opens into it; on the latter it receives Navy | tilaginous filaments. The mouth opens into a Board and Admiralty inlets. ered by Baffin in 1616. It was discov LANCE, a weapon. See ARMS. LANCE, George, an English painter, born at Little Easton, near Colchester, March 24, 1802, died June 18, 1864. He studied with Haydon, and first exhibited at the academy in 1828. His favorite subjects were fruit, flowers, game, &c., arranged in picturesque and effective confusion, and executed with an elaborateness and a richness of color almost equalling the efforts of the old Dutch masters of still life. Sometimes figures are introduced, as in his "Red Cap," in which a monkey is represented presiding over a table covered with fruits and festal appointments. He also painted historical and imaginative pieces. He restored a large portion of the celebrated "Boar Hunt" of Velasquez in the British national gallery. LANCELET (branchiostoma or amphioxus), the lowest known of the vertebrate animals, constituting the order pharyngobranchii of Huxley, the leptocardia of Haeckel, who regards it as a primary division of the branch of vertebrates. This anomalous fish has been found on the coasts of Great Britain and Sweden, in the Mediterranean, on our southern Atlantic coast, and in the Indian ocean. It is from 1 to 2 in. long, tapering at each end, ribbon-like, translucent, and silvery white; it generally burrows in the sand in deep water, feeding on minute animalcules. Along the back runs a median fin, expanding at the tail into a lancetshaped caudal; there are no apparent pectorals and ventrals; at the lower surface, extending Lancelet (Amphioxus lanceolatus). 1. Upper side. 2. Lower side. 3. Anatomical diagram: A. notochord: B, spinal chord; C, mouth surrounded by cyrrhi; D, greatly dilated pharynx perforated by ciliated clefts; E, intestine terminating in anus F; G, hæmal system. forward from the anal and branchial apertures, are two lateral folds, which led Pallas to regard it as a gasteropod mollusk. The mouth is a longitudinal fissure, in the front of the head, without jaws, but surrounded by several car greatly developed pharynx or throat, the walls of which, strengthened by cartilaginous filaments, are perforated by transverse slits, the whole covered with a thickly ciliated or fringed membrane; this is the respiratory sac, the water entering by the mouth, passing between the branchial slits and over the ciliary fringes filled with blood into the abdominal cavity, and escaping by an opening on the lower surface in front of the vent (porus abdominalis of Müller). From the branchial sac the intestine, having a liver-like organ attached, extends to an oval aperture under the tail. There is no single contractile cavity or heart, the only exception in vertebrates, the circulation being effected by several contractile dilatations of the great blood vessels, as in the annelids; the blood is colorless. There is no proper skeleton; the vertebral column, moto-chord or chorda dorsalis, is a semi-gelatinous rod, enclosed in a sheath and supporting the spinal cord, and is composed of 60 to 70 fibrous lamina loosely attached to each other; there is also a cartilaginous apparatus supporting the mouth, and 70 to 80 hair-like ribs surrounding the branchial cavity. There is no skull, and no expansion of the spinal cord into a brain, though from its anterior extremity are given off nerves to the rudimentary eyes, and perhaps other nerves of special sense. The arrangement of the muscles is fish-like; the skin is thin, but tough and scaleless. The location of the respiratory system in the anterior portion of the intestinal canal is met with also in the cyclostome fishes. This most aberrant form is clearly a vertebrate, though it has no brain, and the respiration and circulation of an annelid. It has been believed by some to favor the idea of Kowalewsky and Kupffer, that the ascidians show a kinship to the vertebrates, and it certainly has some remarkable invertebrate features found in no other vertebrate animal. The common species is the B. lanceolatum. LANCELOT, Dom Claude, a French grammarian, born in Paris about 1615, died at Quimperlé, April 15, 1695. In early life he attracted the attention of Duvergier de Hauranne, the celebrated abbot of St. Cyran, and through his influence he joined the recluses of Port Royal, whom he greatly assisted in the organization and management of their schools. He wrote grammars of the Latin, Greek, Italian, and Spanish languages, and a Grammaire générale et raisonnée, better known as Grammaire de Port Royal, which