him by Dietz (Paris, 1859). D. F. Strauss has an essay on Klopstock in his Kleine Schriften (Berlin, 1866). KNABL, Joseph, a Tyrolese sculptor, born at Fliess in 1821. He is the son of a farmer, and studied first under a local artist, and subsequently in Munich, where he became in 1863 professor in the academy. He excels in mediæval statuary. His principal works represent religious subjects, as his "St. Anne and Mary," for the Eichstädt cathedral, which obtained a prize in 1858 and his admission to the academy, and his masterpiece, the "Coronation of Mary," for the high altar of the church of Our Lady in Munich. KNAPP, Albert, a German poet, born in Tübingen, July 25, 1798, died in Stuttgart, June 18, 1864. After becoming pastor at Stuttgart, he applied himself to poetry, especially to the composition of hymns, and published a small volume of them annually between 1833 and 1853, under the title of Christoterpe. Among his other publications are three collections of poems (Stuttgart, 1829, 1834, and 1843), and Evangelischer Liederschatz für Kirche und Haus (1837; 3d ed., 1865), taken from the liturgies and hymns of every Christian century. KNAPP, Georg Christian, a German theologian, born in Halle, Sept. 17, 1753, died there, Oct. 14, 1825. He was educated in the orphan school at Halle, founded by Francke, of which his father was director, and in the universities of Halle and Göttingen. In 1777 he became extraordinary, and in 1782 ordinary professor of theology at Halle, maintaining a system of rational supernaturalism, seeking to harmonize revelation with the theoretical and the practical reason. His Vorlesungen über die Christliche Glaubenslehre has been translated into English, with additions, by Leonard Woods, jr., D. D. KNAPP, Jacob, an American clergyman, born in Otsego co., N. Y., Dec. 7, 1799, died in Rockford, Ill., March 2, 1874. He entered the theological institution at Hamilton, N. Y., in 1821, and began active work as pastor of the Baptist church in Springfield, N. Y., where he also managed a farm. From there he moved to Watertown, N. Y., where also he was at the same time pastor of a church and manager of a large farm, displaying a full degree of energy and capacity in each occupation. In 1832 he experienced deeper religious impressions, which he himself was accustomed to call bis second conversion; and from that time he gave up his secular employment, and undertook a wider work as an evangelist. He applied to the New York state Baptist convention for appointment as their missionary; but as they hesitated to appoint him, he began preaching, as an evangelist on his own responsibility. He preached at first in school houses and obscure churches, but was soon sought by the largest churches and most distinguished pastors. In Baltimore, Boston, and New York vast num bers attended his preaching, and such excitement prevailed that mobs threatened him and his hearers, and the protection of the civil authorities was necessary. His preaching was stern and terrible, yet cultivated and able men were moved by it, as well as the populace. Thousands believed themselves converted under his ministry. A few years before his death he visited California. In his old age he had acquired, by several judicious business investments, a comfortable competency, which he proposed shortly before his death to distribute among the benevolent societies of his church. KNAPP, Ludwig Friedrich, a German chemist, born at Michelstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Feb. 22, 1814. He studied under Liebig, graduated at Giessen as a chemist, and at the mint in Paris as an assayer. He was professor at Giessen from 1841 till the close of 1853, and subsequently in the economical institution of Munich. In 1856 he became inspector of the royal porcelain works, and in 1863 he went to Brunswick to teach chemistry at the polytechnic school. He has published Lehrbuch der chemischen Technologie (2 vols., Brunswick, 1847; translated into English by Ronalds and Richardson, 3 vols., London, 1848-51, and by W. R. Johnson, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1848-'9), and translated Percy's "Metallurgy (1862). He has made some remarkable investigations relative to tanning. KNAPP, Samuel Lorenzo, an American author, born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1784, died in Hopkinton, Mass., July 8, 1838. