Darling Downs, in February, 1848, in which he expressed great delight at receiving medals from the London and Paris geographical societies, and said that he was about to explore Victoria river. Leichhardt wrote "Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia, from Moreton Bay to Port Essington" (London, 1847; German translation by Zuchold, Halle, 1851), and Beiträge zur Geologie von Australien (Halle, 1855). His biography has been | written by Zuchold (Leipsic, 1856).

those of the majority of his constituents, he resigned in 1837, and passed the remainder of his life in retirement.

LEIGHTON, Frederick, an English painter, born at Scarborough, Dec. 3, 1830. He studied principally in Italy and Germany. His first great work, "Cimabue finding Giotto drawing in the Fields," was produced in 1848. Among his other works are: "The Death of Brunelesco;" "Cimabue," representing the triumphal procession in Florence at the reception of that master's "Madonna," which was exhibited in 1855, and at once purchased by the queen; "Orpheus redeeming his Wife from Hades " (1856); "Scene from Romeo and Juliet" (1858); "Looking at the Autumn Fields (1859); "Capri at Sunrise" (1860); “Paolo and Francesca" and "Lieder ohne Worte (1861); "The Star of Bethlehem" and "Michel Angelo nursing his dying Servant" (1862); "A Girl feeding Peacocks" and "An Italian Crossbowman" (1863); "Golden Hours" (1864); "Helen of Troy," "David," and "Mother and Child" (1865); Syracusan Bride leading Wild Beasts in Procession " (1866); "Nude Venus" (1867); and "Clytemnestra" (1874). He has illustrated several books, including George Eliot's "Romola."

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LEIDY, Joseph, an American naturalist, born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1823. In 1844 he graduated M. D. at the university of Pennsylvania, and began the practice of medicine; but he soon devoted himself to teaching, and to original work in the biological sciences. In 1846 he was chosen chairman of the curators of the national academy of sciences, and in 1853 professor of anatomy in the university of Pennsylvania, which chair he still fills (1874). In March, 1871, he was appointed professor of natural history in Swarthmore college, teach- | ing zoology, comparative anatomy and physiology, mineralogy, and geology, without intermitting his duties in the university. During the civil war his scientific labors were to a great extent arrested by his services as acting assistant surgeon in Satterlee hospital, Philadelphia. LEIGHTON, Robert, a Scottish prelate, born His contributions to scientific periodicals num- in Edinburgh in 1611, died in London, June ber nearly 800. He has also written "Flora 26, 1684. He was educated at the university and Fauna within Living Animals," "Ancient of Edinburgh, in 1641 became pastor of a Fauna of Nebraska," and "Cretaceous Rep- Presbyterian church, and in 1653 principal of tiles of the United States" (published by the the university of Edinburgh. On the accesSmithsonian institution); "The Extinct Mam- sion of Charles II. an attempt was made to malian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, to- establish episcopacy in Scotland. Leighton gether with a Synopsis of the Mammalian Re- was favorably disposed toward the system, mains of North America" (4to, 30 plates, Phil- though his father had been savagely perseadelphia, 1870); and "Contributions to the Ex-cuted by Laud for his opposition to it; and, in tinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Terri- the hope of moderating the violent dissensions tories" (4to, 37 plates, Washington, 1873). of the time, he reluctantly consented to accept LEIGH, Benjamin Watkins, an American law- a bishopric, choosing that of Dumblane as beyer, born in Chesterfield co., Va., June 18, ing one of the poorest in revenue. 1781, died Feb. 2, 1849. He studied at Wil- on the resignation of Sharpe, he was transliam and Mary college, and when he became of ferred to the archbishopric of Glasgow; but age was admitted to the bar. He practised finding himself unequal to the difficulties of successfully in Petersburg, Va., and was soon his new dignity, he resigned it in 1674, retired elected to the legislature from Dinwiddie co., to England, and spent his remaining days in presenting in that body a series of resolutions that country. He left various works, the best asserting the right of the legislature to instruct known of which is his "Practical Commentary the United States senators from Virginia. In on the First Epistle General of St. Peter." A 1813 he removed to Richmond, where he at complete edition of his writings appeared in once took a high place at the bar. He was one 1808 (6 vols. 8vo, London). Among other of the commissioners appointed to revise the editions is that by Pearson (London, 1828, and statutes of Virginia, and reported the argu- New York, 1859); the latest edition was pubments and decisions in the court of appeals. lished in London in 1871, in 6 vols. In 1822 he was sent as commissioner to Kentucky, and, in concert with Mr. Clay on the part of that state, adjusted an agreement concerning the "occupying claimants law," which threatened to annul the Virginia titles to lands in Kentucky. He was a member of the convention of 1829-30, in which he held a prominent position, and in 1835 was elected to the United States senate, where he took an active part in debate; but finding that his views were not

