river; area, 525 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 26,333. The surface is undulating, and the soil, particularly in the W. part, is remarkably fertile. The Lake Erie division of the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Cleveland, Mount Vernon, and Delaware railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 386,176 bushels of wheat, 20,389 of rye, 1,223,270 of Indian corn, 440,130 of oats, 97,301 of potatoes, 24,887 lbs. of tobacco, 676,603 of wool, 57,988 of maple sugar, 799,366 of butter, and 40,770 tons of hay. There were 9,429 horses, 8,542 milch cows, 12,141 other cattle, 145,613 sheep, and 27,872 swine; 24 manufactories of carriages, 4 of iron castings, 2 of engines and boilers, 1 of linseed oil, 4 of sash, doors, and blinds, 7 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 3 of woollen goods, 6 tanneries, 2 currying establishments, 13 saw mills, and 8 flour mills. Capital, Mount Vernon. VI. A S. W. county of Indiana, bordering on Illinois, bounded W. by the Wabash river, S. by White river, and E. by the W. fork of the Wabash; area, 513 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 21,562. It has a level surface, occupied in the W. part by prairies, and contains beds of coal. The soil is very fertile. The Evans

sippi, and the Indianapolis and Vincennes railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 376,950 bushels of wheat, 959,209 of Indian corn, 55,767 of oats, 46,235 of potatoes, 56,237 lbs. of wool, 137,185 of butter, and 7,331 tons of hay. There were 6,415 horses, 4,632 milch cows, 7,571 other cattle, 18,907 sheep, and 33,110 swine; 4 manufactories of carriages, 5 of cooperage, 1 of machinery, 4 of saddlery and harness, 4 of tin,

contains a number of small lakes. A portion of the inhabitants are engaged in navigation and fishing. The Knox and Lincoln railroad terminates at the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,721 bushels of wheat, 15,445 of Indian corn, 12,276 of oats, 25,259 of barley, 190,676 of potatoes, 45,859 lbs. of wool, 395,960 of butter, and 28,014 tons of hay. There were 1,785 horses, 4,608 milch cows, 1,653 working oxen, 3,790 other cattle, 10,600 sheep, and 1,291 swine; 9 manufactories of carriages, 18 of cooperage, 9 of cured and packed fish, 1 of gunpowder, 5 of iron, 39 of lime, 9 of marble and stone work, 9 of saddlery and harness, 6 of sails, 2 of woollen goods, 13 shipbuilding and repairing establishments, 4 tanneries, 3 currying establishments, 2 flour mills, and 9 saw mills. Capital, Rockland. II. A N. W. county of Texas, near the head of the Brazos river, by which and the Big Wichita it is drained; area, 1,275 sq. m. There were no inhabitants enumerated in 1870. Most of the surface is hilly and broken, but in the S. part there is an undulating mezquite prairie. Gypsum is so abundant as to render the water of most of the streams unfit for drinking, and the Wichita and Brazos are contaminated by de-ville and Crawfordsville, the Ohio and Missisposits of salt near their sources. Timber is not abundant; the principal varieties are mezquite and cedar. The soil is a red loam suitable for pasturage and grain. III. An E. county of Tennessee, watered by Clinch, Holston, and French Broad rivers; area, 575 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 28,990, of whom 4,840 were colored. The surface is mountainous, being crossed by Copper ridge, Chestnut ridge, and Bay's mountain. Iron ore, limestone, and marble are abundant, and the soil of the low-copper, and sheet-iron ware, 3 breweries, 8 saw lands is fertile. It is traversed by the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia, the Knoxville and Charleston, and the Knoxville and Kentucky railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 151,232 bushels of wheat, 548,546 of Indian corn, 259,047 of oats, 25,702 of Irish and 24,243 of sweet potatoes, 26,532 lbs. of tobacco, 26,328 of wool, 222,078 of butter, and 5,766 tons of hay. There were 4,907 horses, 4,543 milch cows, 6,795 other cattle, 13,441 sheep, and 22,519 swine; 2 manufactories of saddlery and harness, 1 of sash, doors, and blinds, 1 of machinery, 1 of printing paper, 6 of iron, 2 tanneries, 1 flour mill, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Knoxville. IV. A S. E. county of Kentucky, traversed by Cumberland river; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,294, of whom 557 were colored. It has a mountainous surface, and abounds in iron ore, coal, and limestone. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,670 bushels of wheat, 214,369 of Indian corn, 36,670 of oats, 11,290 of potatoes, 14,348 lbs. of wool, 78,427 of butter, and 992 tons of hay. There were 1,212 horses, 1,534 milch cows, 3,399 other cattle, 8,372 sheep, and 12,761 swine. Capital, Barboursville. V. A central county of Ohio, drained by Vernon and Walhonding rivers and the N. fork of Licking

