International Law: War and Neutrality

Pirmais vāks
Longmans, Green and Company, 1921
 

Saturs

Reprisals to be preceded by Negotiations and to be stopped
51
The Laws of
52
Manner of Pacific Blockade
53
Economic Boycott
61
Origin of the Laws of
67
War Contention
68
Binding Force of the Laws of
69
Region of War in contradistinction to Theatre of
70
Particular Region of every
71
Exclusion from Region of War through Neutralisation PAGE 84 86 90
72
War a Contention between States for the purpose of overpower
74
Possibility in contradistinction to Qualification to become a 99
75
Insurgents as a Belligerent Power
76
76a The Case of the CzechoSlovaks 100
84
101
97
74
99
Principal and Accessory Belligerent Parties
102
The Armed Forces of the Belligerents
103
NonCombatant Members of Armed Forces 80 Irregular Forces
105
Levies en masse
106
Barbarous Forces
108
Privateers
109
Converted Merchantmen
112
៦៦ន ន ន នននន
136
67
143
Rupture of Diplomatic Intercourse and Consular Activity
144
Cancellation of Treaties
145
Precarious Position of Belligerents Subjects on Enemy Territory
147
100a Persona standi in judicio on Enemy Territory
150
Intercourse especially Trading between Subjects of Belli gerents
152
Position of Belligerents Property in the Enemy State
157
102a Effect of the Outbreak of War on Merchantmen
160
CHAPTER III
166
Objects of the Means of Warfare
167
Violence against Enemy Persons 107 On Violence in general against Enemy Persons
168
Killing and Wounding of Combatants
169
Refusal of Quarter
170
Explosive Bullets
171
Expanding DumDum Bullets
172
Violence against nonCombatant Members of Armed Forces
173
Violence against Private Enemy Persons
175
Violence against the Head of the Enemy State and against Officials in Important Positions
176
Origin of Geneva Convention
177
The Wounded and the Sick
179
Medical Units and Establishments and Material
180
Personnel
181
Convoys of Evacuation
183
Treatment of the Dead
184
Captivity SECT PAGE 125 Development of International Law regarding Captivity
186
SECT PAGK
187
Treatment of Prisoners of War
188
Who may claim to be Prisoners of War
191
Release on Parole
192
Bureau of Information
193
131a Prisoners of War during the World War
194
End of Captivity
195
68
197
Immoveable Public Property
198
Utilisation of Public Buildings
199
Moveable Public Property
200
Booty on the Battlefield
201
Appropriation and Utilisation of Private Enemy Property 140 Immoveable Private Property
202
Private War Material and Means of Transport
203
Other Private Personal Property
204
Booty on the Battlefield
205
Private Enemy Property brought into a Belligerents Territory
206
Requisitions and Contributions 146 War must support War
207
Requisitions in Kind and Quartering
209
Contributions
210
Destruction of Enemy Property 149 Wanton Destruction prohibited
212
Destruction in Marching Reconnoitring and Conducting Trans port
213
Destruction of Arms Ammunition and Provisions
214
General Devastation
215
Assault Siege and Bombardment 155 Assault Siege and Bombardment when lawful
216
Assault how carried out
218
Bombardment how carried out
220
Espionage and War Treason SECT PAGE 159 Twofold Character of Espionage and War Treason
222
Espionage in contradistinction to Scouting and Despatch bearing
223
Punishment of Espionage
225
War Treason
226
Rules of Warfare independent of Causes of
227
Stratagems in contradistinction to Perfidy
229
Occupation of Enemy Territory 166 Occupation as an Aim of Warfare
230
Occupation when effected
233
Occupation when ended
236
Rights of the Occupant regarding the Inhabitants
238
Position of Government Officials and Municipal Functionaries during Occupation
243
Different Kinds of
246
Lawful and Unlawful Practices of Sea Warfare
247
Objects of the Means of Sea Warfare
248
Declaration of Paris
250
The Principle of Appropriation of Private Enemy Vessels and Enemy Goods thereon
252
Codification of Law of Sea Warfare
254
Attack and Seizure of Enemy Vessels
255
Importance of Attack and Seizure of Enemy Vessels
256
Attack how effected
258
182a Submarine Contact Mines
259
Duty of giving Quarter
261
Effect of Seizure
262
Immunity of Vessels charged with Religious Scientific or Philanthropic Mission
264
Immunity of Merchantmen at the Outbreak of War on their
266
Conduct of Prize to Port of Prize Court
272
Loss of Prize especially Recapture
278
The Crews of Merchantmen
281
105
283
124a Prevention of Abuses 185
284
109
320
Furnishing Troops and MenofWar to Belligerents
321
Partial Armistices
323
SECT PAGE
325
Prize Courts on Neutral Territory
327
How Legitimate Warfare is to a certain extent secured
331
Use of Neutral Territory as Base of Naval Operations
333
113
336
Reprisals admissible for every Illegitimate Act of Warfare
337
