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Account No. 2.-Roumanian-Continued

August 15, 1907:

DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR CLOTHING AND OTHER ARTICLES-Continued.

Account No. 4.-Bulgarian (from Bulgaria).

Gloves...

$0.10 September 27, 1907:

August 19, 1907:
Shoes...

August 24, 1907:

Gloves....

September 1, 1907:

Suit of clothes...

. $12.00

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Mosquito net..

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Two flannels, pair socks....... 1.25

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October 30, 1907:

September 9, 1907:

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November 12, 1907:

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September 17, 1907:

November 27, 1907:

Cap....

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October 6, 1907:

November 30, 1907:

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Flannels, underwear..

3. 10

December 2, 1907:

October 17, 1907:

Two pairs socks..

.50

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December 14, 1907:

October 26, 1907:

Bedspread and pillow........ 1.50

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December 20, 1907:

November 17, 1907:

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December 31, 1907:

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November 26, 1907:

December 7, 1907:

January 6, 1908:

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Flannel, underwear, suspend

ers, and socks..

5. 15

Three pairs of gloves and

January 28, 1908:

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Pencil sharpeners.

Shoes and hosiery.
Handkerchief..

February 21, 1908:
Pair of pants..

. 15

3.25

. 15

3. 25

15.00

Watch chain..

Shirt, necktie, and buttons... 1.10

.25

.35

March 1, 1908:

3. 25

Suit of clothes..

Account No. 3.-Bulgarian (from Mace

March 22, 1908:

donia).

April 4, 1908:

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Two pairs socks....

.20

$0.75

April 12, 1908:

May 12, 1907:

Hat...

1.50

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April 19, 1908:

Underwear and socks..

.70

Pair of socks and necktie......

60

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June 3, 1907:

donia).

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July 15, 1907:

June 14, 1907:

Cap..

Pair of pants..

$0.50

· 10

June 15, 1907:

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Underwear.

July 19, 1907:

Clock..

July 28, 1907:

Chain...

. 25

1.00

1.50

Watch.

.50 1.25

June 17, 1907:

August 2, 1907:

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Pair of gloves...

.10

August 11, 1907:

Pair of pants...

1.75

Pair of shoes.

.70

Sleeve holders..
Pair of socks..

15 10

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DETAILED EXPENDITURES FOR CLOTHING AND OTHER ARTICLES-continued.

Account No. 6.-Bulgarian (from Mace- | Account No. 6.-Bulgarian (from Mace

donia).

donia)-Continued.

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The rent paid by the individual immigrant is, of course, small, because of the large number of persons who occupy a cottage or room and divide the rent among them. The average alien endeavors not to let his expenditure for rent go above $1, and the landlord, on the other hand, seems to have departed from the usual method of fixing rents at a point where it will yield a fair return on the amount invested in the house and land by placing the rental charge on the conditions that exist the occupancy of a room or cottage by a large number of persons who divide the rent among them.

In each of

The resultant income is out of proportion to the investment, and excessive. By way of illustration, the cottages in Hungary Hollow may be considered. These cottages usually have three rooms, although some scattered here and there have four rooms. these cottages twelve to sixteen men live, paying a rent from $14 to $16 per month. Multiplying these amounts by twelve to get the annual rents, they are found to be $168 and $192, respectively. These rentals are the equivalent of an investment of $2,800 and $3,200. The original cost of the cottages, it is claimed, was $1,500, although this seems to be an excessive estimate. On this basis, however, the landlords are receiving from 11 to 13 per cent gross. As the houses are badly in need of repair, practically the only deduction to be made is for taxes and insurance. The cottages are very similar to, but not so good as, those for which the southern cotton mill operatives pay a rent of $3 to $3.50 per month.

