Bro. Jas. Clark, L. U. 757, Chicago Heights, Ills.

Bro. Oak Grabner, L. U. 184, Chicago, Ills. Bro. Frank Schroth, L. U. 16, Chicago, Ills. Bro. D. J. Mannnig, L. U. 510, San Francisco, Cal.

Bro. Joe Ameer, L. U. 187, Yonkers, N. Y. Bro. Joseph H. Mears, L. U. 97, Wheaton, Ill.

Bro. J. F. Forshee, L. U. 830, Chicago, Ills.

Bro. Charles Hughes, L. U. 50, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Bro. Geo. R. Patterson, L. U. 46, St. Louis, Mo.

Bro. Edgar M. Caswell, L. U. 563, So. Framingham, Mass.

Bro. L. A. Pullar, L. U. 31, Syracuse, N. Y. Bro. E. M. Taylor, L. U. 186, Minneapolis, Minn.

Bro. Henry A. Heldman, L. U. 115, St. Louis, Mo.

CORRECTION.

In Credit to L. U. 11, of Boston.

In the statement of the October, 1914, receipts published in last month's Journal (December), Local Union 11, of Boston, was credited with paying $13.50 (thirteen dollars and fifty cents). This was an error; the amount should have read $1,350 (thirteen hundred and fifty dollars). The correct amount was used in the addition of the receipts for the month.

NOTICE!

L. U. 1011 of New York City wishes to announce that it has had the constitution of the Brotherhood translated into the Jewish language. Copies can be had at a reasonable price. For further information, address S. Oelbaum, 237 S. Second St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

FINED.

Brothers Theo. Frosio, Jack Kakora, C. D. Ryather, H. B. Miller, J. C. Patrick, A. M. Rissiman, F. A. Finlon, members of L. U. 333, San Diego, and Bro. John Haines, member of 267, Los Angeles. The last named was fined by L. U. 333 for violation of Sec. 1, Article 4 of the Local's by-laws.

EXPELLED.

D. W. Hancock, former member and B. A. of L. U. 368 of Washington, D. C. Expelled for misappropriation of the funds of the local union.

WATCH YOUR BENEFITS.

Local Unions in Arrears.

Any L. U. becoming two months in arrears for per capita tax to the General Office shall at once be notified by the G. S.-T., and failing to settle all arrearages within twenty-one days from date of such notice its members shall not be entitled to benefits, except where the local union is on strike or locked out, or for equally sufficient reason is given an extension of time in which to make payments. Section 15 of the Constitution.

Unions two months in arrears on closing monthly accounts December 31st, 1914:

60, 365, 366, 439, 496, 509, 558, 559, 569, 577, 658, 696, 711, 746, 758, 810, 816, 841, 844, 846, 857, 906, 988, 1010, 1052.

909, 954,

DUE BOOKS LOST.

Of Brother Andrew L. Carlson, initiated in L. U. 11 of Boston, Mass. Kindly notify Brother M. Anderson, F. S., of L. U. 11, 22 Thwing St., Boston, Mass.

Of Brothers Peter Keith, Card No. 36546, Arthur Hutschel, Card No. 51255, members of L. U. S22. Kindly notify Brother Townsend Miller, P. O. Box 228, Glen Cove, N. Y. Of Brother R. E. Doss, Card No. 586, member of L. U. 367, Springfield, Mo. Kindly notify Bro. Joe Preston, 206 N. Jackson St., Palestine, Tex.

Of Brother Sam Sapero, Card No. 46404. Kindly notify J. O. Maxon, 2708 Howard St., San Francisco, Cal.

Local Union

Baltimore,

Duties of Financial Secretary. Sec. 131. The Financial Secretary shall receive all moneys paid into the union and shall enter all payments in the official duplicate page day book as furnished by the G. S.-T. He shall forward to the G. S.-T. the duplicate sheet or sheets taken from said book within the time and in such manner as provided in Section 238. Financial Secretaries failing to comply with this provision of this section shall be removed from office by the General Executive Board.

Duties of General Secretary-Treasurer.

Sec. 238. He shall establish and maintain a filing card system at the General Office; said cards shall show the age, date of initiation, suspension or expulsion of members and all other information necessary for keeping a complete record of the entire membership. He shall also establish and maintain a Financial Secretary's duplicate page day book system which shall show the amounts of money paid and the dates on which such payments were made by each member. Said duplicate page day book shall be the official day book of this Brotherhood and shall be procured by Financial Secretaries from the G. S.-T. Financial Sec

retaries shall send to the G. S.-T., without delay, by registered mail, and with their monthly reports, the duplicate sheet or sheets taken from said book. Said duplicate sheet or sheets shall be filed by the G. S.-T. in the General Office and shall constitute the official financial record of each member, unless the member's due book without erasure or alteration shows to the contrary.

Said duplicate day book system shall be used only to determine the complete standing of a member from the time this system is established. All sections or parts of sections that shall appear to conflict with the provisions of this section are null and void.

