In his last moments, when nearly insensible | princess proved a devoted friend. She saw to things around him, his mind seemed in- without jealousy the growing favor of the tent on hospitable purposes, and he proposed in duchess of Polignac, and silently kept aloof; broken sentences some meeting of his friends. but when the latter, on the breaking out of the Beneath all his inconsistencies, his fantastic revolution, deserted her mistress, she returned ideas, subtle perceptions, absurd fancies, and to her post. She was at the queen's side on mingling of jest with seriousness, the most the dreadful days of June 20 and Aug. 10, 1792, constant and prominent feature of his char- and accompanied her to the legislative assemacter was amiability. The "Essays of Elia" bly and afterward to the Temple. On Aug. 19 hold a peculiar place in English literature. she was separated from her mistress and conThe style is a model of quaint and graceful fined in the prison of La Force, where, despite elaboration, showing both his original genius the most energetic measures to save her, she and his familiarity with the fine sayings of the fell a victim to the September massacre. When Elizabethan age; and they abound as well in she appeared before the tribunal which passed profound thoughts as in the rarest fancies and sentence upon the prisoners, she answered with felicities of expression. His works were edited, firmness and dignity. She refused to take the with a biography consisting largely of his let- oath against the king, the queen, and monters, which are among the most delightful in archy; and scarcely had the verdict, "Out the language, by Thomas Noon Talfourd (1 vol. with her," been uttered, when she was struck 8vo, London, 1840; 4 vols., 1850; with addi- down with a billet by a drummer boy and detion of the "Final Memorials," 1 vol., 1852; spatched with a sword; her body was mutilated 4 vols., 1855). The "Specimens of English and exposed, and her head placed on a pike, Dramatic Poets," and other writings of his, and carried first to the Palais Royal, where the are not included. The "Essays of Elia" have duke of Orleans, her brother-in-law, was forced been published separately (Boston, 1860), and to salute it, and then to the Temple, where it a volume of the uncollected writings of Charles was paraded under the windows of the queen. Lamb, edited by J. E. Babson (Boston, 1864), | The Mémoires relatifs à la famille royale de since incorporated with several complete edi- France (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1826), gathered from tions. II. Mary Anne, an English authoress, her conversations and memoranda, and pubsister of the preceding, born in London in 1765, lished by Mrs. C. Hyde, the marchioness Solari, died in St. John's Wood, May 20, 1847. She are not considered authentic. Her biography resided constantly with her brother until his has been written by M. de Lescure (Paris, 1864). death, except when fits of insanity obliged her LAMBERT, Daniel, an English giant, born in removal to the asylum. She wrote a few slight Leicester, March 13, 1769, died in Stamford, poems, and in conjunction with him the "Tales June 21, 1809. Neither his parents, brother, from Shakespeare” (1807) and a collection of nor sisters were of unusual size, but an uncle juvenile tales entitled "Mrs. Leicester's School" and an aunt were remarkable for corpulence. (1808). The stories by her are, as Charles de- In his youth he excelled in strength, and was lighted to insist, the best of the collection. fond of field sports and other athletic exercises, When well, she was remarkable for the sweet- but gave no indications that he was to attain ness and placidity of her disposition. On excessive bulk till his 19th year. He soon after Charles Lamb's death the East India company succeeded his father as keeper of the prison in granted to her the pension to which a widow Leicester, and his rapid increase in size from was entitled, and her brother had besides made that time he attributed to his confinement and her comfort secure by his own savings. A sedentary life. In 1793, when he weighed 448 volume of poems, letters, and remains of Mary lbs., he walked from Woolwich to London with and Charles Lamb, with reminiscences and less fatigue than several other men in his party. notes, edited by W. Carew Hazlitt, was pub- He was noted as a swimmer, and could float lished in 1874. with two men of ordinary size on his back. Being incommoded by the curiosity of numerous visitors from the adjacent country, he decided in 1806 to exhibit himself in London. His apartments in Piccadilly became almost a place of fashionable resort, and his visitors were received with politeness, and treated him in the most respectful manner. He remained five months in the metropolis, and afterward exhibited himself in the principal towns of England. He was 5 ft. 11 in. high, and at his death he weighed 739 lbs. He measured 9 ft. 4 in. round the body, and 3 ft. 1 in. round the leg. He never drank any beverage but water, slept regularly less than eight hours a day, was healthy, active, and vivacious through life, and took part in all the sports of the field till within a few years of his death.

