KOHLRAUSCH, Heinrich Friedrich Theodor, a German author, born near Göttingen, Nov. 15, 1780, died in Hanover, Jan. 31, 1867. He was from 1830 a teacher in Hanover. His most popular books were Die deutsche Geschichte (Elberfeld, 1816; 15th ed., Hanover, 1866; abridged, 10th ed., Gütersloh, 1867; translated into English, 1847), and Chronologischer Abriss der Weltgeschichte (15th ed., Leipsic, 1861). In 1863 appeared his autobiography (Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben).

KOKOMO, a town and the county seat of Howard co., Indiana, situated on Wild Cat creek, an affluent of the Wabash, and at the intersection of the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, 50 m. N. of Indianapolis; pop. in 1870, 2,177. It contains a number of manufactories, a national bank, and three weekly newspapers. It is the seat of Howard college, organized in 1869, which in 1872 had 5 professors and instructors, and 69 students.

KOLA, a town of Russia, capital of the circle of Kem, in the government and about 360 m. N. W. of the city of Archangel, in the N. W. part of the peninsula of Kola, and at the confluence of the rivers Kola and Tuloma, 36 m. from the Arctic ocean; lat. 68° 50' N., lon. 33° 15' E.; pop. in 1867, 1,062, including Lapps and a few Finns. It is noticeable as the most northern town of European Russia, and the former capital of the old Russian Laplandish territory. It has a good harbor, and contains three churches and a school. It was bombarded by the allies during the eastern war, Aug. 23, 1854.

KOLAPOOR, a native state of the Deccan, India, under the political management of the presidency of Bombay, bounded N. and N. E. by Sattara, E. and S. by Belgaum, and W. by Sawunt Warree and Rutnagherry; area, 3,500 sq. m.; pop. about 500,000. It is traversed by the Ghaut mountains, and by the Kistnah and other rivers. The soil is exceedingly fertile, despite the ruggedness of the country. The principal races are the Mahrattas and Ramooses. The rajahs of Kolapoor boast of their descent from the founder of the Mahratta empire; but their authority has become within the last 30 years only nominal, the English being the actual rulers.-KOLAPOOR, the capital, 185 m. S. E. of Bombay, long notorious for its unhealthy condition, has been lately improved. KOLB, Georg Friedrich, a German journalist and author, born at Spire, Sept. 14, 1808. He published a journal in Spire in 1830, which he

edited for more than 20 years in the liberal interest, and was a member of the Frankfort parliament in 1848. As member of the Bavarian chamber he prepared a report on the socalled Greek loan, which required the ex-king Louis I. to replace from his private means the entire amount which had been paid to his son King Otho of Greece. To escape from persecutions, he remained in Zürich from 1853 to 1860. Subsequently he edited the Frankfurter Zeitung, and in 1863 he resumed his seat in the Bavarian chamber. He opposed the FrancoGerman war of 1870-'71, and advocated the right of suffrage for the people of Alsace-Lorraine. His principal works are: Handbuch der vergleichenden Statistik (1858; 6th ed., 1871); Grundriss der Statistik (1862; 4th ed., 1871); and Culturgeschichte der Menschheit (2 vols., 1869-'70; 2d ed., 1874).

KOLBE, Adolf Wilhelm Hermann, a German chemist, born near Göttingen, Sept. 27, 1818. He studied under Wöhler, and became in 1842 assistant to Bunsen, whom he succeeded in 1851 as professor in the university of Marburg, after having been in the interval employed by Playfair in London, and edited Liebig and Wöhler's Handwörterbuch der Chemie. In 1865 he became professor at Leipsic. His principal works are: Das ausführliche Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie (vols. i. and ii., Brunswick, 1854 and 1863), Das chemische Laboratorium der Universität Marburg (Marburg, 1865), and Die Entwickelung der Chemie in der neuesten Zeit (Munich, 1871 et seq.).

KOLBE, Karl Wilhelm, a German painter, born in Berlin in 1781, died there, April 8, 1853. He was the nephew of an engraver and author of the same name (1757-1835), and became known in 1806 by his "Albert Achilles victorious in Nuremberg," and subsequently by many other works for Prussian churches and palaces, including "The Princess off for the Falcon Chase," "The Battle of Otho the Great against the Huns," and "A Vintage Festival in the Middle Ages."

KOLBERG. See COLBERG.