All payments made-beginning a new sheet with the first day of each monthmust be entered in the new form official day-book.

A sample page of the new style book, showing how entries should be made has been furnished each secretary and is herewith reproduced. Read

carefully the in

structions at the top of the sheet and then study the different entries until you understand them; also read sections 131 and 238 of the constitution.

Supply yourself with good, hard indellible pencils and be sure to use a sheet of carbon paper-face down-between the alternating red and white leaves of the book. Take a new sheet of carbon paper whenever the one in use does not produce a clear, legible copy. If you make an error, do not erase but write the word "error" in the remarks column, on the right hand margin of the sheet and repeat entry in corrected form. Be sure your copy is clear so that you will have no trouble in posting the entries to your ledger and that the trustees may be able to check the entries when they audit your books at the close of each quarter. Remember that the white (original) sheets-those perforated-are to be forwarded to the General Office, the pink sheets (copies) to remain in the book.

The new form book is made in two sizes: 100 leaves (50 white and 50 pink) the price of which is $1.00 and 200 leaves (100 white and 100 pink) which sells for $1.50.

Familiarize yourself with the new form book and the laws providing for the forwarding of the sheets to the General Office. We feel sure that each secretary will cheerfully co-operate so that the work in connection with the adoption of the new system may be lightened and the full benefit of the change be secured. Information upon any doubtful points will be gladly given. Further Instructions.

The General Office has received many inquiries as to the proper manner in which to enter payments made between meetings, and particularly those made after the last meeting in the month. Such payments should be credited as follows:

Payments made after the last meeting in any given month, and before the close of the month, must be entered on the Day Book sheet for that month. At the close of the month the items must be totalled, the amount entered below, and the sheet for that month closed. The Treasurer may receipt for the total of these additional payments on the Day Book sheet of the month in which they are made, or the total amount may be carried forward and entered opposite the words "Brought Forward" at the head of the first Day Book sheet of the following month. If the latter method is followed, the amount should be included in the receipts of the first meeting of that month.

The only exception to this rule is when a remittance mailed before the close of

the month does not reach the Secretary until after the month is ended and the Day Book sheet is closed. In such a case credit should be given on the Day Book sheet of the succeeding month, but under the date upon which the remittance was mailed, and a notation to the effect that the money was mailed on the date of the entry be inserted in the remarks column.

Payments made prior to the first meeting night in the month-by members who obtain clearance cards, or who are sent on out-of-town jobs and desire to pay dues before leaving-must be entered on the Day Book sheet of the month in which the payment is made, (the day of the month being given).

Payments made in one month must be kept distinct and entered on a separate Day Book sheet from payments made in another month, but in unions with a small membership it is not necessary to use a separate sheet for each meeting. The receipts of two or more meetings-in the same month-may be entered on the same sheet.

When a member who deposits a clearance card has paid dues in advance to the local union issuing the card and the amount to the member's credit is received by the local to which he is admitted, the Financial Secretary in entering the amount should credit it to the Local Union from which it is received and not to the member. An explanatory notation should be made in the space for remarks on the right margin of the day book sheet, as follows: Advance dues of brother for month of local union

forwarded by

This will save time and trouble. Where this information is not given it will be necessary to write both locals to ascertain why the member is credited with paying dues for the given month or months in two unions.

Large heavy manilla envelopes, addressed, for the mailing of Day Book sheets can be obtained from Headquarters. They are 75 cents a hundred.

Fraternally yours,

J. C. SKEMP, G. S.-T.

CLEARANCE CARDS NOT ACCEPTED. Local Unions 246 and 686, of Des Moines, are locked-out. The local Business Men's League is largely responsible for the trouble a sit has exerted much pressure to induce the employing painters to declare for the "open" (non-union) shop. Traveling members should note that clearance cards will not be accepted in Des Moines until the matter is adjusted.

ments."

RISTLES are imported into this country packed into casks holding from 3 to 6 cwt., partially prepared or dressed, and sorted roughly into lengths and colours, and tied up in bundles varying in many ways according to their country of origin. Siberian bristles are tied up in bunIdles of moderate weight with a very small quantity of bark. Those from Poland are quite differently bundled, being tied up in small knots, with a large quantity of heavy cord or bark. From some districts the bundles are very large, with a minimum of tying material, while from others large bunIdles are tied up with as much cord as can be used. Chinese bristles are done up in small bundles, two being wrapped in paper and packed in small cases of about 1 cwt.

The amount of dressing to which the rough bristles are subjected, differs considerably in different districts, in some being sorted and bundled by length and stiffness, while in others, lengths, colours and qualities are mixed together in each bundle.

