most in need and which levy the maximum tax permitted under the constitution and laws. Wyoming levied a school tax on "interstate common carriers" operating any motor vehicle upon the highways of the State.

The salaries of the State superintendents of Arkansas and New Jersey were increased to $5,000 and $15,000, respectively. Arkansas also increased the qualifications of the State superintendent so as to require a bachelor's degree from an approved college or university and five years' experience in public-school work immediately preceding his election.

Arkansas, Indiana, New Jersey, and Oregon took steps to aid in the consolidation of rural-school districts.

LIBRARY ACTIVITIES

Among notable developments in the library field are: Progress in the organization and administration of school library work, evidenced in the number of professionally trained school librarians and the number of school libraries with full-time instead of part-time librarians; library extension work in the education of adults; awakened interest in need for county and rural-school libraries; and the beginnings of radio broadcasting by libraries of worth-while reading, illustrated by the broadcasting of "Reading-with-a-purpose" literature of the American Library Association. Library radio activities are of three types: Reviews of adults' books, reviews of fiction, and radio story hours for children.

Two States announce new library training divisions or schools, the University of North Carolina to serve libraries in the South, and the University of Minnesota. Five other State universities are now in the field with established library divisions or schools. In the order of establishment they are: Illinois, Wisconsin, Washington, California, and Michigan. The work is primarily for the school librarian, who is now recognized as an indispensable part of the school organization. The Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago is now an established fact with one year of service to its credit.

The Carnegie Corporation of New York has announced a fund for scholarship grants to persons preparing for library work. The purpose of the grants is to enable those who have had experience in library work with a promise of capacity to contribute to the advancement of the library profession" to pursue for a year or more study and research in library problems.

Two important library meetings were held during the year, the meeting of the American Library Association in Washington, May 13-18, 1929, and the first World Conference of Librarians and Bibliography, held at Rome and Venice, Italy, June 15-30, 1929. The firstnamed had an attendance of approximately 3,000, the largest assembly of library workers yet recorded. The opening meeting was addressed by the Commissioner of Education of the United States, who explained the attitude of past commissioners toward libraries and library work in the country at large and the service which the library of the bureau is able to render at the present time for the library and the teaching professions. No reports from the world conference at Rome have been received at this time. Twenty-two countries were to be represented by delegates, and 15 delegates from the American Library Association were invited to attend the conference.

Library legislation enacted during the year included the following: Mississippi provided for a State Library Commission, and bills to establish State agencies were passed in Montana, New Mexico, South Carolina, and West Virginia, the two last-named without appropriations; Illinois enacted a library law providing for library taxes to be levied in addition to all other taxes; Indiana passed a State library building bill providing for a fund of about $1,000,000 to be collected by a tax levy, and a State library building commission to be appointed by the governor for the purpose of carrying on the building project; county library legislation was enacted in Arizona, Delaware, and Tennessee, is now pending in Colorado and Oklahoma, and establishment of county libraries was provided for in 12 counties in 11 States.

Pension systems for librarians have been formulated in Milwaukee, Wis., and Worcester, Mass.

An interesting development has been noted in connection with the Julius Rosenwald Fund, Chicago, which aims to extend library service to the South through financial assistance, in an effort to meet the library needs of that section of the country. Several unique points are noted in the proposal: The requirement that designated libraries in the South shall serve the entire population, rural, urban, colored, and white; also, that local authorities will be expected to provide adequate buildings and equipment, and that the donors' contributions shall be used for books and service exclusively.

The Library of Congress continues to add to its resources and equipment by the erection of extensive blocks of stacks for the housing of the rapidly growing collection and by the gift and purchase of private libraries. Library architecture is becoming standardized and modernized, and at the same time distinctive and beautiful in design. Interest in reading facilities for the blind is increasing, not only for the blind in general but for the students in high schools, colleges, and universities, who have increased need for textbooks in raised type. The Library of Congress reading room for the blind, various State libraries with sections for the blind, the American Foundation for the Blind, the American Red Cross, and other agencies are working to supply these needs.

