about two thirds of the whole for use.-Russia leather, such as is used in pocketbooks, travelling bags, &c., has long been highly popular in the United States and Europe, not only for its durability, but more especially for its peculiarly pleasant smell, which it retains after years of use and exposure. For these reasons it has always commanded a high price, and many American manufacturers have striven hard to make a close imitation of the genuine article. The leather is made of the ordinary Russian hides, which, as is the case in all cold climates where the pasturage is generally poor, are large and thin. These hides are tanned by a very slow process, generally in the weak liquor of the willow bark, which contains not more than 2 or 3 per cent. of tannin. The leather has very little of the positive bark smell which may always be noticed in more thorough or more rapid tannages; but to give it the particular odor by which it is distinguished, what is called "birch bark tar" is used. The exact manner of using this tar, which is said to be simply a condensed extract of birch bark, is held as a secret by the principal manufacturers in Russia, each one of them having especial modes of their own; but it is certain that they all depend upon this as the means of giving the peculiar odor which characterizes Russia leather. The willow bark used in tanning gives a different color from any other tanning material, and it is supposed that in the finishing process the leather is laid away, after a liberal application of the birch bark tar, to become thoroughly impregnated with its peculiar odor. -The importance of the leather industry in the United States, considering the amount of capital and labor employed in all its departments, is next to that of agriculture. It is doubtful whether it holds this relative position in England, where the iron and cotton and wool interests are so large, or on the continent of Europe, where the consumption of leather in proportion to population is much less than in the United States. In all other parts of the world besides the United States and British North America, the British islands, eastern and southern Europe, and Australia, the production of leather is comparatively very small, and the product inferior; the raw hides and skins from the excluded sections form no small proportion of the stock from which leather is made in the countries named. The most complete statistics of the leather industry of the United States yet gathered were presented to congress in 1870, as made by Special Revenue Commissioner David A. Wells. The values created by the leading industries are computed as follows: agriculture, $3,282,950,000; railroad service, $360,000,000; leather manufactures, $222,600,000; iron production, $119,950,000. The value of leather tanned and of leather manufactures, the number of hands employed, and the amount added by labor to the value of the products, are given as follows:

The above statistics were made on a basis of currency prices, with gold at 25 per cent. premium. By far the larger proportion of the industry to which these figures relate is carried on east of the Alleghany mountains; and while the leather manufacture is of no slight importance in Kentucky and the states north of the Ohio, comparatively little is done in this business anywhere on the Pacific slope. The leather made in all the New England states, and a large portion of that made in New York, finds its principal market in Boston, which is the leading upper-leather market in the United States, and does a large business in sole leather. The following comparative statement, including receipts from New York city, and receipts of rough leather which is sent again to the tanneries nearer Boston to be finished, and thus appears twice in the receipts, represents the business of that city:

little tanning material and much hand labor in working, are as a rule far superior to those made in England and America. For this reason, the two latter countries are large customers for these goods, and export in return a large proportion of the sole leather used in Europe. Paris is the headquarters of the French calf-skin business, and Milhau is the most important manufacturing centre of the trade in France. At Lyons, Nantes, and Chaumont near Beauvais, the trade is also of considerable importance. In Belgium, at and near Brussels, there is quite a large production of calf skins. Switzerland, besides numerous small tanneries, has one of the largest calf-skin tanneries in the world, at Lausaune. In Germany, calf skins, calf kids, and kips are made in large quantities at Mentz, Worms, Oppenheim, Offenbach, Dresden, near Frankfort, and near Freiburg, besides innumerable small tanneries everywhere. LEATHES, Stanley, an English theologian, born at Ellesborough, Buckinghamshire, March 21, 1830. He was educated at Jesus college, Cambridge, ordained in 1856, and successively curate of St. Martin's, Salisbury, St. Luke's, Berwick street, London, and St. James's, Westminster. In 1863 he was called to King's college, London, as professor of Hebrew; and in 1869 he became minister of St. Philip's, London. He has published able defences of Christian orthodoxy, including "The Witness of St. John to Christ." Several of his apologetics were originally delivered from 1868 to 1870 as Boyle lectures at Whitehall, and in 1873 as Hulsean lectures at Cambridge. In 1874 he held the appointment of Bampton lecturer at Oxford, an honor never before accorded by Oxford to a Cambridge graduate. He is a member of the Anglican revision company of the Old Testament. In the conference of the evangelical alliance in New York in 1873 he was prominent. LEAVENWORTH, a N. E. county of Kansas, bounded N. E. by the Missouri river, which separates it from Missouri, and S. by the Kansas; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 32,444. The surface is undulating, diversified with prairies and timber lands; the soil is fertile. The Leavenworth branch of the Kansas Pacific railroad traverses it, and it is also crossed by the Kansas Central and the Missouri Pacific railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 31,647 bushels of wheat, 1,133,188 of Indian corn, 193,851 of oats, 295,980 of potatoes, 14,380 lbs. of wool, 254,837 of butter, and 19,796 tons of hay. There were 4,480 horses, 4,701 milch cows, 8,007 other cattle, 3,406 sheep, and 17,435 swine; 11 manufactories of carriages, 10 of clothing, 8 of furniture, 2 of iron castings, 1 of machinery, 4 of marble and stone work, 9 of saddlery and harness, 2 of soap and candles, 6 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 16 of cigars, 5 breweries, 3 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Leavenworth.