Neutral Territory and Fugitive Troops
339
Hostilities in Arms by Private Individuals
345
Modern Practice of taking Hostages
351
On Termination of War in general
356
Peace Negotiations
362
Competence to establish Blockade
366
Principle of Uti Possidetis
368
Postliminium
374
Declaration and Notification of Blockade
376
PART III
381
CHAPTER I
383
Neutrality during the Middle Ages
384
Neutrality during the Seventeenth Century
385
Progress of Neutrality during the Eighteenth Century
386
Enemy Character
389
First Armed Neutrality
390
The French Revolution and the Second Armed Neutrality
391
Neutrality during the Nineteenth Century
393
Neutrality in the Twentieth Century
395
On Enemy Character in general 88 Enemy Character of Individuals 88a Enemy Character of Corporations 89 Enemy Character of Vessels
397
SECT PAGE 398 Carriage of Contraband Penal by the Municipal Law of Belli
398
Characteristics of Neutrality 293 Conception of Neutrality
400
Neutrality an Attitude of Impartiality
401
Neutrality an Attitude creating Rights and Duties
402
Neutrality an Attitude of States
403
No Cessation of Intercourse during Neutrality between Neutrals and Belligerents
404
Neutrality an Attitude during War Neutrality in Civil War
405
Neutrality to be recognised by the Belligerents
406
Different Kinds of Neutrality 300 Perpetual Neutrality
408
General and Partial Neutrality
409
Benevolent Neutrality
410
Perfect and Qualified Neutrality
411
Some Historical Examples of Qualified Neutrality
412
Commencement and End of Neutrality 307 Neutrality commences with Knowledge of the War
413
Commencement of Neutrality in Civil War
414
British Foreign Enlistment Act
416
End of Neutrality
417
CHAPTER II
419
SECT PAGE 348 Neutral MenofWar as an Asylum
471
348a Neutral Territory and Shipwrecked Soldiers and Sailors
473
Neutral Territory and Shipwrecked War Material
477
Supplies and Loans to Belligerents 349 Supply on the part of Neutrals
480
Supply on the part of Subjects of Neutrals
481
Loans and Subsidies on the part of Neutrals
484
Loans and Subsidies on the part of Subjects of Neutrals
485
Services to Belligerents 353 Pilotage
487
Transport on the part of Neutrals
488
Transport on the part of Neutral Merchantmen and by Private Neutral Rolling Stock
489
Violation of Neutrality 357 Violation of Neutrality in the Narrower and in the Wider Sense of the Term
493
Violation in contradistinction to End of Neutrality
494
Consequences of Violations of Neutrality
495
Neutrals not to acquiesce in Violations of Neutrality com mitted by a Belligerent
496
Cases of The General Armstrong and The Dresden
497
Mode of exacting Reparation from Belligerents for Violations of Neutrality
499
Negligence on the part of Neutrals
502
Right of Angary 364 The Original Right of Angary
503
The Modern Right of Angary
506
Right of Angary concerning Neutral Rolling Stock
509
CHAPTER III
511
Blockade Strategic and Commercial
513
Blockade to be Universal
514
What Places can be Blockaded
515
Effectiveness of Blockade
523
385a What constituted an Attempt to break Blockade according
532
Capture of Blockaderunning Vessels
538
CHAPTER IV
545
Articles conditionally Contraband
552
gerents
563
Direct Carriage of Contraband
566
Indirect Carriage of Contraband Doctrine of Continuous Transports
568
Continental Support to the Doctrine of Continuous Transports
571
403a The Declaration of London concerning the Doctrine of Contin uous Voyages and the Practice during the World War
573
Consequences of Carriage of Contraband
576
Capture for Carriage of Contraband
577
Penalty for Carriage of Contraband according to the Practice hitherto prevailing
578
Penalty according to the Declaration of London for Carriage of Contraband
581
406a Seizure of Contraband without Seizure of the Vessel
583
CHAPTER V
585
Carriage of Persons for the Enemy
586
Transmission of Intelligence to the Enemy
592
Unneutral Service creating Enemy Character
594
Consequences of Unneutral Service 411 Capture for Unneutral Service
596
Seizure of Enemy Persons and Despatches without Seizure of Vessel
599
413a Seizure of Enemy Reservists during the World War
601
CHAPTER VI
604
Right of Visitation by whom when and where exercised
605
Only Private Vessels may be visited
606
No Universal Rules regarding Mode of Visitation
609
Hostile Destination essential to Contraband
649
Enemy Character of Goods 91 Transfer of Enemy Vessels
650
Transfer of Goods on Enemy Vessels 116 118 122 124 128 130 133
651
THE OUTBREAK OF WAR I Commencement of
655
88889
656
Commencement of War in general 94 Declaration of
664
Articles destined for the use of the Carrying Vessel or to
666
Ultimatum
668
Initiative hostile Acts of War 136 138 140 141
669

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