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CHAPTER 66-LIMITATIONS

SUBCHAPTER A. Limitations on assessment and collection.
SUBCHAPTER B. Limitations on credit or refund.

SUBCHAPTER C. Mitigation of effect of period of limitations.
SUBCHAPTER D. Periods of limitation in judicial proceedings.

Subchapter A-Limitations on Assessment and Collection

Sec. 6501. Limitations on assessment and collection.

Sec. 6502. Collection after assessment.

Sec. 6503. Suspension of running of period of limitation.

Sec. 6504. Cross references.

SEC. 6501. LIMITATIONS ON ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION.

(a) GENERAL RULE.-Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amount of any tax imposed by this title shall be assessed within 3 years after the return was filed (whether or not such return was filed on or after the date prescribed) or, if the tax is payable by stamp, at any time after such tax became due and before the expiration of 3 years after the date on which any part of such tax was paid, and no proceeding in court without assessment for the collection of such tax shall be begun after the expiration of such period.

(b) TIME RETURN DEEMED FILED.

(1) EARLY RETURN. For purposes of this section, a return of tax imposed by this title, except tax imposed by chapter 21 or 24, filed before the last day prescribed by law or by regulations promulgated pursuant to law for the filing thereof, shall be considered as filed on such last day.

(2) RETURN OF CERTAIN EMPLOYMENT TAXES.-For purposes of this section, if a return of tax imposed by chapter 21 or 24 for any period ending with or within a calendar year is filed before April 15 of the succeeding calendar year, such return shall be considered filed on April 15 of such calendar year.

(3) RETURN EXECUTED BY SECRETARY.-Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (2) of section 6020 (b), the execution of a return by the Secretary or his delegate pursuant to the authority conferred by such section shall not start the running of the period of limitations on assessment and collection.

(c) EXCEPTIONS.

(1) FALSE RETURN.-In the case of a false or fraudulent return with the intent to evade tax, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time.

(2) WILLFUL ATTEMPT TO EVADE TAX.-In case of a willful attempt in any manner to defeat or evade tax imposed by this title (other than tax imposed by subtitle A or B), the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time.

(3) NO RETURN.-In the case of failure to file a return, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time.

(4) EXTENSION BY AGREEMENT.-Where, before the expiration of the time prescribed in this section for the assessment of any tax imposed by this title, except the estate tax provided in chapter 11, both the Secretary or his delegate and the taxpayer have consented in writing to its assessment after such time, the tax may be assessed at any time prior to the expiration of the period agreed upon. The period so agreed upon may be extended by subsequent agreements in writing made before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon.

(5) TAX RESULTING FROM CHANGES IN CERTAIN INCOME TAX OR

ESTATE TAX CREDITS.

For special rules applicable in cases where the adjustment of certain taxes allowed as a credit against income taxes or estate taxes results in additional tax, see section 905 (c) (rela ing to the foreign tax credit for income tax purposes) and section 2016 (relating to taxes of foreign countries, States, etc., claimed as credit against estate taxes).

(6) TAX RESULTING FROM CERTAIN DISTRIBUTIONS OR FROM TERMINATION AS LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.-In the case of any tax imposed under section 802 (a) (1) by reason of section 802 (b) (3) on account of a termination of the taxpayer as an insurance company or as a life insurance company to which section 815 (d) (2) (A) applies, or on account of a distribution by the taxpayer to which section 815 (d) (2) (B) applies, such tax may be assessed within 3 years after the return was filed (whether or not such return was filed on or after the date prescribed) for the taxable year for which the taxpayer ceases to be an insurance company, the second taxable year for which the taxpayer is not a life insurance company, or the taxable year in which the distribution is actually made, as the case may be.

(d) REQUEST FOR PROMPT ASSESSMENT.-Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), (e), or (f), in the case of any tax (other than the tax imposed by chapter 11 of subtitle B, relating to estate taxes) for which return is required in the case of a decedent, or by his estate during the period of administration, or by a corporation, the tax shall be assessed, and any proceeding in court without assessment for the collection of such tax shall be begun, within 18 months after written request therefor (filed after the return is made and filed in such manner and such form as may be prescribed by regulations of the Secretary or his delegate) by the executor, administrator, or other fiduciary representing the estate of such decedent, or by the corporation, but not after the expiration of 3 years after the return was filed. This subsection shall not apply in the case of a corporation unless

(1) (A) such written request notifies the Secretary or his delegate that the corporation contemplates dissolution at or before the expiration of such 18-month period, (B) the dissolution is in good faith begun before the expiration of such 18-month period, and (C) the dissolution is completed;

(2) (A) such written request notifies the Secretary or his delegate that a dissolution has in good faith been begun, and (B) the dissolution is completed; or

(3) a dissolution has been completed at the time such written request is made.

