a wholly new phenomenon, the Citizen—the selfconscious and responsible constituent of the State-no longer mutely receiving commands from a being of a different order, to whom he stands in the relation of a subject; but, as Law-maker, himself voluntarily determining the limits to which Law may extend, and, as subject to Law, accepting and respecting the principles which he himself has adopted. And thus we shall find, it is hoped, in the Citizen the solution of the problem of human government, and also of the co-ordination of human governments in the world-organization of humanity; for human rights are not the gift of governments, and governments need to be so organized as to furnish a complete security and guarantee for human rights. Upon this basis, and upon this basis alone, is it possible for all governments to submit their own conduct also to the rule of Law. In the light of the principles here set forthwhich in the main have entered into the distinctive American conception of the State—the question naturally arises: Will the experience of the United States of America be of any service to those who, when the battlefields are silent and the dead are buried, will be called upon to reunite the shattered amities of Europe? An important lesson of history is, that the value of a system of government does not reside exclusively in its form, but chiefly in its spirit. No matter in what guise injustice may appear, whether in that of Imperialism or that of Democracy, the exploitation of the many by the few, or of the few by the many, the crime remains the same. Whatever the immediate influence of ethical conceptions and moral standards upon statesmanship may be, in millions of hearts, when in the nightwatches the question is wafted from unmarked graves, "Is it not possible for men to live together upon the earth in peace and with honor?” the answer will be, "Yes." And when at last the voices of Reason and Conscience are heard, there will be a demand everywhere for the People's Government. Washington, D. C., May, 1915. e the The Development of Social Status. The Emergence of the “State.” The Persist- ence of Primitive Elements. The Assimi- Force in the State. The Machiavellian Con- ception of the State.' The Influence of the Machiavellian Conception. Jean Bodin's Po litical Philosophy. The Appeal to Religion for Authority. The Repudiation of the The Slowness of Political Progress. Prog- ress and Retrogression. The Substitution of Thought for Force. The Seat of Public Au- 1 Politic. The State as a Responsible Entity. The True Nature of Authority. The Im- Law Conceived as Commandment. The Myth of Absolute Sovereignty. The Genesis of Popular Sovereignty. Absolute Sovereignty a Denial of Human Rights. The True The Intuition of Obligation. The Appli- cation to Experience. The Right to Life. The Right to Liberty. The Right to Prop- erty. The Problem of Partition. The In- justice of Monopoly. The Relation of Mo- nopoly to Law. The Alleged Community of Property. The Necessity of a Fundamental Law. The Nature of a Fundamental Law. Respect for the Constitution as the Guaran- tor of Liberty. The Surcharging of Funda- stitutional Guarantees. Attacks mental Law. The Nature of the Opposition to the Constitution. Alleged Constitutional Barriers to Reform. The Relation of Re- form to Public Opinion. The Conflict of Constitutionalism with Imperialism. Prin- ciples and Personalities. The Danger of The Character of the American Revolution. The Character of the French Revolution. The Constitution a Bar to Revolution. The Attack on the Judicial Authority. Alleged Usurpation of the Supreme Court. The Al- Judicial Supremacy." " Obstacles to Judi- |