As far as the rooming houses are concerned, which are conducted by the mercantile establishments, and in which such a large proportion of the population lives, the rents are from $5 to $8 per room. Taking an average rental per room of $5, which is a very low estimate, a mercantile house having 50 rooms to rent would receive $250 in rentals per month, or $3,000 annually. This amount represents the annual interest payment on $50,000 at 6 per cent. In practice a parallel case exists to substantiate this supposition. A mercantile house in the community has 50 rooms for rent, from which it receives more than an average of $5 per room per month. Its building cost

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$30,000. The lower floor is occupied by a saloon and two large stores. The rental from its rooms above the first floor, therefore, pays over 10 per cent on the money invested in the entire building, or, in other words, the income from the tenants pays more than the ordinary rate of return on the cost of the building, and leaves free of rent the saloon and store rooms, which are the most valuable part of the building for rental purposes.

From these illustrations, it seems clear that although the recent immigrant's per capita outgo for rent is small because he lives in a crowded condition, yet the rent he pays by groups or families is excessive, and yields an unusually large rate of return to his landlord.

COST AND MANNER OF LIVING OF REPRESENTATIVE FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF MEN.

The following summarized facts will give a more detailed conception of the cost, manner, and standard of living, of the alien population of the community, classified according to races. The different methods, as well as the cost of living are brought out clearly in this

way.

GROUP 1.-BULGARIAN (HUNGARY HOLLOW).

This group consists of sixteen men of Bulgarian race, living in a small frame one-story cottage, valued originally at about $1,500. The rooms are 10 by 12, 8 by 6, and 8 by 5 feet. The furniture consists of 5 double and 2 single beds, a stove worth about $3.50, a couple of tables and benches made out of some packing boxes, and a few plain chairs. The total value would be about $50. There is no separate kitchen or dining-room, and the cooking is done in the largest bedroom. The men live 4 to each room. The rent of the house is $16. Their living, exclusive of the rent, costs them on an average about $8 each per month. They do their own cooking and housekeeping, taking turns in doing it. They buy their coal and wood and pick up some along the railroad tracks. All the men are unskilled laborers and receive from $1.50 to $1.60 per day in the steel works. Twelve of the 16 are married, with wives abroad, and the majority are going back to Bulgaria. One speaks English. None have taken any steps toward naturalization.

GROUP 2.-BULGARIAN (HUNGARY HOLLOW).

This is a group of 16 Bulgarians living in a small cottage of 3 rooms. The rooms are the usual size, 1 large one about 10 by 12 feet, and 2 small ones about 5 by 8 and 6 by 8 feet. The cottage has a small unfenced yard. The rent is $14, and the men spend between $7 and $8 each per month for food. The furniture consists of 8 cots and iron beds, small stove, several chairs and homemade tables and benches, lamp, lantern, and simple cooking utensils. The total value is about $60. None of the rooms are carpeted. house was in a condition of squalor, and very crowded, 5 to 6 men to a room. The men have been in the United States only seven months, and have had no work since their arrival. They had about $20 or $30 each when they came, but have now spent all their money and are supported by a local mercantile house. None speak English.

The

Fourteen of the 16 are married and have wives and families in Bulgaria. The majority state that they intend, if possible, to stay in the United States. They take turns cooking and housekeeping, and do their own washing.

GROUP 3.-BULGARIAN (HUNGARY HOLLOW).

This is a group of seventeen Bulgarians living in a one-story cottage of 4 rooms. Two of the rooms are about 8 by 10 feet and two are smaller. The cottage has a small yard with dilapidated fence, and the rooms are very crowded and dirty. The rent is $12 per month. The cost of living is from $7 to $8 per month in addition to rent. The men take turns cooking and housekeeping. They have been in the United States eight months. All of them are unskilled and have had little work since their arrival. Fifteen of the seventeen are married and have families in Bulgaria. None speak English. The furniture consists of seventeen cots, small stove and cooking utensils, and kerosene lamps. The total value is about $60. There is no separate dining room or kitchen. These men had $15 to $30 each when they arrived in the community. All this has been spent, and they are supported by occasional work and credit at mercantile houses.

GROUP 4.-ALBANIAN (HUNGARY HOLLOW).