In 1670,

LEINSTER, one of the four provinces of Ireland, constituting the S. E. part of the island, between lat. 52° 7′ and 54° 6' N., and lon. 6° and 8° 3′ W., bounded N. by Ulster, E. by St. George's channel, S. by the Irish sea, and W. by Munster and Connaught; length N. and S., 132 m.; greatest breadth, 82 m.; area, 7,553 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 1,335,966 (in 1841, 1,973,731). It is divided into 12 counties: Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's,

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tablished in the university in 1860. Few towns are more devoted to the cultivation of music and the drama. Since 1871 Leipsic has been the seat of the supreme commercial court of the German empire.-The three annual commercial fairs of Leipsic are the most important in Europe, and are attended by persons of almost all nations, but chiefly by Germans and merchants from Poland, Russia, and other Slavic countries. The number of visitors is usually about 60,000, and the transactions amount to about $50,000,000 annually. Notwithstanding the commercial magnitude of its fairs, Leipsic is still more extensively known by the book trade of which it is the centre. In 1871 there were in the city 249 publishers and booksellers. The principal publishing houses are those of Brockhaus and B. Tauchnitz. The number of printing offices was 50, and of bookbinding establishments 180. Five principal railways have their depots at Leipsic, and a number of less important lines branch off from here. Among the chief manufactures are tobacco, cigars, and pianos.-Leip

the Augusteum, 300 ft. long and three stories high, containing a great hall, lecture room, museums of natural history, and a library with 200,000 volumes and 2,500 manuscripts. The use of the German language as a medium of public learned instruction was first introduced at Leipsic in 1688 by Thomasius, the son of the teacher of Leibnitz. The university is one of the few scholastic establishments on the continent which have retained their own landed estates. The property of the institution is very considerable, and embraces, besides a number of landed estates, 41 large buildings in the city; and the endowment for stipends, free board, &c., amounts to over $500,000, nearly 200 poor students being sometimes supported by the university. Philology was long the great specialty of the university, although many of its leading members have been eminent in other branches. About the middle of the present century the university suffered greatly from the anti-liberal policy of the Saxon government, which caused a number of the most eminent professors to leave, and the attendance of stu-sic is first mentioned as a town in the beginning dents diminished from 1,300 in the early part of the century to about 800 in 1860. Since then it has not only recovered from these losses, but become in every respect one of the most prominent universities of Germany. The number of matriculated students rose to 1,179 in 1866, 1,803 in 1871, 2,204 in 1872, 2,650 in 1873, and 2,876 for the winter of 1873-'4, including 45 from the United States. The numbers for the last two years exceeded those of any other German university. Among its 107 professors were some of the most eminent scholars of Germany; as Delitzsch and Tischendorf in the theological faculty; Wächter and Hänel in the law faculty; Weber, Wunderlich, Czermak, Bock, and Carus in the medical faculty; the philosophers Ahrens and Drobisch, the geographer Peschel, the astronomer Bruhns, the naturalists Kolbe and Leuckart, the historians Wuttke and Voigt, the philologists Ritschl, Curtius, and Lange, and the orientalists Ebers, Brockhaus, and Fleischer. The university building has been greatly enlarged; a third chemical laboratory was established in 1867, a physiological laboratory in 1869, and a pathological laboratory in 1871. A new building for the physical institute was begun in 1872, and another for the anatomical institute in 1873. The budget for 1872 appropriated for the university 169,000 thalers. Besides this university, Leipsic has an agricultural institute, two gymnasia, a Realschule, one of the largest commercial schools of Germany, an industrial school, institutions for the deaf and dumb and the blind, and a number of other schools. It possesses also a town library with a remarkable collection of oriental manuscripts and Turkish works, and a considerable number of societies and journals for the promotion of science, letters, and art. A conservatory of music was founded by Mendelssohn-Bartholdy in 1843, and a professorship of music was es

of the 11th century, and its commercial importance began as early as the 13th. It suffered much during the thirty years' war, and the great victory of Gustavus Adolphus over Tilly, Sept. 7, 1631, was gained in its vicinity at Breitenfeld. On Oct. 16-19, 1813, was fought the memorable battle of Leipsic, called by the Germans the great Völkerschlacht, which precipitated the downfall of Napoleon, already weakened in his resources by the disasters of the Russian campaign. On the 16th the main army of the allied troops of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, about 160,000 strong, under Prince Schwarzenberg, attacked the French stationed in and around Leipsic, and from 9 o'clock in the morning until noon a series of villages on the south of the city occupied by the French were furiously but unsuccessfully assaulted. Napoleon, assuming the offensive, then adopted his favorite measure of a grand attack on the enemy's centre, and a powerful column of the old and young guards, preceded by a train of artillery, pierced the allied army. Schwarzenberg ordered up his reserves, and Napoleon doing the same, a general engagement ensued along the whole line of attack, distinguished by frequent charges of immense bodies of cavalry. At one time Murat at the head of the cuirassiers of the old guard nearly succeeded in capturing the emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia; but the Cossacks of the imperial guard and the Austrian reserves coming up to the front at all points, the French were checked, and at nightfall both armies remained nearly in the position they had occupied in the morning. The only decided success of the French was on the western side of Leipsic, where Bertrand drove back the Austrians under Gyulai, and preserved a line of retreat through Lindenau in case of disaster. During the engagement between the main armies Blücher arrived from Halle with the army of Silesia, about