has been frequently reprinted. On the dispersion of the society of Port Royal in 1660, Lancelot became preceptor of the duke of Chevreuse's son, and from 1669 to 1672 was attached in the same capacity to the two young princes of Conti. In 1673 he retired to the abbey of St. Cyran, where he led a life of austerity; and in 1680 was ordered to Quimperlé, where his last years were spent in devotion. Besides his philological works, he left a manuscript memoir of the abbot of St. Protestants and Catholics in common, various public offices, and some manufactories. During the thirty years' war it was taken seven times by the troops of Count Mansfeld, by the Spaniards, Swedes, imperialists, and French. In 1680 it was ceded to France and fortified by Vauban. It was taken in 1702 by Margrave Louis of Baden, but was recovered by the French in 1703, taken by the Austrians in 1704, and held till 1713, when it was again ceded to France. It sustained a siege of nine months in 1793, when 30,000 shells were thrown into it. The treaty of Paris in 1814 confirmed it to France, but the treaties of 1815 gave it to Bavaria, as a fortress of the Germanic confederation. Cyran, which was published in Cologne in 1738, | two gates, a large parade, a church used by and an account of a tour in 1667 to La Grande Chartreuse and Alet (London, 1813). LANCELOT OF THE LAKE, a hero of British mythology, one of the knights of King Arthur's round table. He was brought up at the court of Vivien, the Lady of the Lake, whence his surname. He became Arthur's favorite knight; and when the king was about to marry, he was sent to conduct the royal bride, Guinevere, to the court. Afterward he is represented as carrying on an intrigue with the queen, which is the origin of most of his adventures. He is the subject of a celebrated romance by an unknown author, which was originally written in Latin, and was translated into Anglo-Norman by Walter Mapes in the latter part of the 12th century. Tennyson has used the character of Lancelot more than any other modern poet, making him the hero of two of the "Idyls of the King," viz., "Elaine" and "Guinevere." Elaine, "the lily maid of Astolat," preserves his shield in her chamber, which he had exchanged for her brother's when he went to tilt for the great diamond, dreaming over it, and finally dies broken-hearted because her love for Lancelot is not returned. LANCEWOOD, a wood imported from the West India islands and South America in poles from 15 to 20 ft. long and 3 to 6 in. in diameter. The tree is the Duguetia Quitarensis, of the anonacea, the family to which our papaw belongs. It resembles boxwood, but is of somewhat paler yellow. It is remarkably stiff and elastic, and is consequently well adapted for the shafts of carriages, bows, and springs. It is largely employed for these, as well as for surveyors' rods, billiard cues, and rules, which ordinarily pass for boxwood, and for anglers' rods. Species of oxandra and cananga, of the same family, are called lancewood in Jamaica. LANCISI, Giovanni Maria, an Italian physician, born in Rome, Oct. 26, 1654, died there, Jan. 21, 1720. He abandoned the study of theology for the natural sciences, and at 18 graduated doctor in medicine and philosophy at the Sapienza college in Rome. In 1676 he was appointed assistant physician to one of the hospitals, and some time later was nominated to the chair of anatomy at the Sapienza, which he filled with great reputation for 13 years. Innocent XI. in 1684 presented him with a canonry. He filled various professional offices, and wrote a number of valuable works, chiefly relating to his favorite studies of anatomy, natural philosophy, and mathematics. A collection of them appeared in his lifetime (2 vols. 4to, Geneva, 1718), and a complete edition in folio was published at Venice in 1739. LANDAU, a fortified town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Queich, 18 m. N. W. of Carlsruhe, on the railway from Paris to Mentz; pop. in 1871, 6,921, exclusive of the garrison. The ground plan of the ramparts is an octagon, surrounded by moats. The barracks and casemates are bomb-proof. The town is regularly built, has LANDEN, John, an English mathematician, born at Peakirk, near Peterborough, in January, 1719, died Jan. 15, 1790. From 1762 to 1788 he was agent for Earl Fitzwilliam. His earliest mathematical writings appeared in the "Ladies' Diary" for 1744, and most of his subsequent papers were contributed to the "Transactions" of the royal society of London, of which he was admitted a member in 1766. He is best known by