COPYRIGHT, 1910 BY JOHN MILLS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 710.9 The Athenæum Press PREFACE T5265 This book is the outcome of the writer's desire to put into the hands of a class, studying introductory thermodynamics, in a concise form a statement of those principles and concepts which are essential to the study of the construction and operation of steam engines, steam turbines, and their auxiliaries, and, to a more limited extent, of air compressors and gas engines. The book deals only with the ideal and limiting cases, and aims only at a preparation of the student for reading the more advanced technical works or papers. As such the text makes no claim to originality except, to some extent, in the selection and arrangement of material and in the location of the emphasis. The material selected is from such sources as the works and books of Clausius, Rankine, Carnot, Kelvin, Stodola, Pellat, Planck, Preston, Edser, Bryan, Boulvin, Swinburne, Peabody, and Buckingham. The arrangement is intended to lead the student from the sophomore physies work into thermodynamics as a continuation and more detailed study of a portion of physical science already somewhat familiar. The emphasis is therefore placed upon the physical concepts, and constant reference is made to the molecular kinetic theory, which is usually familiar to such a student. Although an effort has been made to eliminate as far as practicable the use and solution of differential equations, it is hoped that should the book be used by a student who later takes up the study of pure thermodynamics, he will have little if anything to unlearn and will find the physical interpretation of the mathematical relations rendered easier. The emphasis is also placed upon the solution of numerical problems, many examples of which are given. These in general are arranged to lead from the simpler concepts to the ideal limiting cases, of the applications to engineering problems. M319101 In addition to the general statement of sources made above, acknowledgments of details are made in footnotes. It is the writer's pleasure to acknowledge the influence of former study under Professor C. W. Berry of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. To the inspiration of Professor R. A. Millikan of the University of Chicago, a friend and former teacher, who has read a portion of the proof of this text, a general acknowledgment is gratefully made for most that is good in the writer's point of view and pedagogical method in physics. COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO JOHN MILLS CONTENTS 1. Work. 2. Energy. 3. Molecular Kinetic Theory. 5. Thermal Units. 6. First Law of Thermodynamics. 8. Component Parts of Specific Heat. 9. Latent Heat. 10. Boyle's Law. 11. Joule's Law. 12. Perfect Gases. 13. Charles's Law. 14. Standard Hydro- gen Thermometer. 15. Absolute Temperature. 16. General Equation for a Perfect Gas. 17. Use of the Term "Specific." 18. Specific Heat of Gases. 19. Graphical Representation of Gas Transformations. 20. Work Calculations for Gas Transformations. 21. Adiabatic Transformation. 22. Comparison of Adiabatic and Isothermal Transformations. 23. Second Law of Thermo- dynamics. 24. Carnot Cycle. 25. Reversible Cycle. 26. Carnot Theorem. 27. Discussion of Reversible Processes. 28. Discussion of the Second Law. 29. Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature. 30. Carnot Cycle for a Perfect Gas. 31. Entropy. 32. Measurement of Entropy. 33. Temperature-Entropy Plot. 34. Discussion of Carnot Cycle from 0-4 Plot. 35. Entropy Changes in 36. Graphical Representation of State for a Perfect Gas. 37. Equations for Polytropic Transformation for a Perfect Gas. 38. Fundamental Heat Equations 1. Use of the Characteristic Equation. 2. Carnot Cycle. 3. Intrinsic Energy. 4. Constant-Pressure Transformation. 5. Exponent n. 6. Entropy Changes. CHAPTER III. WATER AND ITS SATURATED VAPOR. 44. Phenomena of Vaporization. 45. Specific Heat of Water. 46. Heat of Vaporization. 47. Quality of Steam. 48. Intrinsic Energy of Steam. 49. En- PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: SATURATED WATER VAPOR 16. Quality. 17. Intrinsic Energy. 18. Isoenergic Transformation. 19. Iso- thermal Transformation. 20. Adiabatic Transformation. 21. Constant-Volume PAGE |