LAMBALLE, Marie Thérèse Louise de Savoie-Carignan, princess of, born in Turin, Sept. 8, 1749, murdered at the prison of La Force in Paris, Sept. 3, 1792. She was early remarked for her intelligence, sweetness of temper, and personal beauty. In 1767 she was married to the prince of Lamballe, son of the duke of Bourbon-Penthièvre. This union was not happy, and the princess was about to seek a separation when her husband died, May 7, 1768. On the death of Marie Leszczynska, a marriage was proposed between her and Louis XV.; but the project was defeated by Choiseul and his adherents. Marie Antoinette conceived a strong attachment for the princess, and on her accession to the throne appointed her superintendent of the royal household. The

LAMBERT, Johann Heinrich, a German phi- | jealousy of parliament, and on a flimsy pretext losopher, born in Mühlhausen, Alsace, Aug. 29, Lambert with other officers was cashiered; 1728, died in Berlin, Sept. 25, 1777. He was whereupon with a body of soldiers he disthe son of a poor tailor, and was chiefly self-persed the members, Oct. 13, and a committee educated. He was at first a copying clerk, of safety appointed by the army, of which afterward secretary to the editor of a news- Lambert was the controlling spirit, began to paper at Basel. In 1748 he went to Coire in exercise the functions of government. His Switzerland, and became private tutor in the position at this time was so important that it family of Count Peter de Salis, then president was considered not unlikely, in the event of of the confederation. In 1756-'8 he visited his own schemes of sovereignty proving imHolland, France, and Italy with his pupils. In practicable, that he might make terms with 1759 he removed to Augsburg, but, having Charles II.; and some of the adherents of the been appointed to determine the boundaries latter went so far as to recommend him to sebetween the country of the Grisons and the cure the services of Lambert by marrying his Milanese, he returned to Coire in 1761, and so- daughter. Meanwhile Monk commenced his journed there till 1763. In 1764 he went to march from Scotland for the purpose of reBerlin, and was made a member of the royal storing parliament. Lambert at the head of academy of sciences; in 1770 he was appointed 7,000 men started to oppose him; but his superior councillor of the board of works; and troops deserted in great numbers, and in Janin 1774 was intrusted with the superintendence uary, 1660, he was seized by order of parliaof the "Astronomical Almanac." He was re- ment, which had reassembled during his abgarded as the most analytical writer on scien- sence, and committed to the tower. Monk's tific subjects of his day. The measurement of design to restore the monarchy being now the intensity of light was first reduced to a manifest, the hopes of the republicans began science in his Photometria (Augsburg, 1760), again to centre in Lambert, who, escaping and the theory of refraction was developed in from the tower in April, put himself at the Les propriétés remarquables de la route de la head of a body of troops in Warwickshire. lumière par les airs (the Hague, 1759; Ger. His men again deserted him, and he was retranslation, Berlin, 1773). Among his other captured by Col. Ingoldsby and conveyed to works are: Die freie Perspective (Zürich, the tower. Having been excepted from the 1759): Kosmologische Briefe über die Einrich- bill of indemnity after the restoration, he was tung des Weltbaues (Augsburg, 1761); Insig- tried in 1662 in the court of king's bench with niores Orbita Cometarum Proprietates (1761); Sir Harry Vane, and convicted, but was reNeues Organon (Leipsic, 1764); Beiträge zum prieved at the bar and banished to Guernsey, Gebrauch der Mathematik (Berlin, 1765-'72); where he devoted the rest of his life to botany and Anlage zur Architektonik (Riga, 1771). and flower painting. He is said to have died His correspondence with Kant appears in the a Roman Catholic. minor miscellaneous works of the latter.