his "Residual Analysis" (London, 1764), in which he proposed a new form of fluxionary calculus, and invented a set of symbols. His plan has been thought an improvement on the method of ultimate ratios, but it lacks simplicity, and was never in general use. The principal other works of Landen are: "Mathematical Lucubrations" (4to, London, 1755); "Animadversions on Dr. Stewart's Computation of the Sun's Distance" (4to, 1771); "Observations on Converging Series" (4to, 1781); "Mathematical Memoirs" (2 vols. 4to, 1780-'89). LANDER, a N. county of Nevada, intersected by Humboldt river and watered by the Reese ; area, 10,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 2,815, of whom 218 were Chinese. The surface is diversified with mountains, hills, and valleys, comprising mineral, agricultural, and grazing lands. S. of the Humboldt are high mountain ranges, enclosing extensive valleys, some of which are fertile. These mountains form the most important metal-bearing portion of the county. The Reese river region in the S. W. is one of the principal mining districts of the state. The Central Pacific railroad crosses the county from E. to W. In 1873 the E. half, comprising the Eureka district and other rich mining sections, was set off to form Eureka co., reducing the area given above. The principal metal is silver, but considerable lead and some gold are found. The shipments of bullion in 1871 amounted to $3,800,000. The chief agricultural productions in 1870 were 1,363 bushels of wheat, 2,062 of oats, 29,307 of barley, 17,599 of potatoes, 4,600 lbs. of wool, 20,950 of butter, and 2,245 tons of hay. There were 597 horses, 570 milch cows, 7,695 other cattle, 1,501 sheep, and 205 swine; 3 manufactories of pig lead and 1 quartz mill.' Capital, Austin. the quays are lined with fine buildings. About 700 vessels enter and clear annually. LANDES, Les, a S. W. department of France, in Gascony, bordering on the bay of Biscay and on the departments of Gironde, Lot-etGaronne, Gers, and Basses - Pyrénées; area, 3,597 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 300,528. The name is derived from the sandy and marshy plains which compose the greater part of its surface, and which prevail generally in the interior, and in many places are covered with thorny shrubs over which the shepherds stalk on stilts. The only crops which the landes yield are maize and barley. The coast district is studded with numerous lagoons; but toward the south, where the spurs of the Pyrenees break the continuity of the plain, and the tributaries of the Adour irrigate the soil, the country is fertile, and abounds in corn, wine, and various kinds of fruit. The other productions of this department are timber, coal, iron, and marble. The climate is mild, but unhealthy. Among the principal manufactures are glass, porcelain, earthenware, paper, and leather, employing about 6,000 persons. The chief rivers are the Adour, Leyre, and Gave-de-Pau. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Dax, Mont-de-Marsan, and St. Sever. Capital, Mont-de-Marsan. LANDER, Richard, an English traveller, the discoverer of the course of the river Niger in Africa, born in Truro, Cornwall, in 1804, died on the island of Fernando Po in February, 1834. He was brought up as a printer, but in 1825 accompanied Capt. Clapperton upon his second African expedition. After the death of Clapperton he returned to England, and published Records of Capt. Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa" (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1829-30), prepared from Clapperton's papers and his own journal. In January, 1830, accompanied by his brother John, he sailed for Africa under government auspices to continue the explorations. Departing from Badagry near Cape Coast Castle, March 22, he reached Boossa on the Quorra, or Niger, June 17. Thence the brothers ascended the river 100 m. to Yaoorie, and returning to Boossa early in August, commenced the descent of the stream in canoes, Sept. 20. They reached the mouth of the river through its principal arm, the Nun, in the latter part of November, and in June, 1831, arrived in England. In the succeeding year a narrative of the expedition, prepared by Lieut. Becher | from the account of the Landers, was published in 2 vols. with a map. They were the first to ascertain the confluence of the Niger with the Benoowe or Tchadda. In 1832 an expedition, consisting of a brig and two small LANDON, Letitia Elizabeth (MACLEAN), an Engsteamers, organized by a company of Liverpool lish authoress, born in Old Brompton, a