60,000 strong, and after an obstinate conflict | drove Marmont out of the village of Möckern. On the 17th, a Sunday, both armies by tacit agreement rested, and Napoleon, conscious of his weakness, made an ineffectual attempt to procure an armistice. The 18th found his forces, about 160,000 in number, arranged in a semicircle around the north, east, and south of the city; while to oppose him Schwarzenberg, strengthened by the arrival of the Russian reserves under Benningsen and Bernadotte's army of the north, brought into the field 300,000 men and nearly 1,400 cannon. Against these odds the French fought with heroic courage, and their artillery, amounting to 800 pieces, was played with a rapidity and effect which for a long time kept their assailants in check. Gradually their circle of defence was narrowed, and at a critical period of the day they were weakened by the defection of large bodies of Saxon and Würtemberg troops, who immediately turned their guns against their former comrades. The allies having at length penetrated into the suburb of Schönfeld, Napoleon became convinced that the city was no longer tenable, and, taking advantage of a cessation of hostilities at nightfall, commenced a retreat. Amid a scene of fearful confusion the French filed off through Lindenau. Early on the morning of the 19th the allies forced an entrance into the city, and a terrible conflict ensued with the French rear guard, who were encumbered with immense trains of baggage and artillery and crowds of wounded. In the height of the mêlée the bridge of Lindenau, the only outlet of retreat over the river Elster, was prematurely blown up, leaving 12,000 soldiers, besides 25,000 sick and wounded, in the hands of the allies. Marshal Macdonald by great exertion succeeded in swimming his horse across the river, but Prince Poniatowski in attempting the passage was drowned. The total loss of the French during the three days of fighting was more than 60,000; that of the allies 50,000. At 2 P. M. on the 19th the carnage ceased, and Napoleon was in full retreat toward the Rhine.

ward became his son-in-law as well as his secretary and fellow sufferer. Under Dongan's administration in 1683 he was appointed one of the judges, or "commissioners" as they were styled, of the court of admiralty in New York. In 1688 Gov. Dongan was succeeded by Lieut. Gov. Francis Nicholson, who was in command of the colony when Jacob Leisler, supported by the mass of the lower orders of the inhabitants, seized the fort and the public funds on the last of May, 1689, for "the preservation of the Protestant religion." On June 2 Leisler with his own train band of 49 men took possession of the fort, and resolved, as he expressed it himself, not to leave until he had brought all the train bands fully to join with him. On the next day he declared for the prince of Orange. A committee of safety was then formed, who on June 8 commissioned Leisler as "captain of the fort." In this capacity he at once began to repair the fort, and strengthened it with a "battery" of six guns beyond its walls, which was the origin of that public park still known as the Battery. Nicholson and the council of the province, with the authorities of the city, headed by Stephanus van Cortlandt the mayor, attempted by pacific means to prevent the uprising, but without effect. Becoming finally alarmed for their own safety, the lieutenant governor sailed for England, and the mayor with the other officials retired to Albany. On Aug. 16 the committee of safety appointed Leisler "commander-in-chief of the province," with the full power of a governor in all matters civil and military. He now attempted to reduce Albany and the northern parts of the colony, which from the first had refused to recognize his authority, although that city, as well as the whole province, had acknowledged William and Mary immediately on the arrival of the news of the great revolution in England. Milborne was sent in November with an armed force to Albany, to assist in its defence against some Indian hostilities which were threatened, but directed by Leisler to withhold it unless his own authority was recognized. This was refused, and Milborne LEISLER, Jacob, an American adventurer, returned unsuccessful. In December arrived a born in Frankfort, Germany, executed in New despatch from William and Mary directed "to York, May 16, 1691. He came to America in Francis Nicholson, Esq., or in his absence to 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch such as for the time being takes care for preWest India company. Leaving the army soon serving the peace and administering the laws after his arrival, he engaged in the Indian in his majesty's province of New York." This trade, and became a comparatively wealthy Leisler construed as an appointment of himself man. In 1674 he was appointed a commis- as the king's lieutenant governor. He theresioner of the forced loan imposed by Colve. fore dissolved the committee of safety, swore While on a voyage to Europe in 1678 he was in a council, and assumed the style of a royal captured by Moorish pirates, and was com- lieutenant governor and commander-in-chief. pelled to pay a ransom of 2,050 pieces of eight After the massacre at Schenectady in February, to obtain his freedom. Previous to this voy- 1690, he engaged with great vigor in the exage he was a resident of Albany, and had been peditions against the French, and equipped and involved in the ecclesiastical difficulties of that despatched against Quebec the first fleet of city in 1676, in which he suffered both in char-men-of-war sent forth from the port of New acter and purse, having been mulcted in the entire cost of the litigation which was instituted by him and Jacob Milborne, who after

York. A few months later Major Ingoldesby arrived with the news of Sloughter's appointment as governor, and demanded possession of