This group of fourteen men from Albania, the only group of this race encountered, lives in a small one-story frame cottage of five rooms-four bedrooms and a small kitchen. They pay $14 per month rent, which includes a large lot (about 50 by 50 feet) which they have converted into a garden and have under cultivation. Their food costs them about $8 to $9 per month per man. The garden at the time of the investigation was just beginning to yield and they expected to procure all their vegetables from it. The furniture consists of iron beds and cots, two small stoves and one large one, worth together $15, a couple of lamps, a home-made table, and cooking utensils. There are photographs and lithographs on the walls. The total value of the furniture is about $150. The men live four to each room. The rooms in this cottage are larger than the average, and two of the bedrooms have two windows each. The men are cleanly in their housekeeping. They have been in the United States seven or eight months, but none speak English except a 14-year-old boy. All are unskilled and have had little work. The boy, who came to this country alone "to earn money," has worked in the steel works at $1.35 per day. Four of the men are married and have families in Albania, to which country they expect to return..

GROUP 5.-ARMENIAN FAMILY (CITY PROPER).

This group, of man, wife, and sister-in-law, lives in a three-room frame cottage of one story. The man is naturalized and runs an Armenian coffee house in Hungary Hollow. His wife is an American woman. They pay $12.50 per month rent, and their food costs them about $10 per week. They value their furniture at $150.

GROUP 6.-ARMENIAN BOARDING HOUSE (HUNGARY HOLLOW).

The

This is an Armenian boarding house in Hungary Hollow containing thirty-five men. There are two men in each room. Each room has two cots or beds, a table and a chair. There are no carpets. men pay $3.50 per week for rooms, light, heat, and board. Meals without rooms are $3 per week.

GROUP 7.-BULGARIAN (IMMIGRANT SECTION OF TOWN PROPER).

This group consists of man and wife, and five Bulgarian boarders, living in two rooms in a Macedonian tenement building over a saloon and grocery store. The rent of the rooms is $5 a month. The husband speaks a little English and is naturalized. He is 28 years old and is a bartender in a Macedonian saloon. The woman is 17 years old and has been four months in the United States. All the boarders sleep in one room. They pay $11 per month for room and board. The furniture is valued at $150, and includes beds, stoves, cooking utensils, and plain chairs and tables; no carpets. Each room, except the one used for cooking (an inside room), has two windows. The rooms and hallways are very dirty.

GROUP 8.-BULGARIAN (IMMIGRANT SECTION OF TOWN PROPER).

This family consists of man and wife, with neither boarders nor children. The man is 30 years old, has been in the United States eighteen months, and speaks no English. He expects to be naturalized and to remain in the United States. The woman is 28 years old. They were married in Bulgaria twelve years ago. At the time of the investigation they were living in one room in a Macedonian rooming house because the man was out of work. The rent was $4 per month. They formerly had two rooms in the same house and paid $5 rent. They cook, eat, sleep, and do laundry work in the one room. The furniture consists of bed, stove, homemade table, and some broken chairs, of which the total valuation is about $35. Exclusive of rent, the man and his wife, when work was regular and conditions normal, spent $35 per month for food, clothes, and incidentals. Their food cost about $25 per month, and the other $10 was spent for clothes and miscellaneous items. During the industrial depression they reduced their outlay for food $5 per month. The kind of food used by them daily under normal conditions was about as follows:

Breakfast: Tea, cream, cheese, bread. Dinner: Bread, some kind of meat or stew. Supper: Bread, meat, meat stew, or eggs.

The man began work in this country as a common laborer at $1.50 per day, and afterwards became a chipper in the steel works, earning between $2 and $3 per day. During the thirteen months during which he worked regularly the husband had saved between $150 and $200.

GROUP 9.-BULGARIAN (IMMIGRANT SECTION OF TOWN PROPER).

This group consists of six men (recently eight) living in two rooms in a Macedonian rooming house. The rent for the two rooms is $5 per month. They use one to sleep in and the other as a kitchen and living room. The bedroom has two windows. The four beds completely fill

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