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1804, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Massachusetts. He made his first appearance as an author in "Travels of Ali Bey " (18mo, Boston, 1818), a work purporting to give an eastern traveller's experiences of society in Boston and Cambridge. It was followed in 1821 by "Biographical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers and Statesmen and Men of Letters." In 1828, having previously been connected as editor or contributor with several literary journals, he established himself in New York in the practice of his profession. Among his remaining works are: "Lectures on American Literature" (New York, 1829); "Sketches of Public Characters" (1830); "American Biography" (1833); "Life of Aaron Burr" (1835); "The Bachelor and other Tales" (1836); and "Female Biography of different Ages and Nations." He was the author of a variety of occasional public addresses. KNAUS, Ludwig, a German painter, born at Wiesbaden, Oct. 5, 1829. He studied in Düsseldorf, and became famous in 1850 by his admirable genre pictures of humble life. He resided in Paris from 1853 to 1861, in Berlin from 1861 to 1866, and in Düsseldorf from 1866 to 1874, when he was appointed minister of art at Berlin. Besides many portraits, his works include "The Gamblers," "Peasants' Dance," "The Funeral,' ," "A Fair, with a Chief hunted by the Police," "The Gypsies," "The Golden Wedding," "After Baptism," "The of Sir Peter Lely he was appointed court painter to Charles II., an honor confirmed by each successive sovereign during the life of the artist. He was knighted by William III., and painted the beauties of his court (which are considered KNEBEL, Karl Ludwig von, a German author, much inferior to Sir Peter Lely's beauties of born at Wallerstein, Bavaria, Nov. 30, 1744, the court of Charles II.), and was made a barodied in Jena, Feb. 23, 1834. His family were net by George I. He painted no fewer than Protestant refugees from the Netherlands. He ten sovereigns, and an immense number of became an officer in the regiment of the Prus- lesser celebrities. So numerous were his comsian crown prince, and was subsequently con- missions that he was frequently only able to nected with the court at Weimar, and with finish the faces of his portraits, leaving the Goethe, whose confidence he enjoyed. He draperies and accessories to be painted by made excellent translations, especially of Al- others. He was a covetous man, and acquired fieri's "Saul," and wrote poetry. Varnhagen considerable wealth. His portraits possess von Ense and Mundt edited his literary remains greater value as likenesses of historical personand correspondence (3 vols., Leipsic, 1835), the ages than as works of art. He is said to have latter furnishing a biographical notice, and left at his death 500 unfinished portraits on Guhrauer published Knebel's Briefwechsel mit which he had received half the price in advance. Goethe (2 vols., 1851). comprise songs, idyls, fables, several larger poems, and translations. KNIAZNIN, Franciszek Dyonizy, a Polish poet, KNEELAND, Samuel, an American naturalist, born in Vitebsk, Oct. 4, 1750, died at Konborn in Boston, Aug. 1, 1821. He graduated skawola, near Pulawy, Aug. 25, 1807. He studat Harvard college in 1840, and at the medical ied at the Jesuits' college in Vitebsk, entered school of the same institution in 1843, and that order, and after its suppression repaired studied in Paris till 1845. Subsequently he to Warsaw, where he eventually became secrepractised medicine in Boston, taught anatomy tary to Prince Adam Czartoryski. An unforin the Harvard school, was connected for two tunate passion for the eldest daughter of his years with the Boston dispensary, was for five patron, and the tragic events which brought years secretary of the Boston natural history about the fall of his country, plunged him into society, and for two years of the American melancholy, passing into derangement. His academy of arts and sciences. He also ex-works, of which there are various collections, plored Brazil, the copper region of Lake Superior, and the Hawaiian islands. From 1862 to 1866 he was surgeon in the army, first under Gen. Burnside, but for most of the time serving in New Orleans and Mobile. In August, 1866, he was appointed secretary of the Massachusetts institute of technology, and professor of zoology and physiology in that institution, which posts he still holds (1875). In the summer of 1874 he visited Iceland, at the time of its millennial celebration, for the purpose of studying the volcanic phenomena of that island. He edited the "Annual of Scientific Discovery" from 1866 to 1869, wrote most of the zoological and many medical articles in the "New American Cyclopædia" and the "American Cyclopædia," and has contributed largely to scientific periodicals. Besides a translation of Andry's "Diseases of the Heart" and an edition of Smith's History of the Human Species," he has published "The Wonders of the Yosemite Valley and of California" (Boston, 1871). 