The differences which I have just, mentioned make it quite easy to tell the district from which a particular bundle of bristle has come, but all districts are alike in sending their rough bristles over containing as much dirt as they can hold. This commodity, and the tying material are evidently considered by the dressers as of the same value as the bristles, and it is not to be wondered at that as much is added as their consciences will allow. A peculiarity

of all bristles, and one that is met with in the hair of no other animal than the pig, is the tendency to split at the fine end. This dividing up of what is technically called "flag" of the bristle, goes on during wear, and thus continually produces in the brush that soft velvety surface which enables the paint and varnish to be evenly spread on the work, and it is owing to this peculiar quality of bristles that an old brush well worn, is so much prized by its owner. This peculiarity is an infallible test for determining a bristle.

Another characteristic of the pig's bristle, and one that is also made use of as a test, is the size of the root end in comparison with the "flag," it being thick at the root and gradually tapering towards the "flag." The taper varies in degree in different types of bristles, those from Siberia being straighter than those from China.

The sides of a bristle, which appear to be as smooth as a piece of wire, are really somewhat jagged or serrated like a saw, the teeth always sloping from the root towards the "flag." Although this is common to many hairs, it is especially valuable in the bristle from a brushmaker's point of view, for it enables it to be moved more freely in one direction than another. When the roots and "flags" of bristles get mixed up heads and tails, as it were, this serration of the edge enables them to be easily turned, so that they arrange themselves all in one di. rection.

The actual process of turning consists in spreading a thin layer of bristles on a flat bench, and rubbing them with a flat lath, backwards and forwards, under slight pressure.

Although bristles are among the hardest and most durable of all hairs, and appear to be so strong and indestructible, they are, in reality, very easily destroyed by contact with certain solutions, or any matter liable to decay. Boiling water containing much common soda soon reduces them to a jelly. Lime, or caustic soda also quickly destroys bristles, altering them from being very hard and elastic to a harsh and brittle substance without any spring. Bristles in the damp soon decay and lose all their strength, and brushes after use in distemper may easily be completely destroyed by being put away in a damp place, the destruction being hastened if a trace of size be left in the brush, especially in the warm weather. In the case of brushes used in glue, the rapid gelatinising of the bristle is sometimes brought vividly to one's notice when the brush has been left boiling with the glue. It then becomes difficult to distinguish the brush from the glue, and the indignant user, of course, lays the blame on the manufacturer for using inferior bristles.

Bristles, along with all hairs, absorb very readily, and become swollen and softened when wet. This property of expanding when moist and contracting when dry, is made use of in constructing instruments called Hair Hydrometers, for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere. One form of this instrument consists of a hair suspended at one end, the other passing over a pulley and supporting a small weight. A needle attached to the pulley moves along a graduated scale according to whether the hair is lengthened by moisture, or contracted by dryness. This property also accounts for what is really a source of annoyance to brush users; I refer to the knots of certain brushes becoming loose after being used in water or distemper. The bristles swell considerably in water and become exceedingly tight in their bindings, but on drying they shrink, and may get so loose that the brush comes to pieces.

I have mentioned most of the peculiar qualities and properties of bristles which adapt them especially for painting brushes, and propose before entering into a description of the processes of brush manufacture, to briefly describe the other materials previ ously mentioned.

Horse hair from the manes and tails, is the material most extensively employed af ter bristles, but when used in the manufacture of painters' brushes, it must be regard

ed as an adulteration, for it possesses none of the qualifications of bristles, and is used solely on the merit of its low cost.

The best quality is produced in England, but supplies are also obtained from Russia, China, South America and Australia.

The advent of the motor vehicle is having a serious effect on the supply of horse hair, which considerably advanced in price during recent years.

The preparation for the market consists in cleaning and sterilizing and straightening, or as it is termed "drafting" the hairs, and it is this process which has given the trade definition of "drafts" to horse hair. Drafts are sold in tails, or bundles, of about 2 inches diameter, and up to 20 or 30 inches in length.

Compared with bristle, there is hardly any tapering, each hair being nearly equal diameter at both ends. Horse hairs have no tendency to split, and in wear act in much the same way as a piece of soft wire would on being filed.

The length makes no difference in the stiffness, which, at its best, is much softer than common bristles. The fact of its being obtainable in long bundles, which can be cut to any desired length, makes it very tempting material to fill up the deficiencies in bristles, which contain large proportions of short lengths. The price of horse hair being the same for any length, makes it more profitable to use in the long lengths, where bristles become so costly, but the greater the length used, the poorer the quality of the brush.

The remaining animal fibres mentioned are mostly employed in the manufacture of Artists' and Decorators' brushes.

Badger hair is mostly used for making shaving brushes, but in the longer varieties is employed in making certain grainers' brushes, such as softeners.

The hair of several varieties of the martens or sables is used in Artists' pencils and Decorators' writers and liners, and the squirrel provides the material commonly known as Camel hair.

It is the tails of the sables and squirrels that are used, and the hair comes almost naturally to that fine point which is so much appreciated.

The hair from parts of the ox is used principally for lining pencils, and it is also employed to mix with some of the softer varieties of sable.

Goat hair is a very soft material, and mixed with other furs produces the cheaper grades of camel hair.

Skunk and bear hair are of moderate stiffness and are used for very fine flat varn