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III. ARGUMENT OF SIR ROUNDELL PALMER-Continued.
They followed up all information received by proper inquiries.
Necessity and propriety of secking evidence from those who
give information.
Mr. Jefferson's letter of September 5, 1793
Onus imposed on British claimants against the United States
under the Treaty of 1794..
Uniform reference of the Executive Authorities of the United
States in similar cases to legal procedure and the necessity for
legal evidence....
Of the suggestion that the belief of the consuls of the United
States in British ports should be treated as sufficient prima-
facie evidence.....
The preventive efficacy of the American law tried by the test of
practical results....
Page.
413
415
419
420
The general result proves that many failures may happen, with-
out want of due diligence, from causes for which Governments
cannot be held responsible......
422
Attempt of the United States to change the onus probandi in this
controversy.
The alleged duty of pursuit. The Terceira expedition....
426
2. The effect of the commissions of the Confederate ships of war on their en-
trance into British ports.....
The Rule cannot require an act wrongful by international law...
There is no rule obliging a neutral to exclude from his ports ships
of this description...
429
430
In any view the latter part of Rule I cannot apply to the Georgia or
the Shenandoah....
The distinction suggested by the United States between ships of war
of recognized nations and ships of a non-recognized State.....
All the ships in question were duly commissioned ships of war.
431
432
3. On supplies of coal to Confederate vessels in British ports..
Both parties in the war equally received such supplies..
433
Such supplies are not within the rule as to not using neutral terri-
tory as a base of operations...
What is meant by the words "a base of naval operations
Effect of the addition of the words "renewal or augmentation of
military supplies or arms".
4. Principles of construction applicable to the Rules of the Treaty.
Importance of the second and third questions, as to the principles of
construction applicable to the three Rules...
438
Rules for the interpretation of public conventions and treaties...
Applications of these principles to the interpretation of the three
Rules as to the points in controversy.
439
Influence on the construction of the retrospective terms of the
agreement
440
The admitted intention of both parties as to the second Rule....
Influence upon the construction of the agreement to propose the
three Rules for general adoption to other maritime nations.....
IV. ARGUMENT OF MR. EVARTS IN REPLY TO THE SPECIAL ARGUMENT OF SIR
ROUNDELL PALMER...
441
442
Scope of the discussion.
IV.—ARGUMENT OF MR. EVARTS, &c.—Continued.
Due diligence..
The Rules of the Treaty the law of this Case..
Sir R. Palmer's attempt to disparage the Rules examined.
How far the Tribunal may resort to the Rules of International Law.
Sir R. Palmer's principles for the construction of Treaties examined..
Effect of a commission...
United States construction of the first Rule..
Effect of the words "reasonable ground to believe'
The rules of law respecting the effect of a commission..
Extent of the right of exterritoriality granted to ships of war.
Recognition of belligerency not a recognition of sovereignty.
Application of the principles...
Acts done in violation of neutrality are hostile acts..
The neutral whose neutrality has been violated is under no obligation
of comity to the violator....
Authorities to show that the construction in neutral territories of a ship
intended to carry on war against a belligerent is forbidden by the law
of nations..
The applicability of the rule to the Georgia and the Shenandoah...
The question of coaling is a branch of the greater question of the use
of British ports as bases of hostile operations..
The doctrine of asylum considered........
Analogy between the duties of a neutral on land and his duties at sea..
Limitation of the right of commercial dealings in contraband of war..
Use of a neutral port as a base of hostile operations; what it is..
In the case of the Nashville...
443
446
448
450
451
452
454
455
458
459
460
461
In the case of the Shenandoah..
462
The question of the use of the neutral port as a base of hostile opera-
tions being established, there remains the inquiry whether the neutral
did or did not exercise due diligence to prevent it..
Such proceedings are not mere dealings in contraband of war.
Statement of the British argument on this point...
464
465
469
The arming and equipping the cruisers forbidden by the law of nations..
471
The construction of the Rules of the Treaty.
They should therefore have been disarmed when they came again within
British ports..
472
Review of Sir R. Palmer's criticisms upon the Argument of the United
States....
473
The prerogative of the Crown.
474
Preventive and punitive powers of each Government..