mills, and 6 flour mills. Capital, Vincennes. VII. A N. W. county of Illinois, drained by Spoon river; area, 729 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 39,522. It has an undulating surface, diversified with prairies and woodlands, a fertile soil, well watered by creeks, and extensive beds of coal. The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroad and the Peoria branch pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 275,418 bushels of wheat, 113,547 of rye, 2,708,319 of Indian corn, 787,952 of oats, 12,723 of barley, 147,909 of potatoes, 53,885 lbs. of wool, 668,074 of butter, and 53,014 tons of hay. There were 18,247 horses, 10,997 milch cows, 23,738 other cattle, 16,137 sheep, and 61,768 swine; 8 manufactories of agricultural implements, 9 of brick, 3 of brooms and wisp brushes, 35 of carriages, 1 of cars, 1 of dressed furs, 2 of iron castings, 4 of machinery, 1 of marble and stone work, 10 of masonry, 2 of pumps, 16 of saddlery and harness, 14 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 1 of woollen goods, 2 wool-carding and cloth-dressing establishments, 5 planing mills, 6 saw mills, and 16 flour mills. Capital Galesburg. VIII. A N. E. county of Missouri, drained by the North, South, and Middle Fabius, and the N. fork of Salt river; area, 512 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,

974, of whom 200 were colored. It has a nearly level surface, diversified with woods and prairies, and a fertile soil. The Quincy, Missouri, and Pacific railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 63,745 bushels of wheat, 573,003 of Indian corn, 257,812 of oats, 10,600 lbs. of tobacco, 62,890 of wool, and 19,065 tons of hay. There were 7,215 horses, 5,417 milch cows, 14,968 other cattle, 24,758 sheep, and 30,765 swine; 10 manufactories of carriages, 10 of brick, 8 of saddlery and harness, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 1 of woollen goods, 4 saw mills, and 3 flour mills. Capital, Edina. IX. AN. E. county of Nebraska (formerly called L'Eau Qui Court), separated from Dakota by the Missouri and Niobrara rivers; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 261. The chief productions were 1,309 bushels of wheat, 3,610 of Indian corn, 3,210 of potatoes, and 1,012 tons of hay; value of live stock, $20,610. Capital, Niobrara.