66 KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, an English portrait painter, born in Lübeck, Germany, in 1648, died in London in October, 1723. He was instructed in painting by Rembrandt and Ferdinand Bol in Amsterdam, and afterward in Rome by Carlo Maratti and Bernini, and gained some reputation in Italy, particularly in Venice, for historical compositions. He arrived in London in 1674, and, having obtained an introduction to the king through the duke of Monmouth, was permitted to paint the royal likeness. The manner in which this was executed procured him abundant employment. Upon the death KNIEBIS MOUNTAINS, a principal range of the N. or Lower Black Forest, traversing the borders of Würtemberg and Baden, opposite Alsace. They are regarded as a bulwark against France, have been the scene of engagements during the thirty years' and other wars, and contain the watering places of Freiersbach, Petersthal, Griesbach, Antogast, and Rippoldsau, all belonging to the grand duchy of Baden. These have annually about 4,000 visitors. A railway was projected in 1874 across these mountains. KNIGHT, Charles, an English publisher and author, born at Windsor, March 15, 1791, died at Addlestone, Surrey, March 9, 1873. His father was a bookseller at Windsor, and he succeeded to the business. His first publication, which he edited in conjunction with Mr. E. H. Locker, was "The Plain Englishman," a periodical (3 vols., 1820-22). At Windsor, in 1823, he commenced "Knight's Quarterly Magazine," and continued it in 1824 in London, whither he then removed. This work, in 3 vols. 8vo, contains the earliest literary productions of Macaulay, Praed, Moultrie, and others. In 1827-28 he published a continuation of the "London Magazine," in which a few years earlier had appeared Carlyle's "Life of Schiller" and De Quincey's "Confessions of an English Opium-Eater." Soon afterward he became connected with the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge, as their publisher and agent, and immediately undertook a series of valuable works, under the sanction of the an Illustrated History of Society and Government from the Earliest Period to our own Times." This work, the most important of Mr. Knight's writings, was completed in 1862 in 8 vols. 8vo, bringing the British annals down to the final extinction of the corn laws in 1849. The new editions of this work contain an appendix, giving a chronological account of public events, legislation, and statistics until the time of publication. He also wrote an autobiography, "Passages of a Working Life during Half a Century" (3 vols., 1863-5; abridged American ed., 1 vol., New York, 1874); "School History of England" (1865); Begg'd at Court" (1867); "Questions on School History" (1868); and "Half Hours with the best Letter Writers" (2 vols., 1866-'8). Mr. Knight's whole life was one of useful and intellectual labor, and it is not too much to say that he was the founder of that description of literature, cheap yet good, which has exercised a very beneficial influence on the minds of his countrymen during the last 50 years. His success as a man of business was not equal to his enterprise. About the year 1860 he received the appointment, through the influence of Lord Brougham, of publisher of the "London Gazette," almost a sinecure, at £1,200 a year. His statue was erected at Windsor in 1874. society, but generally at his own risk and expense. Foremost were the "Penny Magazine," in three series (1832-45), which at one time had a circulation of nearly 200,000 copies weekly; the "British Almanac" and "Companion to the Almanac," begun in 1828 and still continued; the "Penny Cyclopædia" (30 vols. small fol., 1833-'56), since condensed as the "National Cyclopædia;" the "Library of Entertaining Knowledge," to which he contributed a volume on "The Elephant" (1831); the "Pictorial History of England," by Craik and Macfarlane, with its continuation entitled History of the Thirty Years' Peace," by Mr. Knight and Miss Martineau (1840-'50); and the "Gallery of Portraits of Distinguished Men." Several of the above works were edited by Mr. Knight, and all enjoyed much of his supervision. He also edited the "Pictorial Bible" (4 vols. 4to, 1838); the "Pictorial Book of Common Prayer" (1838); the "Store of Knowledge" (1841); "London Pictorially Illustrated" (6 vols., 1841-'4; abridged into the "Cyclopædia of London," 1851); "Old England, a Pictorial Museum of National Antiquities" (2 vols. fol., 1845); the "Weekly Volume," a series extending to 126 vols. (18mo, 1843-5); "Half Hours with the Best Authors" (4 vols., 1847-'8); "The Land we Live in" (4 vols., 1848); "Cyclopædia of the In- KNIGHT. I. Richard Payne, an English audustry of All Nations" (1851); "Half Hours thor, born at Wormsley Grange, Herefordshire, of English History" (2 vols., 1853); "Geog-in 1750, died in London, April 24, 1824. Being raphy of the British Empire" (2 vols., 1853), &c. He won a position as a Shakespearian scholar by his "Pictorial Shakspere," including a biography and a "History of Opinion, with Doubtful Plays and Index" (8 vols. 8vo, 1839-'41; library edition, 12 vols. 18mo, 1842-4; national edition, with biography and "Studies," 8 vols. 8vo, 1851-3); "Plays and Poems, with Glossarial Notes" (7th ed., 1 vol. 8vo, 1857); "Companion Shakspere" (8 vols. 12mo, 1855-7), &c. In 1854, having purchased the plates of the "Penny Cyclopædia," Mr. Knight began the "English Cyclopædia," based upon that work, but greatly enlarged and modified (22 vols. 4to, usually bound in 11, with a separate volume of indexes). His own writings more especially are: Results of Machinery (1830), and "Rights of Industry, Capital, and