KÖLCSEY, Ferencz, a Hungarian author, born in the county of Middle Szolnok, Aug. 8, 1790, died in Pesth, Aug. 24, 1838. He studied at the Protestant college of Debreczin, and, though deprived by an accident of one of his eyes, early distinguished himself. In 1809 he was appointed notary of the royal court at Pesth, and in 1826, with Paul Szemere, started a literary periodical under the title of Élet és literatura ("Life and Literature"). In the diet of Presburg of 1832-'6 he acquired new fame, and when Wesselényi was arraigned for treason by the Austrian government, Kölcsey undertook his defence, but died suddenly soon after. His "Works," embracing songs, ballads, satires, short novels, critical writings, and some of his orations, were collected after his death, to which was added after the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 his "Diary during the Diet of 1832-'6."

KOLDEWEY, Karl, a German explorer, born | at Bücken, Hanover, Oct. 26, 1837. He qualified himself for maritime life in the Bremen commercial navy, at the polytechnic school of Hanover, and at the university of Göttingen. He commanded in 1868 the first, and in 1869 the second arctic expedition sent out by Dr. Petermann, and published accounts of them in that geographer's Mittheilungen. In 1871 he became first assistant in the observatory at Hamburg, and prepared under Dove's direction the meteorological and hydrographical results of the arctic voyage (Berlin, 1871-'2).

KOLDING, a town of Jutland, Denmark, on the Koldingfiord (a large bay of the Little Belt), and on the railway from Flensburg to Fridericia, about 10 m. W. S. W. of the latter town; pop. in 1870, 5,400. It contains the fine remains of Koldinghuus, a castle built in the 13th century as a royal residence, and burned in | 1808. Here the Schleswig-Holstein troops defeated the Danes, and stormed the town, April 23, 1849. About 7 m. from Kolding is the hill of Samlingsbanke, formerly included in Schleswig, where immense meetings were held prior to 1848 to protest against the separation from Denmark. The obelisk on this spot was pulled down by the Germans in 1864; but it was restored by the Danes, who by the boundary treaty retained possession of the locality.

KOLIN, or Kollin, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 35 m. E. of Prague, on the railway from Vienna; pop. in 1870, 9,460. It consists of the city proper, which is surrounded by a wall, and four suburbs. It has a Gothic church, an old castle with fine grounds, a convent founded in 1666, a council house, and several factories. An obelisk was erected here in 1842 in honor of a victory gained June 18, 1757, by the Austrians over Frederick the Great. An inn is still in existence which was in the centre of Frederick's position, and from the windows of which he commanded his army.

KOLLAR, Jan, a Slavic scholar and poet, born in N. W. Hungary in 1793, died in Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. He studied at Presburg and Jena, took orders, and in 1819 became preacher to an evangelical congregation at Pesth. In 1849 he was made professor of archæology in the university of Vienna. Being a Slovak by birth, he became a champion of the national regeneration of his race, and the most zealous, if not the first, advocate of Panslavism, or of a union, literary and political, of all Slavic tribes. He developed this tendency in poetical works, written mostly in the Czech language, as well as in disquisitions on the antiquities of the Slavs. Among the former are his Básně ("Poems," 1821), Slawy dcera ("The Daughter of Glory"), his most celebrated work, and Narodnie spiewanky (a collection of Slovak "Popular Songs"); among the latter, Rozpravy o imenach ("Treatises on the Names of the ancient Slavs), Slawa bohyni ("Goddess Slava"), "On the Literary Relation of the Slavic Tribes and Dialects" (in German), Cesto

pis ("A Journey" for antiquarian purposes to northern Italy), and "Ancient Slavic Italy," a work in German, which was published after his death (Vienna, 1853). A complete edition of his Spisy ("Writings") was published in Prague (4 vols., 1860-'65).