LEAVENWORTH, a city of Kansas, the largest in the state, county seat of Leavenworth co., situated on the right bank of the Missouri

river, 500 m. above its mouth, 25 m. N. W. of Kansas City, Mo., and 45 m. Ñ. E. of Topeka; pop. in 1860, 7,429; in 1870, 17,873, of whom 4,510 were foreigners and 3,024 colored. It is situated in an amphitheatre formed by the Missouri bluffs, which rise to the height of about 300 ft., and sweep round in the form of a crescent, each horn resting on the river. It covers an area of 6 or 8 sq. m., consisting of gentle rolls or slopes, which furnish admirable building sites and afford good drainage. The city is regularly laid out, with streets extending N. and S. and E. and W., which are mostly macadamized and lighted with gas. The business blocks are chiefly of iron and brick three or four stories high, and there are numerous handsome residences and churches, the Catholic cathedral being one of the largest and finest church edifices in the west. Two miles above the city is Fort Leavenworth, the headquarters of the department of the Missouri and the base of supplies for the western posts; it was established in 1827. The government reservation, which extends 6 m. along the river and 1 m. back, affords good landings for steamboats, and contains large and well built barracks, officers' quarters, storehouses, hospital, stables, &c., and a handsome parade ground. There are no fortifications. The city has an important trade by river and railroad. The river is bordered by a paved levee and crossed by an iron railroad bridge. Six lines of railroad centre here, viz.: the Leavenworth branch of the Kansas Pacific; the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston; Kansas Central; Missouri Pacific; Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific; and Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Council Bluffs. There are saw mills, breweries, machine shops, founderies, and other manufactories; two national banks with $200,000 capital, and two savings banks. Leavenworth is the seat of one of the state normal schools and of the state penitentiary. The public schools are graded, including a high school department, and are in a flourishing condition. In 1872 there were 3,700 pupils. Six daily (two German), one tri-weekly, and five weekly (two German) newspapers, and six monthly periodicals are published. There are 26 churches. Leavenworth was settled in 1854.

LEAVITT, Joshua, an American journalist, born in Heath, Mass., Sept. 8, 1794, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1873. He graduated at Yale college in 1810, and, after teaching in Wethersfield, Conn., studied law in Northampton, Mass., was admitted to the bar in 1819, and in 1821 began to practise in Putney, Vt. In 1823 he commenced the study of theology at New Haven, and in 1825 was ordained pastor in Stratford, Conn. The same year he wrote for the "Christian Spectator" a series of articles against slavery. In 1828 he removed to New York to become secretary of the seamen's friend society. In 1831 he became editor and proprietor of the "New York Evangelist," founded to advocate the new

school opinion in regard to revivals; and he reported for this journal the lectures of the Rev. Charles G. Finney, which were republished in England and translated into French and Welsh. The views advocated in the "Evangelist " led to the formation of the New School Presbyterian church in 1837. He aided in organizing the New York anti-slavery society in 1833, and was a member of its executive committee, as well as of that of the national anti-slavery society in which it was merged. He was one of the leading abolitionists who were obliged to fly for a time from the city to escape mob violence. In 1837 he became editor of the "Emancipator," which he removed to Boston in 1841. He there also issued the "Daily Chronicle," the earliest daily antislavery paper. From 1840 he endeavored to form an anti-slavery party, and he was the chairman of the national committee of the liberty party from 1844 to 1847, and supported their nominees for the presidency in 1844, 1848, and 1852. In 1848 he became managing editor of the "Independent" newspaper, for which he continued to write until a few days before his death. In 1819 he organized in Heath, Mass., the earliest Sunday school in that part of the country. He was the first lecturer sent out by the American temperance society, and delivered the first temperance lecture ever given in New Haven. He edited a series of school readers which were largely used, and the "Christian Lyre," the first hymn book published in America with the notes attached.