LAMBERT, John, an English general, born in Kirkby-Malhamdale, in the West riding of Yorkshire, Sept. 7, 1619, died in the island of Guernsey in 1692. He was educated for the bar, but at the outbreak of the civil war entered the parliamentary army as a captain under Fairfax, and at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651, was a major general. He was instrumental in procuring the recognition of Cromwell as protector, and was a member of the first parliament called by him. But upon the assumption by Cromwell in 1657 of sovereign power, and his inauguration with the solemnities applicable to monarchs, he refused to take the required oath of allegiance and retired from public life. After the death of Cromwell he associated himself with the general council of officers of the army, and aided in deposing Richard Cromwell, even venturing, on the credit of his military reputation, to aspire to the position of protector. As a leader of the fifth monarchy men and extreme republicans, he was prominent in procuring the return in May, 1659, of the remnant of the long parliament called the "rump ;" and upon the rising of the royalists in Chester in August of the same year he promptly marched thither and defeated them. This success excited the

LAMBESSA, or Lambèse, a French penal colony of Algeria, in the province and 55 m. S. by W. of the city of Constantine, founded in 1848-'50; pop. of the town about 400, of whom half are Europeans. A French commander resides in the place, and is supported by a body of officers and soldiers. Lambessa contains a church, a hospital, a post office, and various other public buildings, the principal of which is the prison, built at a cost of $350,000. The prisoners are permitted to work at their former trades; half of the proceeds of their labor is given to them at once, and the remainder when they are set free. The neighboring country is well adapted for agriculture and fruit growing, but is not yet much cultivated.-Lambessa occupies the site of the ancient Lambese or Lambæsa, which was one of the most important cities in the interior of Numidia, belonging to the Massylii. Under the Romans an entire legion was stationed here, and among its interesting ruins are the remains of an amphitheatre, a temple of Esculapius, a triumphal arch, and other buildings, enclosed by a wall in which 40 gates have been traced, 15 of them still in a good state of preservation. Statues of Jupiter, Esculapius, and Hygiea, and busts of Roman emperors and empresses have been found, besides a number of tombs and inscriptions. The

in lamellæ on the sides, protected by a rightly directed against the ministry of Decazes. and left shell. Excluding the molluscoids (bra- Though thus ranged among the defenders of chiopods, tunicates, and bryozoans), now be- the monarchy, he was more earnestly a Catholieved by many to be articulates, coming near lic than a royalist, and sought in the maintethe worms, the term would be synonymous nance of the throne to secure guarantees for with the bivalve mollusks. the stability of the church. The political hopes cherished concerning him were thus disappointed, and in 1820 he separated from his party with a portion of his colleagues called the "incorruptibles," and vehemently assailed the ministry of Villèle in the Drapeau Blanc, and afterward in the monthly Memorial Catholique. The first volume of his Essai was suspected of innovating tendencies before the appearance of the second (1820), in which he rejected the Cartesian system, which gives authority to the individual reason, and developed a new theory of intellectual authority founded on the universal agreement of mankind. He maintained that there is a preëstablished harmony between the doctrines of the church and the ideas of the race, that truth is attainable not only from revelation but from universal tradition, and thus sought to make the general consent of men the basis of an alliance between reason and faith. In the last two volumes (1824) he traced the transmission of truth through the ages, collected the scattered traditions of various peoples, and sought to demonstrate that Christianity alone possesses the double character of universality and perpetuity. This work was unanimously and strongly opposed by the Sorbonne and the prelates, and was applauded only by a small body of disciples. He wrote a short defence, and in 1824 went to Rome to present it to the pope. He was coldly received by the cardinals, and Leo XII., who had at one time thought of creating him a cardinal, after conversing with him, de