submerchants for the purpose of opening a trade urb of London, in 1802, died at Cape Coast with the tribes along the Niger, and placed Castle, Africa, Oct. 15, 1838. At the age of under the command of Richard Lander, ascend- 13 she began to write poetry, and in 1820 she ed that river to Boossa. The natives showed published in the "Literary Gazette" some little disposition to trade with the Europeans, short poems, signed "L. E. L.," which attracted and Lander returned ill to the seacoast in the considerable attention. She soon became a succeeding spring, with the loss of several of general contributor to the "Gazette" of rehis men by sickness. In July he reascended views and miscellaneous articles, as well as the river; but the expedition, as a commercial original poems. Her father died in destitute venture, was a failure. On this voyage he as- circumstances when she was a child, and she cended the Benoowe as far as the country of became the chief support of her family, and Domah, 104 m. On Nov. 27 the expedition for 15 years was a ready and prolific writer in was again in motion up the river under the prose and verse for the annuals and for a vacommand of Dr. Oldfield. Richard Lander, riety of periodicals. In 1821 she published a following with supplies, was wounded, Jan. small collection entitled "The Fate of Adelaide, 20, 1834, in a conflict with the natives of the and other Poems," which was succeeded by Eboe country. He escaped in a canoe, and "The Improvisatrice" (1824), "The Troubareached Fernando Po, where he died soon after. dour" (1825), "The Golden Violet" (1827), In 1835 an account of his last voyage was pub-"The Venetian Bracelet" (1829), and "The lished under the title of "Narrative of the Expedition into the Interior of Africa by the River Niger, in the Steam Vessels Quorra and Alburkah, in 1832, 1833, and 1834, by McGregor Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield, surviving officers of the expedition." LANDERNEAU, a seaport of Brittany, France, in the department of Finistère, 14 m. E. N. E. of Brest; pop. in 1866, 7,853. The town is built on both sides of the Elorn or Landerneau, near its entrance into the roadstead of Brest, and has a good harbor. It contains a fine Gothic church, a communal college, a large convent, and extensive marine barracks. Linen, leather, glazed hats, and refined wax are manufactured. The streets are narrow, but Vow of the Peacock" (1835). Her poetry is mainly of the kind which is warmly admired by youthful readers, but is soon outgrown, full of sentiment and delicate fancies melodiously versified. She also published four novels. In June, 1838, she was married to George Maclean, governor of Cape Coast Castle in West Africa, and soon afterward sailed with him for her new home. She died in a few months after her arrival there, from an overdose of prussic acid, which she had been accustomed to take in small quantities for hysteric affections, and was discovered lying dead upon the floor of her chamber. "The Zenana, and Minor Poems," with a memoir, was published posthumously (1839).-See "Life and Literary Re mains of L. E. L.," by Laman Blanchard (2|(1856); "Dry Sticks Fagoted" (1858); and vols., London, 1841). LANDOR, Walter Savage, an English author, born at Ipsley Court, Warwickshire, Jan. 30, 1775, died in Florence, Italy, Sept. 17, 1864. His parents were very wealthy, and he was educated under private tutors and at Rugby and Oxford. Being rusticated for firing a gun in the quadrangle, he never returned to the university to take his degree. He was designed at first for the army and then for the bar, but ultimately devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits. On the death of his father he succeeded to the family domains, and purchased other estates in Monmouthshire; he expended £7,000 in improving them, and built a mansion which cost £8,000; but in 1806, in disgust with some of his tenantry, one of whom had absconded several thousand pounds in his debt, he sold off his entire property, a part of which had been in his family for 700 years, ordered the mansion to be demolished, and determined to live abroad. In 1808, at the outbreak of the insurrection in Spain against Napoleon, Landor raised a body of troops at his own expense, conducted them to Gen. Blake in Galicia, presented 20,000 reals to the cause, received the thanks of the supreme junta, and was appointed a colonel in the Spanish army. He resigned his commission on the restoration of King Ferdinand and the subversion of the constitution. In 1811 he married Julia Thuillier de