LEBANON, a S. E. county of Pennsylvania, bounded N. W. by Kittatinny or Blue mountain, S. E. by South mountain, and drained by Swatara river and its branches; area, 288 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 34,096. It consists almost wholly of a valley, and has mines of excellent iron ore in connection with rich veins of copper; slate, limestone, and marble also abound. The soil is very fertile. The Union canal and the Lebanon Valley branch of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, the Lebanon and Tremont, and the Schuylkill and Susquehanna railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 538,304 bushels of wheat, 70,188 of rye, 627,881 of Indian corn, 678,614 of oats, 95,835 of potatoes, 569,199 lbs. of butter, and 41,894 tons of hay. There were 6,895 horses, 9,131 milch cows, 11,763 other cattle, 2,687 sheep, and 13,953 swine; 4 manufactories of boots and shoes, 9 of brick, 19 of carriages, 3 of cars, 39 of clothing, 18 of furniture, 15 of iron, 15 of lime, 1 of machinery, 1 of paper, 11 of saddlery and harness, 15 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 19 of cigars, 4 breweries, 6 tanneries, 4 currying establishments, 1 planing mill, 4 saw mills, and 14 flour mills. Capital, Lebanon.

LEBANOŇ. Í. A borough and the capital of Lebanon co., Pennsylvania, on Quitopahilla creek, the Union canal, and the Lebanon Valley and Lebanon and Tremont railroads, 24 m. E. by N. of Harrisburg; pop. in 1850, 2,184; in

1860, 4,449; in 1870, 6,727. It is regularly and substantially built, the houses being mostly of brick or stone. It has an active trade, and stands in the midst of a rich iron-mining district. The Cornwall ore banks, 7 m. S., are three hills, called Grassy, Middle, and Big hill, formed of masses of iron ore. Veins of copper are found among the iron, and 6 m. from the borough a quarry of gray marble has been opened. There are several blast furnaces, machine works, a bell manufactory, a rolling mill, a forge, three planing mills, manufactories of paper, organs, stoves, and hollow ware, three national banks with a capital of $350,000, a state bank, and two savings banks; one daily and six weekly (two German and one English and German) newspapers, a library, 14 churches, and 35 schools. II. A town and the capital of Wilson co., Tennessee, on a branch of Cumberland river, at the terminus of the Tennessee and Pacific railroad, 31 m. E. of Nashville; pop. in 1870, 2,073, of whom 917 were colored. It contains two national banks, manufactories of cotton and woollen goods, and a weekly newspaper. It is the seat of Cumberland university, founded by the Cumberland Presbyterians in 1842, which now embraces preparatory, commercial, engineering, collegiate, theological, and law departments. In 1873-'4 there were 70 preparatory, 104 commercial, 2 engineering, 94 collegiate, 47 theological, and 87 law students; total, deducting repetitions, 352. The whole number of professors and instructors was 12; number of volumes in the library, 6,000. The collegiate department embraces a classical and a scientific course. A post-graduate course has been arranged, upon the completion of which the degree of master of arts is conferred. III. A town and the capital of Marion co., Kentucky, on Hardin's creek, and on a branch of the Louisville, Nashville, and Great Southern railroad, 5 m. from Rolling fork of Salt river, and 43 m. S. W. of Frankfort; pop. in 1870, 1,925, of whom 823 were colored. It contains two banks and a weekly newspaper. It is the seat of Lebanon female college (Baptist), established in 1869, which has 4 instructors and 50 students. St. Mary's station, about 5 m. distant, is St. Mary's college (Roman Catholic), which has 14 officers and instructors and 108 students. IV. A village and the capital of Warren co., Ohio, on Turtle creek, a branch of the Little Miami river, 30 m. N. E. of Cincinnati; pop. in 1870, 2,749. It contains a saw mill, two planing mills, a public library, and two weekly newspapers. It is the seat of the national normal school, established in 1855, which in 1874 had 17 instructors, 1,606 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. V. A town of St. Clair co., Illinois, on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, 23 m. E. of St. Louis; pop. in 1870, 2,117. It is pleasantly situated, and has several stores, mills, two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. It is the seat of McKendree college (Methodist), chartered in 1835, receiving students of

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