LAMENNAIS, Hugues Félicité Robert de, a French author, born in St. Malo, June 19, 1782, died in Paris, Feb. 27, 1854. His father, a wealthy ship owner engaged in commerce, had been ennobled by Louis XVI. He was early abandoned to himself in consequence of the death of his mother and the pecuniary difficulties of his father. He lived almost in solitude, sometimes obtaining assistance in his studies from his elder brother Jean, till about his 12th year, when he was intrusted to the care of his uncle, who confined him day after day in his library. He read Plutarch and Livy, admired Rousseau, and disputed with the parish priest about religion. In his 16th year he retired with his brother to La Chênaie, a residence two leagues from Dinan, where he reduced his studies and various reading to order, mastered Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and several modern languages, and acquainted himself with the church fathers, doctors, historians, and controversialists. He was 22 years old before he made his first communion, and he adopted the ecclesiastical profession only after long hesitation. He made a translation of an ascetic work by Louis de Blois (published in 1809), and published in 1808 Réflexions sur l'état de l'Église, his first protest against the reigning philosophical materialism, which was immediately seized and destroyed by the imperial police. He engaged with his brother on the Tradition de l'Eglise sur l'institution des évêques (3 vols., Paris, 1814), in which he confuted the Gallican tenet that the election of bishops is valid with-clared to his assistants that Lamennais would out the sanction of the holy see. After being teacher of mathematics in the seminary of St. Malo, founded by his brother, he went in 1814 to Paris, where he lived modestly and unknown. On the return of the Bourbons he published a violent attack upon Napoleon. Judging it prudent to leave France during the hundred days, he took refuge in the island of Guernsey, where he passed several months under the name of Patrick Robertson. He engaged in teaching in London, and for several years after 1815 in Paris. In 1816, at the age of 34, he received sacerdotal ordination, having received the tonsure in 1811; and in 1817 he published the first volume of his Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion. This was the fruit of constant labor during many years of trial and obscurity, and had an immediate effect throughout Europe. It aimed to oppose to Protestantism and philosophy the principle of ecclesiastical authority and the absolutism of faith. It was received by Catholics with admiration and enthusiasm, and the author became a principal collaborator in the Conservateur, a journal founded by Chateaubriand, Villèle, De Bonald, Frayssinous, and others, which was chief

cause much trouble in the church. On his return, after publishing a translation of the "Imitation of Christ," he produced De la religion considérée dans ses rapports avec l'ordre civil et catholique (2 vols., Paris, 1825-'6), in which he strove to establish the absolute spiritual supremacy of the holy see as the solution of the social problem. For this publication he was arraigned before the civil tribunal, and condemned. From this time war was waged between Lamennais and the bishops of France. In his treatise Des progrès de la révolution et de la guerre contre l'Église (1829) he first indicated his tendency toward political liberty while laying stress on theocratic absolutism. To combine democracy with the papal supremacy, liberal with Catholic ideas, became his avowed aim immediately after the revolution of 1830. He founded the journal L'Avenir, having the motto Dieu et liberté―le pape et le peuple, and was assisted by a corps of young and ardent disciples, among whom were Gerbet, De Salinis, Lacordaire, Rohrbacher, De Coux, and Montalembert. It demanded administrative decentralization, extension of the electoral right, freedom of worship, uni