II. WORK OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION

A. General

1. RESEARCH

(A) Studies Completed

Higher education.-(1) Self-help for college students; (2) student loan funds; (3) report on surveys of higher education for 1926-1928; (4) student expenses in State universities; (5) current statistics relating to enrollment, salaries, budgets, etc., of State teachers colleges and normal schools; (6) current statistics relating to enrollment, salaries, budgets, etc., of State universities and colleges; (7) accredited higher institutions; (8) cost of going to college; (9) statistics of land-grant colleges for the year ending June 30, 1928; (10) biennial survey of higher education for 1926-1928.

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Rural education.-(1) Biennial survey of rural education; (2) staff members of State departments of education assigned to rural schools; (3) salaries and certain legal provisions relating to the county superintendency; (4) State and county financial aid for rural-school libraries; (5) State laws concerning financial support for rural-school libraries; (6) abstracts of proceedings of conference on rural-school supervision in New Orleans, La.; (7) educational achievements of 1-teacher and of larger rural schools; (8) time allotment in rural schools; (9) comparative statistics of urban and rural education; (10) statistical study of comparative educational opportunities in urban and rural communities for the United States as a whole and for four representative States; (11) study of experiments with correspondence courses and itinerant teaching; (12) salaries and salary trends of teachers in rural schools 1921-1925.

City schools. (1) Preparation for teachers of nursery schools, kindergartens, and primary grades; (2) primer of information about kindergarten education; (3) housing and equipment of the Washington Child Research Center; (4) nursery schools in the United States; (5) progress in nursery-kindergarten-primary education, 1926-1928; (6) report cards used in kindergarten-primary grades; (7) civics and safety; (8) progress of secondary education, 19261928; (9) changing conceptions of the school-building problem; (10) recent movements in city school systems; (11) heads of departments in large high schools.

Physical education and school hygiene.-(1) Methods of construction and reconstruction of small rural schoolhouses; (2) sanitary care of schools for the guidance of the regular teacher; (3) physical defects of school children and what can be done about them; (4) mortality and morbidity of school children; (5) organized summer camp as a factor in education in colleges and universities; (6) review of hygiene and physical education, 1926-1928.

Adult education.-(1) Adult education activities, 1926-1928; (2) adult education as conducted under public auspices; (3) educational opportunities offered to adults in rural communities in Delaware; (4) parent education and parent-teacher associations; (5) contributions of organizations and institutions to parent education.

Industrial education.-(1) Industrial education, 1926-1928; (2) schools offering a course in occupations; (3) shop courses offered by various schools.

Home economics education.-(1) Specific contributions which home economics makes to the general education of the pupil; (2) universities, colleges, State teachers colleges, and normal schools offering home-economics instruction; (3) types of home-economics courses offered boys in the junior and senior high schools of the United States; (4) trends of home-economics education, 1926-1928. Commercial education.—(1) Objectives of commercial subjects in the junior high schools; (2) surveys and analyses of commercial occupations; (3) commercial education, 1926-1928; (4) standards for credit in shorthand and typewriting; (5) collegiate courses in accounting, advertising, banking and finance, commercial teachertraining, insurance, journalism, merchandising, organization and management, public service and civic work, realty, secretarial training, transportation.

School legislation.-(1) Important provisions of State laws relating to free textbooks for public-school children; (2) educational bills introduced into State legislatures; (3) digest by States of 1928 educational laws; (4) survey of school legislation 1927 and 1928.

Foreign education.-(1) Important phases of education in other countries; (2) requirements for the degrees of bachelier, licence-èslettres, and aggregation granted by secondary schools and universities in France; (3) programs of study of the Hungarian secondary schools and complete list of the secondary schools in Hungary whose graduates are admitted without examination to Hungarian institutions of university rank; (4) outline of a course of study in foreign and comparative education; (5) higher institutions in other countries; (6) bilingual and multilingual school systems; (7) educational institutions in Egypt; (8) normal institutes in Italy; (9) student movement for peace; (10) the unity school; (11) official publications relating to education in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Irish Free State, Scotland; (12) information about the certificates issued by the Scottish education department; (13) examinations in the University of Calcutta.

