ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows yearly earnings, by general nativity and race of individual, of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied who were working for wages:

TABLE 676.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Number

working

Number earning

Per cent earning—

for wages Average

and earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under reporting $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

amount.

The annual earnings of the adult males in this locality for whom information was secured, as shown by the above table, average $331. It appears that the average yearly earnings are highest in the case of the whites native-born of native father; they are higher in the case of the negroes native-born of native father than in that of the second generation of immigrants, and lowest in the case of the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the Scotch, English, and French, in the order mentioned, have the highest average yearly earnings. The proportions of individuals earning under $200 and under $400 per year, respectively, are largest for the foreign-born, and larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the negroes native-born of native father. On the other hand, the proportions of individuals earning under $600 and under $1,000 per year, respectively, are

largest for the foreign-born, but larger for the native-born negro of native father than for the second generation of immigrants.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families studied having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 677.—Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Seven families are included which report income as "none."]

The average family income for the 476 families studied in this locality is $492, the foreign-born reporting $481, as compared with $542 for the native-born. Of these 476 families, 27.9 per cent have a total income of under $300, 63.2 under $500, 85.7 per cent under $750, 93.7 under $1,000, and only 2.3 per cent have a total income of $1,500 or over. The negroes native-born of native father, while showing only slightly larger proportions than are shown in the total for all families earning under $750, under $1,000, and under $1,500, show a considerably smaller proportion earning under $500. The negros show only 4 per cent earning under $300, in contrast with 35 per cent of the foreign-born.

Among the foreign-born, the average family income of the Scotch, $1,032, exceeds that of any other race. No Scotch, and only 5.7 per cent of the French families, as compared with 26.4 per cent of the Slovak and 52. 2 per cent of the South Italian families, have an income under $300. As regards those families which have an income under $500, the South Italians report by far the largest proportion, or 86.2 per cent, while the French and Slovaks, of about equal rank in this comparison, show a very much larger proportion having an income under this amount than do the Scotch, who report but 14.7 per As regards those having incomes under $750 and under $1,000, respectively, the South Italians in each instance show the largest proportion and the Scotch the smallest, the percents reported by the

cent.

Scotch being very low. All South Italian and Slovak families, as compared with 97.1 per cent of the French and 76.5 per cent of the Scotch, having a total income under $1,500.

WIVES AT WORK.

The lack of any tendency on the part of the wives of men of foreign birth to engage in any regular employment outside of the home in order to add to the family income is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the wives at work outside the home.

Table 678.—Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

This table shows that only 1.4 per cent of the wives of the foreignborn are at work, this proportion being made up of one French, three South Italians, and one Slovak. None of the wives of the native-born whites are at work, but 3.1 per cent of the native negroes are engaged in work outside of the households.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the households studied in the Birmingham district 15 females are at work outside the homes with average annual earnings of $135. Of these, 4 are native-born negro women, 3 are of native birth but of foreign father, and 8 are foreign-born. The range in earnings of the different races and nativity groups is shown in the table next presented.

TABLE 679.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

The following tables show the number and per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 680.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present. For selection of families, see p. 272.]

a This column includes 10 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 681.—Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present. For selection of families, see p. 272.]

The foreign-born in the foregoing tables show 11.6 per cent of the wives of men earning under $400, 22.2 per cent of those whose husbands earn $400 but under $600, and 17.1 per cent of those whose husbands earn $600 or over, have employment or keep boarders or lodgers.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other

sources.

TABLE 682.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Seven families are excluded which report income as "none."]