Malaperte, of Bath, a daughter of the baron de Nieuveville. From 1815 to 1835 he resided in Italy, then returned to England and resided at Bath till 1858, when he removed again to Italy. For several years he occupied the palace of the Medici at Florence, and then purchased the villa and garden of Count Gherardesca at Fiesole. He published a small volume of poems in 1795, and "Gebir," a long poem, in 1798; but he first really became known as an author by the publication of "Count Julian," a tragedy (1812). In 1820 he published at Pisa his Latin Idyllia Heroica, with an appendix in Latin prose on the reasons why modern Latin poets are so little read. His literary reputation was greatly increased by his prose work entitled "Imaginary Conversations" (5 vols. 8vo, London, 1824-'9). These supposed dialogues between remarkable personages of past or present times illustrate the peculiarities of the different interlocutors and of the periods in which they lived, and also abound in paradoxical and original opinions. They were followed by "Pericles and Aspasia" (1836), “A Satire on Satirists and Admonition to Detractors" (1836), the "Pentameron and Pentalogia (1837), and the dramas "Andrea of Hungary and Giovanna of Naples" (1839). All these works were written in Italy. During his residence at Bath he published the "Hellenics" (1847); "Popery, British and Foreign " (1851); "Last Fruit off an Old Tree" (1853); "Letters of an American" (1854), under the pseudonyme of Pottinger; "Antony and Octavius" frequent contributions to the "Examiner " newspaper. The last named book contained some most objectionable poems, libelling a lady of Bath to whom Landor had conceived an intense personal dislike, for which a judgment of £1,000 was obtained against him. An edition of his collected works was published in London in 1846 (2 vols. 8vo; reprinted in 1853). The first complete edition of his works was commenced in 1874 (7 vols. 8vo, London). His life has been written by John Forster (London, 1869; new ed., 1874). All of Landor's writings contain highly intellectual passages, but his poems especially display an effort to reproduce the genius and style of Hellenic poetry, and seem foreign to modern habits of thought. His brother, the Rev. ROBERT EYRES LANDOR, is the author of several works, including two remarkable novels, "The Fawn of Sertorius" (2 vols., 1846) and “The Fountain of Arethusa" (2 vols., 1848). LANDSBERG, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, on the Warthe, 40 m. N. E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder; pop. in 1871, 18,531. It is walled and well built, contains a gymnasium, a Realschule, three churches, an almshouse, and lunatic and orphan asylums. It has iron founderies and manufactories of woollen and linen cloth, hosiery, leather, paper, and machinery, and an important trade in wool, lumber, and corn. 66 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. See PARK. LANDSEER. I. John, an English engraver, born in Lincoln in 1769, died Feb. 29, 1852. His reputation was founded on the engravings furnished for Bowyer's edition of Hume's "History of England" and Moore's "Views in Scotland" toward the close of the last century, and on a series from the works of Rubens, Snyders, and other artists. In 1806 he delivered a course of lectures on engraving at the royal institution, which were published in 1807. At the same time he was elected an associate engraver in the royal academy, an honor which he accepted for the purpose of removing the restrictions against the admission of engravers to full membership. Failing in this object, he devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits, and started at different periods two art journals, both of which speedily failed. He also published a quarto volume on engraved gems and hieroglyphics. His "Descriptive, Explanatory, and Critical Catalogue of five of the Earliest Pictures in the National Academy" (London, 1834) is full of amusing gossip. His best engraving is the "Dogs of Mount St. Bernard," from one of the earliest pictures of his son, Sir Edwin Landseer. II. Thomas, eldest son of the preceding, born about the close of the last century. He adopted his father's profession, and executed many engravings in mezzotint from his brother Edwin's pictures. One of his best known works is an engraving of Rosa Bonheur's celebrated 97 66 picture of the "Horse Fair" (1861). His best engravings are after his brother's pictures, of which he has caught the spirit and style. He has published the "Life and Letters of William Bewick" (2 vols., 