set forth in the following table, which shows, by years in the United States and race, the visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees:

Table 575.— Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Upon referring to the totals in the above table it is seen that the proportion of foreign-born male employees. who have made one or more visits abroad is 4.1 per cent in the case of employees who have been in the United States under five years; 11.2 per cent in the case of those who have been here from five to nine years; 12.3 per cent in the case of employees who have been in the United States ten years or over; and 8.9 per cent in the case of all iron and steel workers of foreign birth. The North Italians and Slovaks have the largest proportion in the United States under five years; the North Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks the largest proportion in the United States from five to nine years; and the North Italians and Magyars the largest proportion of employees in the United States ten years or over who have made one or more visits abroad. It will be noted that the proportion of individuals making visits abroad increases, in the case of the majority of the races, with years of residence in the United States.

AGE CLASSIFICATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees within each specified age group.

TABLE 576.—Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and

race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Upon information secured from 12,053 males employed in the Middle West, it is seen that none were under 14; 26.3 per cent were from 14 to 24; and 39.1 per cent from 25 to 34 years of age-leaving 12.8 per cent who were 45 years of age or over. The native-born employees of foreign father have 13.9 per cent of their number from 14 to 19 years of age, as compared with 11.4 per cent of native-born whites of native father; 2.6 per cent of the foreign-born, and none of the native-born negroes. The native-born iron and steel workers of foreign father again show the largest and the native-born negroes again the smallest proportion who were from 20 to 24 years of age. The foreign-born races, except the Irish, Norwegian, and Scotch, show proportions ranging from 14.5 per cent of the Macedonian to less than 1 per cent of the Swedish from 14 to 19 years of age. Each race of more recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe shows over 50 per cent of its number to be from 20 to 34 years age, the races of older immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe showing the largest proportions above this age.

of

CHAPTER V.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 577 to 581 and General Tables 322 to 324].

CITIZENSHIP.

The tendency among iron and steel workers of the Middle West toward becoming citizens is set forth in the following table, which shows, by race, the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming.

TABLE 577.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that 38.4 per cent of the total number of 2,679 foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured are fully naturalized, while 13.5 per cent have first papers only. Of the foreign-born races the Irish, Welsh, English, and Swedes, in the order mentioned, have the largest proportion of fully naturalized individuals and the Magyars, Slovenians, and Germans have the largest proportion of individuals who have first papers only.

The increasing interest in political affairs and the growing tendency of the foreign-born employees to become permanently identified with this country after designated periods of residence is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by race and by years in the United States, the present political condition of foreign-born male iron and steel workers who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States:

TABLE 578.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The data in the preceding table show that, in the case of each of the races for which information was secured, a larger proportion of employees who have been in the United States ten years or over than of employees who have been here from five to nine years are fully naturalized. Upon the other hand, there is a decrease with length of residence in the United States in the proportion of all individuals having first papers only due to the greater number of citizens among the races of long residence. This decrease is particularly noticeable in the case of the English, Germans, and Swedes. Of all employees who have been in the United States five years or over the English and Swedes, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Slovenians and Croatians the smallest proportion of fully naturalized individuals, and the Slovenians and Germans have the largest and the Croatians the smallest proportion of individuals having the first papers only.