KÖLLIKER, Rudolf Albert, a German physiologist and microscopist, born in Zürich, July 6, 1817. He studied at the gymnasium and university of his native town till 1839, when he went to Rome and soon after to Berlin. In the last named place he began the important microscopic investigations that first gave him his fame as a physiologist. His attention had first been directed to this branch of study while on a visit to the island of Föhr, off the coast of Schleswig, in 1840, and from that time he devoted himself almost exclusively to it. In 1842 he was appointed assistant to Henle at Zürich, and in 1845 adjunct professor of physiology and comparative anatomy. In 1847 he became professor of the same branches at Würzburg, and in 1849 of anatomy there. He has published Verzeichniss der Phanerogamen des Cantons Zürich (Zürich, 1839); Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Geschlechtsverhältnisse und der Samenflüssigkeit wirbelloser Thiere (Berlin, 1841); De prima Insectorum Genesi (Zürich, 1842); Entwickelung der Cephalopoden (1844); Microscopische Anatomie (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850'54); Handbuch der Gewebelehre (1852; 5th ed., 1867); Die Entwickelung des Menschen (1861); and Icones Histologica (1864). He has been a frequent contributor to scientific periodicals, and was one of the founders of the medico-physical society of Würzburg. He ranks among the greatest histologists; and his works, the chief of which have been translated into English, belong to the highest authorities in anatomical science.

KOLOMNA, a town of Russia, in the government and 63 m. S. E. of the city of Moscow, near the confluence of the Moskva with the Oka, and on the great central railway; pop. in 1867, 19,890. It has an old citadel, a flourishing industry, and an important trade in provisions. In 1237 the Russians suffered here a crushing defeat by the Mongolians under Batu Khan.

KOLOSHES, a name applied by the Russians to a family of Indian tribes on the N. W. coast of America, extending from lat. 54° 40' to the Atna or Copper river, and comprising the Hydas, Hennegas, Tongas, Stikeens, Kakes, Koas, Kutznus, Awks, Sundowns, Takos, Chilkahts, Hoodsuahoos, Hunnas, and Sitkas. Each tribe is divided into clans, like those in some of the eastern nations, and named the Bear, Eagle, Crow, Whale, and Wolf; and none can intermarry in his own clan. Descent is in the female line. They are a shrewd, bold, perfidious people, evincing considerable ingenuity and skill. They are unprepossessing in appearance, paint their faces, and wear a pin thrust through the lower lip. Their houses are of planks, set upright and roofed with bark,

often 40 ft. wide, 60 deep, and 20 high, with sleeping apartments arranged at the sides. Their canoes are dugouts, 45 ft. long, ornamented with carvings, and there are generally curiously carved posts in front of the houses. Their baidarkas, or skin boats, are inferior to those of the Esquimaux. They burn the dead, preserving their ashes in wooden boxes or tombs, curiously decorated. The Koloshes were visited by Behring in 1741, but they captured and destroyed two of his boats with their crews. During the absence of Baranov, the founder of Sitka, from that post in 1800, the Koloshes attacked it and murdered most of the garrison; but Baranov, aided by Krusenstern's fleet, punished them. They continued hostile, and Sitka required a palisade. Their numbers are estimated at about 12,000.

KOMORN. See COMORN.

KONG, a mountain range of W. Africa, running E. and W. nearly parallel with the coast, on the N. frontier of Upper Guinea, and terminating on the Atlantic in a number of promontories, the principal of which are Capes Verga and Sierra Leone. Its E. termination is not defined. Du Chaillu extends the name to the mountains which, connecting with those just described near the river Niger, extend southward, in a direction generally parallel to the coast of Lower Guinea, and send off several branches toward the sea. One of these ramifications, the Serra do Cristal, extends from

near Fernando Po island to the river Muni in lat. 1° N., and then returning inland rejoins the main range. Further inland, according to Du Chaillu, another offset called the NkoomooNabooalee mountains runs E. and W. The Kong mountains are very imperfectly known. The W. division does not exceed 2,500 ft. in average height, but in some places is believed to reach the limit of perpetual snow. Granite, marble, and limestone are the prevailing rocks. KONGSBERG, a town of Norway, in the province and 45 m. S. W. of the city of Christiania, at the foot of the Jonsknuden mountain, and near the Larbröfos waterfall, on the Laagen river; pop. about 5,000. It contains a handsome church, and is renowned for its silver mines, the only ones in Norway. They were discovered in 1623, and are worked by the government, which has established here the mint and mining department, powder mills, and smelting works for manufacturing cobalt and reducing and refining the silver ore. The annual yield of silver exceeds 30,000 lbs. A specimen of native silver found in the principal mine, which is 180 fathoms deep, measuring 6 ft. long, 2 ft. broad, and 8 in. thick, is in the Copenhagen museum; and other enormous masses have been found at various times.

KONIEH, or Koniah (anc. Iconium), a city of Asia Minor, capital of the vilayet of its name, about 280 m. S. E. of Constantinople; pop. about 40,000. The stout walls which surround