1871). III. Charles, brother of the preceding, a genre painter, born in 1799. He received his first instructions in painting from Haydon, and entered the schools of the academy in 1816. He exhibited in the royal academy in 1828, and several times received the highest prize of the art union. Among his most popular pictures are "Pamela," Clarissa Harlowe," "The Monks of Melrose," "The Departure in Disguise of Charles II.," and "The Return of the Dove to the Ark." He was elected a royal academician in 1845, and was appointed a keeper in 1851. IV. Sir Edwin, brother of the preceding, a painter of animals, born in London in 1803, died there, Oct. 1, 1873. While a child he was remarkable for skill in drawing. His father took him to the fields, and made him copy the ordinary domestic animals, at rest or in motion, from the life, and in the same way caused him to acquire his first notions of color; and at the age of 14 he attracted attention by his spirited sketches. Two years later he exhibited his "Dogs Fighting," which was purchased by Sir George Beaumont, and shortly afterward a striking picture of two St. Bernard dogs rescuing a traveller from the snow, which was engraved by his father. About this time he received to a limited extent instruction and advice from Haydon, but never became a regular pupil. He also drew in the schools of the royal academy, and from the Elgin marbles. In 1827 he was elected an associate member of the royal academy, having just reached the requisite age, and about the same time made a visit to the highlands of Scotland, the impressions derived from which have been reproduced in a series of characteristic works. In 1847 he was elected a member of the royal academy of Belgium; in 1850 he was knighted; and in 1855 he received a gold medal at the universal exposition in Paris, being the only English artist so distinguished. Upon the death of Sir Charles Eastlake, in 1865, he was elected president of the royal academy, but declined the office. Among his best known pictures are: "The Return from Deer-Stalking," hibited in 1827; "The Illicit Whiskey Still," 1829; "Highland Music," 1830; "Poachers: Deer-Stalking," 1831; Sir Walter Scott and his Dogs," 1833; "The Drover's Departure," 1835; "A distinguished Member of the Humane Society," 1838; "High Life and Low Life," 1840; The Shepherd's Prayer," 1845; "The Stag at Bay," 1846; "The Random Shot," 1848; and "Night and Morning" and "The Children of the Mist," 1853. Among his more recent works are "The Connoisseurs," containing a portrait of himself; "The Defeat of Comus;" "Pen, Brush, and Chisel," a sketch of Chantrey's studio; "The Sanctuary;" "Taming the Shrew;" and "Windsor Forest." 66 แ ex From 1858 many of his works were drawings in chalk, which are much admired. For many years his pictures were regularly engraved, and for the copyright of some of them he received as much as £3,000 in addition to the price of the picture. A series has been published entitled "The Forest," from drawings by Landseer. Many of his finest sketches were presented to the duchess of Bedford, between whom and himself a warm friendship existed for years, and are now in the possession of her daughter the duchess of Abercorn. He was incomparably the best animal painter of his time, and he also produced a number of admirable etchings; but it is generally conceded that in designing the lions for the base of Nelson's monument, London, unveiled in 1867, he failed as a sculptor. A sale of his works in London in 1874 realized £73,400. Landseer was noted for his wit and his genial social qualities. He never married. He was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, beside Reynolds and Turner.--See "Early Works of Sir Edwin Landseer," by F. G. Stephens (London, 1868), and "Memoirs of Sir Edwin Landseer," by the same (1874). LAND'S END (anc. Bolerium Promontorium), a remarkable headland, the most western point of Great Britain, projecting into the Atlantic at the W. extremity of Cornwall. It is formed of granite cliffs, whose summits are 60 ft. above the level of the sea. About a mile from it are the dangerous rocks called the Longships, on which is a lighthouse with a fixed light 88 ft. above high water. On a peninsula near by is one of those natural curiosities called "logging" or "logan stones," so poised on a fulcrum that they can be made to rock. LANDSHUT, a town of Bavaria, capital of the district of Lower Bavaria, on the Isar, 39 m. N. E. of Munich; pop. in 1871, 14,141. It has a Protestant and three Catholic churches, two convents, and a Franciscan monastery, a |