477
The failure of Great Britain to originate investigations or proceedings..
479
The due diligence required by the Rules is a diligence to prevent a hostile
act....
V.-ARGUMENT OF MR. CUSHING IN REPLY TO THE SPECIAL ARGUMENT OF SIR
484
Views of Sir Roundell Palmer in the case of Lairds' rams.
491
Definition of due diligence.
494
Powers of the Crown..
495
Obligations imposed by international law as distinguished from muni-
cipal law.
VI.-REPLY OF MR. WAITE TO THE ARGUMENT OF SIR ROUNDELL PALMER
UPON THE SPECIAL QUESTION AS TO SUPPLIES OF COAL IN BRITISH
PORTS TO CONFEDERATE SHIPS.
513
A base of operations essential to naval warfare.
What it is..
Page
VI.-REPLY OF MR. WAITE, &C.-Continued.
It should not be in neutral territory..
The insurgents had no such base within their own territory
514
Great Britain knew this...
The advantages of these facts to the United States..
Efforts of the insurgents to obtain bases of operations in neutral terri-
tory.....
515
Toleration of use equivalent to permission
Toleration implies knowledge...
Great Britain had reasonable ground to believe that the insurgents in-
tended to use its ports..
Their effective vessels of war came from Great Britain.
When obtained they were useless without a base of operations..
They might have been excluded from British ports....
516
This would have prevented the injuries which followed.
The United States requested Great Britain to prevent this abuse of its
territory...
517
Great Britain refused to prevent it..
Great Britain encouraged the use of its ports by the insurgents for re-
pairs and for obtaining provisions and coal
518
All this constituted a violation of neutrality which entailed responsi-
bility
519
VII.-ARGUMENT OF SIR ROUNDELL PALMER ON THE QUESTION OF THE RE-
CRUITMENT OF MEN FOR THE SHENANDOAH AT MELBOURNE..
VIII. OBSERVATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE TRIBUNAL BY MR. CUSHING, IN THE
NAME OF THE COUNSEL OF THE UNITED STATES, ON THE 21ST AUGUST, 1872,
AND MEMORANDUM AS TO THE ENLISTMENTS FOR THE SHENANDOAH AT MEL-
BOURNE
IX.-ARGUMENT OF SIR ROUNDELL PALMER ON THE SPECIAL QUESTION AS TO
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF THE ENTRANCE OF THE FLORIDA INTO THE PORT OF
MOBILE, OR THE RESPONSIBILITY, IF ANY, OF GREAT BRITAIN FOR THAT SHIP..
X.-REPLY OF THE COUNSEL OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE ARGUMENT OF HER
BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S COUNSEL ON THE SPECIAL QUESTION OF THE LEGAL EF-
FECT, IF ANY, OF THE ENTRY OF THE FLORIDA INTO THE PORT OF MOBILE, AFTER
LEAVING THE BAHAMAS, AND BEFORE MAKING ANY CAPTURES.
XI.-ARGUMENT OF SIR ROUNDELL PALMER ON THE CLAIM OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR INTEREST BY WAY OF DAMAGES.,
XII-REPLY ON THE PART OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE ARGUMENT OF HER
BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S COUNSEL ON THE ALLOWANCE OF INTEREST IN THE COM-
PUTATION OF INDEMNITY UNDER THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON.......
XIII-COMPARATIVE TABLES PRESENTED BY THE AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES
ON THE 19TH OF AUGUST, 1872, IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUEST OF THE
TRIBUNAL....
XIV. TABLES PRESENTED BY THE AGENT OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY ON THE
19TH OF AUGUST, 1872, IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUEST OF THE TRIBUNAL.
XV.-REPLY OF THE AGENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE NEW MATTER INTRO-
DUCED BY THE AGENT OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY ON THE CALL OF THE
TRIBUNAL FOR ELUCIDATION IN RESPECT TO THE TABLES PRESENTED BY THE
TWO GOVERNMENTS.
XVI-A NOTE ON SOME OBSERVATIONS PRESENTED BY MR. BANCROFT DAVIS ON
THE 29TH AUGUST..
520
552
541
546
550
568
579
610
633
638