was sent to Massachusetts to expedite the raising of a battalion of artillery, and became the organ of communication with the executive council of the state concerning the military events of that year. At the battle of Brandywine the fire of the artillery against Knyphausen at Chad's ford was maintained by Knox with vigor from morning till evening. The failure at Germantown was partly attributed to his tenacious adherence to the military maxim never to leave an enemy's fort in the rear, causing the pursuit to be abandoned at Chew's garrisoned house. After the fall of Fort Mifflin, Nov. 15, 1777, he was sent with De Kalb and St. Clair to provide for the security of Red Bank. He passed the winter at Valley Forge, laboring to improve the discipline and efficiency of the army, and was prominently engaged in the hot battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. In the general order after the battle Washington had "the satisfaction to inform Gen. Knox and his officers that the enemy had done them the KNOX, Henry, an American general, born in justice to acknowledge that no artillery could Boston, July 25, 1750, died in Thomaston, Me., be better served than theirs." Knox accomOct. 25, 1806. He was of Scotch and Irish panied Washington and Lafayette to Hartford Presbyterian stock, and his father came from to mark out their future plans of cooperation, St. Eustatius, one of the Dutch West India and returned by way of West Point, where he islands. He received the common school edu- sat on the court martial for the trial of André. cation of his time in Boston, where he became In the ensuing winter he was again sent to a thriving bookseller, his shop being a favorite New England to gather men and means for the resort of cultivated persons. He was an officer next campaign. During the heaviest part of in Major Dawes's corps of grenadiers, and by the cannonade at Yorktown, Knox was in the practice and study became an adept in military grand battery by the side of Washington. He science. He married Miss Lucy Fluker, a was now advanced by congress to the rank daughter of the provincial secretary. Shortly of major general, and was commissioned with before the battle of Bunker Hill he managed Gouverneur Morris to arrange the exchange of to escape the guards of Gen. Gage with his prisoners and settlement of expenses. He was wife, and to make his way to Cambridge with placed in command at West Point after the anhis sword carefully concealed in the folds of nouncement of the cessation of hostilities, and her dress. He was actively engaged in that on him devolved the delicate task of disbandbattle as a volunteer aid to Gen. Ward, recon- ment. He was appointed to arrange the surnoitring the movements between the heights render of New York with Sir Guy Carleton. and the headquarters; and upon his reports After the peace he was a candidate with Greene Ward issued his orders. He soon attracted and Lincoln for the secretaryship of war, in Washington's attention by his skill as an engi- which office he succeeded the latter in March, neer in planning and constructing fortifications, 1785. There was no separate department for and as an artillerist. Attached to the regiment the navy, and its duties therefore devolved of artillery which had been formed under the chiefly on him. He retained his department veteran Gridley, he was soon raised to its com- after the organization of the new government. mand. He was sent in quest of cannon and In December, 1795, following the example of ordnance stores, and succeeded in bringing to Hamilton, he retired from the cabinet, and recamp early in 1776 a long train of sledges bear- moved to St. Georges in Maine for the iming more than 50 cannon, mortars, and howit-provement of an estate, acquired partly in the zers, which proved of great service in the siege and bombardment of Boston. He subsequently took the management of all the artillery in New York. He was almost the last officer to leave the city, remaining so late that he escaped capture only by seizing a boat and making his way by water. He distinguished himself in the New Jersey campaign, and on Jan. 2, 1777, his well directed cannonade repulsed Cornwallis in repeated attempts to pass the Assumpink. He shared in the brilliant action at Princeton on the following day. Having been made by congress brigadier general of the artillery, he

right of his wife and partly by purchase, upon which he expended large amounts. When in 1798 the army was reorganized at the prospect of war with France, his feelings were deeply wounded by the cabinet's reversal of President Adams's order of appointments, and the precedence assigned to Hamilton in the new military arrangements. His proposal was to serve as aide-de-camp to Washington.-See "Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox," by Francis S. Drake (Boston, 1874).

KNOX, John, a Scottish religious reformer, born at Gifford, Haddingtonshire, or at Gifford

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this condemnation he published the "Appellation of John Knoxe." He also wrote "A Letter to Queen Mary, Regent of Scotland," and a tract entitled "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558), a vehement attack on political government by women, at a time when Mary of Guise was regent of Scotland and Mary Tudor queen of England, and the nearest in succession to both thrones were females. Invited by the Scottish Protestants to resume his labors in his native country, he landed at Leith in 1559, and rejoiced that he had come even in the brunt of the battle." The queen regent, throwing off all disguise, had laid her plans for the forcible overthrow of the reformation. At a convention of the nobility and clergy in Edinburgh all the demands of the Protestants were refused. Several of the reforming preachers were summoned to appear at Stirling for