(B) Studies in Progress

Higher education.-(1) Land-grant college survey; (2) income of land-grant colleges since 1900; (3) statistics of land-grant colleges for the year ending June 30, 1929; (4) scholarships and fellowships. Rural education.-(1) Constitution and functions of county boards of education; (2) abstracts of proceedings of conference on rural-school supervision in Des Moines, Iowa; (3) status of ruralschool supervisors; (4) age-grade distribution of pupils in consolidated schools; (5) State aid for consolidation and transportation; (6) decade of progress in the consolidation of rural schools; (7) current practices in the construction of State courses of study; (8) aspects of rural-school supervision of special interest to patrons, teachers, and county superintendents in counties in which supervisory assistants are not employed; (9) actual size of the small public high schools; (10) types of administrative control in rural high schools; (11) curriculum offerings of rural high schools and their relationship to rural educational needs; (12) cooperation of county libraries with rural schools.

City schools. (1) Supervision provided for primary grades in city schools; (2) minimum essentials for nursery schools; (3) educative value of building blocks; (4) school buildings; (5) platoon schools-buildings, costs, and educational features; (6) cycles of home life; (7) provision made in city high schools to care for individual differences of pupils; (8) selection of teachers in city school. systems; (9) outline for self-surveys.

Physical education and school hygiene. -(1) Open-air and openwindow rooms; (2) physical education as a required subject in teachers colleges, normal schools, and in departments of education of colleges and universities; (3) organized recess as carried on in elementary city public schools; (4) State requirements and regulations regarding the size and use of school grounds and the relationship between school authorities and recreational organizations regarding the use of these grounds.

Adult education.-(1) Types of part-time education in the United States; (2) best methods of reducing illiteracy in the United States; (3) educational opportunities offered to inmates of prisons in the United States; (4) extension activities in land-grant colleges; (5) research and instructional programs of agencies engaged in parental education; (6) organization and administration of health campaigns to prepare children for their first entrance into school; (7) status and extent of home reading and study courses and circles.

Industrial education.-(1) Organization, curricula, and staff of the industrial education work in teacher-training institutions; (2) vocational and educational guidance; (3) curriculum study in the industrial arts; (4) cooperative part-time education.

Home economics education.-(1) Methods used in building the home-economics curriculum for the elementary and secondary schools; (2) home economics in the 1-room rural schools and consolidated rural districts.

Commercial education.-(1) Part-time commercial education; (2) education for business in the land-grant colleges and universities.

School legislation.-(1) Legislation for financing education, showing sources of school funds and methods of distribution; (2) digest of laws relating to Federal subsidies for education.

Foreign education.-(1) Ministries of education in foreign countries; (2) land-grant college survey study with respect to foreign students; (3) teaching English to non-English-speaking children; (4) constitutional provisions relating to education.

2. EDUCATIONAL SURVEYS

The progress of the survey of land-grant colleges begun in July, 1927, has been very gratifying. During the past year the questionnaires not finished in 1927 were completed and sent to the institutions. The questionnaires have nearly all been filled in and returned, and the field work among the 67 institutions surveyed has been completed. Leading authorities in land-grant college education are now engaged in writing the tentative reports on the several aspects of the survey.

A comprehensive study of negro colleges and universities throughout the United States was completed by the bureau during the past year. Its purpose was to ascertain the present status of negro higher education and to recommend changes for its improvement and development. The results show great progress and an extraordinary demand among the negro people of the country for college and university education. Of the 79 institutions in the country included in the survey, 77 were found doing college work as compared with 31 institutions 10 years ago. The survey shows a gain of 550 per cent in enrollment in the negro institutions over the 10-year period, and a fourfold increase in total annual income for the same period. Notwithstanding the exceptional progress made in negro higher education the bureau found that the immediate need of the race is more education, better education, and higher education. A shortage prevails not only in number, but also in the quality of the teachers. A real need for more trained professional and technical leaders of the race, including doctors, dentists, and lawyers, is shown by the survey.