering France in 1814, and held it, and sometimes for materials supplied. To it till the arrival of Louis XVIII. The duke prevent this lien from operating injuriously of Orleans in 1830 was appointed to this office upon owners or purchasers ignorant of it, the by the chamber of deputies, before he accepted various statutes require public notice by record the crown as Louis Philippe. The lord lieuin some form, usually with the town or city tenant of a county in England is a permanent clerk where the property is situated, or some provincial governor appointed by the soversimilar officer whose records are easily acces- eign, whom he directly represents. He is at sible. In most, and perhaps all of the states the head of the magistracy, the militia, and the where this lien is known, it remains in force yeomanry, and is responsible in cases of emerbut a short time, usually two or three months, gency for the preservation of the public tranunless an action is brought to enforce it. (For quillity. He has the power of appointing depshipping and maritime liens, see SHIPPING.) uty lieutenants. The lord lieutenant of Ireland is the sovereign's viceroy or deputy, to whom the government of Ireland is intrusted. He is appointed under the great seal of the kingdom, and his tenure of office depends on that of the ministry of which he is a member. He is intrusted with great powers, but acts in all matters of importance under the direct control of the cabinet of Great Britain. LIERRE (Flem. Lier), a town of Belgium, on the Nethe, in the province and 10 m. S. E. of the city of Antwerp; pop. in 1866, 15,043. It has a normal school, salt refineries, and manufactories of oil cloth and cotton. LIESTAL, a town of Switzerland, capital of the half canton Basel Country, on the Ergolz, 8 m. S. E. of Basel; pop. in 1870, 3,873. The LIEVEN, Dorothea, princess of, a Russian di- | literary, artistic, and social celebrities of that plomatist, born in Riga about 1785, died in metropolis. Politicians, diplomatists, and laParis, Jan. 27, 1857. Her father, Christoph dies of all parties met at her receptions; and von Benkendorff, originally belonging to the the principal business of the Russian embassy inferior gentry of Esthonia, pushed his fortunes was done in her boudoirs. She was on terms of by the aid of his wife, a German woman of personal friendship with almost every eminent low origin, who was a chambermaid and favor- statesman of her time, excepting Lord Palite of the empress of Paul I. Dorothea re- merston, who distrusted her influence, and of ceived a brilliant education, and at an early age whom she became accordingly an unrelenting married the prince Christoph Lieven, who was enemy. Guizot was her most devoted admirer. ambassador in 1811-'12 at the court of Prussia. After the revolution of Feb. 24, 1848, she reHere the remarkable aptitude of the princess moved to London, but returned to Paris during in dealing with public affairs and her eminent the presidency of Louis Napoleon, and resumed social qualities found full display, and she not her receptions in the hôtel Talleyrand, which only controlled the main springs of political was regarded as the headquarters of the Oraction in Berlin, but succeeded in shaping the leans party. After the proclamation of the opinions of the court of St. Petersburg by her empire her saloon became again of great politiextensive official and private correspondence. cal importance, the princess aiding the RusIn 1812 her husband was transferred to the sian ambassador Count Kisseleff in keeping the court of St. James, where she became as con- court of St. Petersburg informed of the prospicuous as she had been in Berlin, and until gress of events. After the outbreak of the 1834 held a leading position in the highest so- Crimean war, when Kisseleff and the principal cial and political circles of England. In the Russian residents of Paris retired to Brussels, latter year Prince Lieven was recalled and the princess went also; but in January, 1855, appointed governor of the cesarevitch (now she sought and received, under the plea of ill Alexander II.), and for some time his wife health, permission to return to Paris, where discharged his functions as tutor as efficiently she lived in retirement until after the restoas she had acquitted herself of his diplomatic ration of peace in 1856, when her hotel was duties. In 1837, desiring a change in con- again thrown open to her friends. Early in sequence of family afflictions, she removed to January, 1857, her health began to fail; but Paris, where she took up her residence in the she was in full possession of her mental powhôtel Talleyrand. After the death of her hus-ers to the last moment. She was a Protestant. band, which occurred in Rome, Jan. 10, 1839, she continued to reside in Paris, and her house became a favorite resort of the chief political, LIFE BOAT, a boat constructed specially for the preservation of life in cases of shipwreck. The first patent for a life boat was granted English Life Boat.-FIG. 1. Sheer Plan. FIG. 2. Deck Plan: a, delivering tubes; b, air cases; c, well; d, air cases; e, empty air cases under deck; f, fore air compartment; g, after air compartment; h, air cases; k, mast thwart; 8, scuttles for air. in England in 1785 to Lionel Lukin, a coach | builder of London. His boat was protected by bands of cork around the gunwales, with air cases in the bow and stern, and was ballasted by an iron keel; appliances which are found in the best life boats at the present day. Lukin's boat was subsequently improved by Admiral Graves and Henry Greathead. This was the first step ever made toward an organized plan for the preservation of life from shipwreck. Four years later George Palmer, an active member of the life-boat institution, produced a plan for a boat which was adopted and used for more than 20 years with very successful results. In 1850 the duke of Northumberland, then president of the institution, offered a premium of 100 guineas for the best model of a life boat. The defects of the then existing ones were pointed out to guide inventors, chiefly as follows: 1. They do not right themselves when upset. 2. They are too heavy to be readily launched or transported along the coast. 3. They do not free themselves from water fast enough. 4. They are too expensive. A committee was formed to examine FIG. 3.-Cross Section. and report upon the models, and a regular competitive examination was organized, marks being assigned to the different necessary qualifications as follows: 1, rowing boat in all weathers, 20; 2, sailing boat in all weathers, 18; 3, sea boat, i. e., stability, safety, buoyancy forward for launching through surf, 10; 4, means of freeing from water readily, 8; 5, extra buoyancy, nature, amount, distribution, mode of application, 7; 6, power of self-righting, 9; 7, suitableness for beaching, 4; 8, room and power of carrying passengers, 6; 9, moderate weight for transport along shore, 3; 10, protection from injury to bottom, 3; 11, ballast, as iron (1), water (2), cork (3), 6; 12, access to stem and stern, 3; 13, timber heads for securing warps, 2; 14, fenders, life lines, &c., 1; total, 100. In the following year the committee patiently examined 280 models and FIG. 4.-Carriage for Life Boat. plans, and awarded the prize to James Beeching of Great Yarmouth, his boat having received 86 out of the 100 marks. A fine boat U 5 U U terward improved under the auspices of the life-boat institution, and became its standard boat. Its general arrangement is shown in figs. 1, 2, and 3. The important properties of this boat are: 1, maximum of stability; it can only be capsized under extraordinary circumstances; 2, rights instantly after being upset; 3, when filled with water, it will discharge the same in 25 seconds; 4, is easily handled under canvas or with oars. The boat is transported on a carriage so arranged that it may be launched as from a marine railway, with the crew in place and ready for service. The royal national life-boat institute has 240 of these boats on the coast of the United Kingdom and the Channel islands, and simwas built upon Beeching's plan, and being | ilar boats are used on the coasts of France, tested by severe trials proved the correctness Germany, and Russia.-Although many patof the committee's award. This boat was af- ents for life boats have been applied for in 7 American Life Boat.-FIG. 5. Sheer Plan. FIG. 6. Deck Plan. FIG. 7. Cross Section. |