versal and equal freedom of conscience, free- an immense concourse of people, and in acdom of instruction, and the liberty of the press. cordance with a direction in his will his body Encouraged by a portion of the people and of the was borne directly to the cemetery without lower clergy, it was violently opposed by most being taken to any church; and no cross, nor of the prelates and Jesuits, who denounced it even a stone, marks his grave. He was both at Rome. While the contest was going on, one of the ablest defenders and one of the the editors decided (Nov. 15, 1831) to suspend ablest opponents of the papacy in the present it for a time, and three of them, Lamennais, century. The constant element in his specuLacordaire, and Montalembert, repaired to lations was an ideal of democracy, which he Rome to seek the papal approbation. No no- sought to realize in the first part of his career tice was taken of them on their arrival; La- by allying the people and the pope against mennais in vain sought a conference with the the civil monarchy, and in the second part by pope on the subject of his mission, and after exalting the people to supremacy in defiance waiting several months decided to return to alike of the pope and the civil monarchy. He France. He had gone as far as Munich when initiated and gave life to the ultramontane he received the encyclical letter, dated Aug. movement, which, after being the object of his 15, 1832, in which Gregory XVI. formally most ardent devotion, prevailed in the church condemned the doctrines of L'Avenir. His of France in spite of his efforts and with his principal collaborators yielded at once to the maledictions. Besides the works already mendecision; he himself announced that the jour- tioned, he published Esquisse d'une philosonal would not again appear. A dogmatic sub-phie (4 vols., 1840-'46). Its system is akin to mission was demanded from him, which he Neoplatonism, and it traces the rise of all the finally signed, reserving to himself full liberty arts to the plan of the Christian temple. His in regard to whatever he should believe for complete works have been twice collected (12 the interest of his country and of humanity. vols., 1836-'7, and 11 vols., 1844 et seq.). SevHe then retired to his patrimonial villa of La eral volumes of posthumous works, including Chênaie, and composed, it is said within a Correspondance, were published under the care week, his Paroles d'un croyant, which was not of Emile Forgues (1856 et seq.). published till 1834, after a year of meditation. From its appearance dates his final and definite rupture with the Roman Catholic church. It was immediately translated into the different European languages, passed through more than 100 editions in a few years, and received the papal condemnation as a book "small in size, but immense in its perversity." In 1836 he published his Affaires de Rome, in which he seems to cast a last melancholy look upon the belief which he had abandoned. In the following year he began a journal, Le Monde, in the interest of extreme democracy, which survived but a few months. He subsequently produced various political pamphlets, one of which, Le pays et le gouvernement (1840), caused his imprisonment for a year in Ste. Pélagie, where he was daily visited by numerous friends. As one of the chiefs and the ablest writer of the republican party, he took part in the revolution of 1848, and after editing the Peuple Constituant, a daily newspaper, for four months, was elected by an unusually large vote one of the representatives of Paris in the constituent assembly. He projected a constitution in accordance with his own theories, which was rejected by the committee as too radical. For three years he protested by his silent vote against the course of events. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he retired from public life, and was occupied in his last years with translating Dante. At the news of his dangerous illness, priests, and even ladies of the highest rank, sought admission to his chamber to induce him to be reconciled to the church; but by his express prohibition no one was received except those connected with his family. His obsequies were performed amid

LA METTRIE, Julien Offray de, a French physician and philosopher, born in St. Malo, Dec. 25, 1709, died in Berlin, Nov. 11, 1751. He was the son of a rich merchant, received a liberal education, and was destined for the church, but preferred to devote himself to medicine. In 1733 he went to Leyden, where he placed himself under the direction of Boerhaave, several of whose works he translated into French. In 1742 he went to Paris, and was appointed physician to the 'gardes françaises, followed that regiment into Germany, and witnessed the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy. In 1745 he published his Histoire naturelle de l'áme, in which he denied the immateriality of the human soul. In consequence of this he lost his office, and the following year, having issued his Politique du médecin de Machiavel, ou le Chemin de la fortune ouvert aux médecins, a libellous attack upon his medical colleagues, he was obliged to fly to Holland. There he wrote and printed his noted atheistical work, L'Homme-machine (12mo, Leyden, 1748), which was publicly burned by order of the authorities. Expelled from Holland, he was invited to Berlin by Frederick the Great, who made him his reader and a member of his academy. He lived on terms of familiarity with the king, and published several works of a similar tendency to his previous writings; among them were L'Homme-plante (Potsdam, 1748), Réflexions sur l'origine des animaux (Berlin, 1750), and Vénus métaphysique, ou Essai sur l'origine de l'âme humaine (Berlin, 1752). He died of indigestion, caused by high living. Frederick wrote his eulegy. Several editions of his philosophical works have been published; the most complete in Berlin, 1796.