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gate, a suburb of Haddington, in 1505, died in Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572. After receiving his preliminary education at the grammar school of Haddington, he was sent about 1524 to the university of St. Andrews, was ordained, and prior to 1530 became a teacher of philosophy there. The study of the fathers, especially of Jerome and Augustine, had shaken his religious opinions as early as 1535, but it was not till 1542 that he became an avowed and marked reformer. His reprehension of certain practices of the church caused him to retire from St. Andrews to the south of Scotland, where he was declared a heretic, degraded from his office, and threatened by assassins. In default of more definite occupation, he became tutor to the sons of two noble families, listened to the reformed teachers, and occasionally preached to the inhabitants of the surrounding country. After the death of his friend George Wishart he remained in retire-trial, but by the dissimulation of the regent ment till, nearly a year after the murder of were prevented from attending and then outCardinal Beaton, he took refuge with many lawed for their failure. Knox hastened to meet other Protestants (1547) in the castle of St. them at Perth, where the Protestant preachAndrews, which the regent was vainly attempt-ers had assembled at the summons of the queen. ing to reduce. There for the first time he ad- Soon after his arrival he preached against the ministered publicly both elements of the eu- idolatry of the mass and the veneration of charist, and became known as a powerful images. At the conclusion of the service a preacher against the papacy. The regent, re- priest ventured to make preparations for celeenforced by a French squadron, obliged the brating mass, which roused the people to imgarrison to surrender. The terms of the ca- mediate action. The images in the churches pitulation were violated, and Knox with his were demolished, the pictures torn from the comrades was transported to France, where he walls and trampled under foot, the holy rewas imprisoned in the galleys for 19 months. cesses invaded, and the "rascal multitude," as He experienced extreme hardships, and on his Knox calls them, did not stop till they had release (1549) directed his course to England, sacked and laid in ruins the houses of the Dowhere he was appointed to preach at Berwick minican and Franciscan friars and the Carthuand at Newcastle, and became one of the chap- sian monastery. The queen regent advanced lains of Edward VI. For the boldness of his upon Perth with a considerable army, but, discourses he was several times called to ac- finding the Protestants well prepared for resistcount, but he was able to vindicate himself. A ance, proposed terms of accommodation which bishopric was offered to him, but he declined were accepted. The Protestants, in order to it from scruples as to the divine authority of consolidate their strength, formed a religious the episcopal order. On the accession of Queen bond or covenant, and began to be distinMary he fled to Dieppe, and passed thence to guished as the congregation, and their leaders Geneva. In November, 1554, he took charge as the lords of the congregation. Iconoclasm of the chapel of the English emigrants in Frank- was a prominent feature in the Scottish reforfort, but resigned soon after because his con- mation. Events similar to those at Perth folgregation was in favor of retaining the liturgy. lowed at Stirling, Lindores, Cupar, St. AnHe returned to Geneva and thence to Scotland, drews, and other places. Knox had preached in where he labored for the spread of the refor- the cathedral of St. Andrews against the advice mation. Dissatisfied with the slow progress of of his friends and the threats of the archbishthe movement in his native land, he return-op, and with such success that the magistrates ed to Geneva in 1556, where he became pas-united with the inhabitants in desolating the tor of a small English congregation. The 30 months of his residence in Geneva, in the society of Calvin, Beza, and other learned men, were among the happiest of his life. While in Scotland he had been cited to appear before an assembly of the clergy to be held at Edinburgh, but his opponents avoided the discussion when they found him ready to meet it, supported by persons of influence. But after his return to Geneva the citation was renewed, and he was condemned to be burned as a heretic, and the sentence was executed on his effigy. Against

churches and monasteries, and in establishing the reformed worship. Meantime civil war raged throughout the kingdom between the regent, assisted by French troops, and the lords of the congregation, who implored the succor of Elizabeth. In political as well as ecclesiastical affairs Knox was a conspicuous adviser, and took up his residence in Edinburgh after an extensive circuit through the southern and eastern counties. After a contest of 12 months, marked by many atrocities, the vigorous assistance rendered by Elizabeth, and the death of