Labor" (1831), amalgamated and enlarged under the title of "Knowledge is Power" (1855); "Life of Caxton” (1844), enlarged under the title of "The Old Printer and the Modern Press" (1854); "Varieties" (1844); "New Lamps for Old: Remarks on Mr. Collier's Discovery of the Annotations on Shakspere (1851); "Once upon a Time" (1854), a collection of his miscellaneous works; and "The Struggles of a Book against Excessive Taxation," and "The Case of the Authors as regards the Paper Duty," pamphlets which largely contributed to the repeal of the English duty upon paper, as proposed in Mr. Gladstone's budget of 1860. In 1856 appeared the first volume of "The Popular History of England, a sickly child, he was not put to school, nor best scholars of the age. He next attempted poetry, and published in 1794 a didactic poem entitled "Landscape," followed by "The Progress of Civil Society" (4to, 1796), "A Monody on the Death of the Right Honorable C. J. Fox" (1806-'7), and "Alfred, a Romance in Rhyme" (1823). In 1805 appeared his "Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste," a work characterized by refinement and acuteness of thought, and which proved the most popular of all his publications. His edition of the Iliad and Odyssey, with prolegomena, in which he attempted to restore the digamma, and to relieve the text of the interpolations of later rhapsodists and poets, is now considered of little authority. The prefaces and descriptions of "Specimens of Ancient Sculpture selected from different Collections of Great Britain by the Society of Dilettanti " (fol., 1809'35) were also written by him. II. Thomas Andrew, brother of the preceding, a vegetable physiologist, born Oct. 10, 1758, died in London, May 11, 1838. He graduated at Balliol college, Oxford, and subsequently devoted much time to experiments in vegetable and animal physiology. Some suggestions as to the means of propagating fruit trees, communicated to the royal society in 1795, brought him into great repute. In 1797 he published "A Treatise on the Culture of the Apple and Pear, and on the Manufacture of Cider and Perry," in which the same subject is further developed; and in 1811, "Pomona Herefordiensis, or Natural History of the Old Cider and Perry Fruits of the County of Hereford." After his death appeared a collection of his physiological and horticultural papers (8vo, London, 1841). KNIGHTHOOD. See CHIVALRY. KNIPPERDOLLING, Bernhard, a German Anabaptist, born in Münster near the end of the 15th century, executed Jan. 23, 1536. Exiled for several years from his native town, he adopted in Sweden the doctrines of the Anabaptists. On his return to Münster, he united with Rothmann, John Matthias or Matthiesen, John Boccold of Leyden, and others, and being wealthy was able by the favors which he granted to unite the poorer inhabitants against the rich. He was imprisoned, but released by his partisans, and succeeded in banishing the nobility, clergy, and many of the most influential citizens from the city. A council was chosen in 1534, in which the Anabaptists were predominant, and they immediately filled all public offices with their adherents, made Knipperdolling first burgomaster, and proclaimed an equality of estates, polygamy, and community of goods. All who refused to cooperate with them were driven from the city or slain. Knipperdolling was subsequently proclaimed stadtholder, and John of Leyden king, it being prophesied that the latter should be victorious over all the princes and princedoms of the earth. On the capture of the city by a Catholic army in 1535, Knipperdolling was taken prisoner, and put to death with fearful torture, which he endured with extreme inflexibility. (See ANABAPTISTS, and JOHN OF LEYDEN.) KNOBELSDORFF, Hans Georg Wenzeslaus von, baron, a German architect, born near Krossen, Brandenburg, Feb. 17, 1697, died in Berlin, Sept. 16, 1753. He gave up a colonelcy in 1730 to study painting and architecture, became chief director of royal buildings in Berlin, and designed the Thiergarten, the opera house, and the new wings of the palaces at Charlottenburg and Dessau. His masterpiece is the palace of Sans Souci at Potsdam. KNOBLECHER, Ignaz, a German traveller, born in Carniola, July 6, 1819, died at Gondokoro, Africa, April 13, 1858. He was educated at the Propaganda in Rome with a view to devoting himself to the African mission, and after having been ordained went to Syria, where he passed a year in the study of Arabic. Thence he removed to Khartoom on the Nile, and in 1849 was ordered to ascend that river and establish a mission among some negro tribes near the equator. Accompanied by another priest, Angelo Vinco, he set out, Nov. 13, with the trading party which annually goes up the Nile, and on Jan. 14, 1850, reached the rapids in lat. 4° 49' N., the furthest point till then reached by any expedition. Knoblecher, however, succeeded in stemming the rapids, and on the 16th reached the village of Logwek, in lat. 4° 10'. He examined the Bahr el-Ghazal or Gazelle