(e) OMISSION FROM GROSS INCOME.-Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c)

(1) INCOME TAXES.-In the case of any tax imposed by subtitle A

(A) GENERAL RULE.-If the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein which is in excess of 25 percent of the amount of gross income stated in the return, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return was filed. For purposes of this subparagraph

(i) In the case of a trade or business, the term "gross income" means the total of the amounts received or accrued from the sale of goods or services (if such amounts are required to be shown on the return) prior to diminution by the cost of such sales or services; and

(ii) In determining the amount omitted from gross income, there shall not be taken into account any amount which is omitted from gross income stated in the return if such amount is disclosed in the return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Secretary or his delegate of the nature and amount of such item.

(B) CONSTRUCTIVE DIVIDENDS.-If the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein under section 551 (b) (relating to the inclusion in the gross income of United States shareholders of their distributive shares of the undistributed foreign personal holding company income), the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return was filed.

(2) ESTATE AND GIFT TAXES.-In the case of a return of estate tax under chapter 11 or a return of gift tax under chapter 12, if the taxpayer omits from the gross estate or from the total amount of the gifts made during the year items includible in such gross estate or such total gifts, as the case may be, as exceed in amount 25 percent of the gross estate stated in the return or the total amount of gifts stated in the return, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return was filed. In determining the items omitted from the gross estate or the total gifts, there shall not be taken into account any item which is omitted from the gross estate or from the total gifts stated in the return if such item is disclosed in the return, or in a statement attached to the return, in a manner adequate to apprise the Secretary or his delegate of the nature and amount of such item.

(f) PERSONAL HOLDING COMPANY TAX.-If a corporation which is a personal holding company for any taxable year fails to file with its return under chapter 1 for such year a schedule setting forth

(1) the items of gross income, described in section 543 (a), received by the corporation during such year, and

(2) the names and addresses of the individuals who owned, within the meaning of section 544 (relating to rules for determining stock ownership), at any time during the last half of such year more than 50 percent in value of the outstanding capital stock of the corporation,

the personal holding company tax for such year may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 6 years after the return for such year was filed.

(g) CERTAIN INCOME TAX RETURNS OF CORPORATIONS.

(1) TRUSTS OR PARTNERSHIPS.-If a taxpayer determines in good faith that it is a trust or partnership and files a return as such under subtitle A, and if such taxpayer is thereafter held to be a corporation for the taxable year for which the return is filed, such return shall be deemed the return of the corporation for purposes of this section.

(2) EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS.-If a taxpayer determines in good faith that it is an exempt organization and files a return as such under section 6033, and if such taxpayer is thereafter held to be a taxable organization for the taxable year for which the return is filed, such return shall be deemed the return of the organization for purposes of this section.

(h) NET OPERATING LOSS CARRYBACKS.-In the case of a deficiency attributable to the application to the taxpayer of a net operating loss carryback (including deficiencies which may be assessed pursuant to the provisions of section 6213 (b) (2), such deficiency may be assessed at any time before the expiration of the period within which a deficiency for the taxable year of the net operating loss which results in such carryback may be assessed.

(i) FOREIGN TAX CARRYBACKS.-In the case of a deficiency attributable to the application to the taxpayer of a carryback under section 904 (d) (relating to carryback and carryover of excess foreign taxes), such deficiency may be assessed at any time before the expiration of one year after the expiration of the period within which a deficiency may be assessed for the taxable year of the excess taxes described in section 904 (d) which result in such carryback.

(j) JOINT INCOME RETURN AFTER SEPARATE RETURN.—

For period of limitations for assessment and collection in the case of a joint income return filed after separate returns have been filed, see section 6013 (b) (3) and (4).

SEC. 6502. COLLECTION AFTER ASSESSMENT.

(a) LENGTH OF PERIOD.-Where the assessment of any tax imposed by this title has been made within the period of limitation properly applicable thereto, such tax may be collected by levy or by a proceeding in court, but only if the levy is made or the proceeding begun

(1) within 6 years after the assessment of the tax, or

(2) prior to the expiration of any period for collection agreed upon in writing by the Secretary or his delegate and the taxpayer before the expiration of such 6-year period (or, if there is a release of levy under section 6343 after such 6-year period, then before such release).

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