river, and returning to Germany published an account of his explorations. He afterward fixed his residence at Khartoom, having received the appointment of vicar general apostolic of central Africa. KNOT, the European name of a sandpiper of the genus tringa (Linn.), one of the few birds attend the anniversaries of his denomination, he took the smallpox, of which he died. His principal works are a "Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson" (1827), which went through numerous editions, and a "Memoir of Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island" (1834). States. The color of the summer plumage is light gray above, with black and pale reddish spots; rump and upper tail coverts white, with narrow bands and crescents of black; below light brownish red, with under tail coverts, thighs, sides, and under wing coverts white, spotted and barred with brownish black; quills brownish black, with white shafts; tail brownish cinereous, each feather white-edged. In winter the upper parts are darker, with brownish black edgings; below dull ashy white, lightest on abdomen, with numerous longitudinal dark brown lines and spots on the breast and neck. The knot is found throughout east-produced his first play, a juvenile performance ern North America and Europe. It is a very active bird, nimbly running and wading along the edge of the waves on sandy beaches, searching for minute shell fish and marine worms; the flight is swift, and large flocks perform very beautiful and rapid aerial evolutions. The flesh of the young and fat birds is considered a delicacy. KNOWLES, James Sheridan, a British dramatist, born in Cork, Ireland, in 1784, died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862. He was the son of James Knowles, a teacher of elocution, and author of a "Pronouncing English Dictionary." In 1792 the family removed to London, and four years later young Knowles in which he and a number of young amateurs took part. At the age of 22 he made his début as an actor in the Crow street theatre, Dublin. For about ten years he led an unsettled life, sometimes as an actor, sometimes as a teacher of elocution, and with but moderate success in either occupation. He wrote nothing for the stage worthy of mention till KNOUT (properly KNUT), the Russian word 1815, when his "Caius Gracchus " was profor whip, and the name of an instrument of duced in Belfast with great success. His next punishment formerly in use in Russia. The play, "Virginius," in which Macready sustainculprit was bound to two stakes, and received ed the leading part at Drury Lane, first made on his bare back the specified number of lash-him generally known to the dramatic public; es from a whip of plaited thongs interwoven with wire; 100 to 120 lashes were considered equivalent to a sentence of death. The whipping was inflicted by the hands of a convict respited from Siberia and kept in prison for that purpose. If a culprit survived this punishment, he was banished for life to Siberia. In earlier times the nose was slit, the ears were cut off, and the letter V, for vor (rogue), was branded on the forehead; but this aggravation was abolished by Alexander I. The nobility were legally exempt from the knout, but the privilege was not always respected. The punishment was inflicted on the worst class of criminals, but now and then also on political offenders. The knout was abolished by the emperor Nicholas, who substituted the pleti, a kind of lash. KNOWLES, James Davis, an American clergyman, born in Providence, R. I., in July, 1798, died in Newton, Mass., May 9, 1838. His father, a respectable mechanic of Providence, apprenticed him at the age of 12 to a printer. He studied French and Latin without a teacher, and on becoming co-editor in 1819 with Prof. Goddard of the "Rhode Island American," he studied Greek, and at a later period made respectable progress in Hebrew. At the age of 22 he joined the Baptist church, and entered the sophomore class of Columbian college, Washington, D. C. He graduated in- 1824, and was immediately appointed tutor, but in December, 1825, was ordained pastor of a church in Boston. In 1832 he was called to the chair of pastoral duties and sacred rhetoric in the Newton theological institution. In 1836 he founded the "Christian Review," a quarterly journal of the Baptist denomination. Visiting New York in the latter part of April, 1838, to VOL. X.-3 and thenceforth for many years he was one In George Lovel" and "Henry Fortescue." A collective edition of his plays was published in 1841-'3 (3 vols., London). He published a collection of his minor writings under the title of "The Elocutionist" (19th ed., 1853). His last years were spent in total retirement on account of sickness. KNOX, the name of nine counties in the United States. I. A S. county of Maine, bordering on the Atlantic, bounded E. by Penobscot bay, and intersected by the Medomac and St. George's rivers; area, 330 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 30,823. It has a productive soil, and |