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Subchapter C-Lien for Taxes

Sec. 6321. Lien for taxes.

Sec. 6322. Period of lien.

Sec. 6323. Validity against mortgagees, pledgees, purchasers, and judgment creditors.

Sec. 6324. Special liens for estate and gift taxes.

Sec. 6325. Release of lien or partial discharge of property.

Sec. 6326. Cross references.

SEC. 6321. LIEN FOR TAXES.

If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.

SEC. 6322. PERIOD OF LIEN.

Unless another date is specifically fixed by law, the lien imposed by section 6321 shall arise at the time the assessment is made and shall continue until the liability for the amount so assessed is satisfied or becomes unenforceable by reason of lapse of time.

SEC. 6323. VALIDITY AGAINST MORTGAGEES, PLEDGEES, PURCHASERS, AND JUDGMENT CREDITORS.

(a) INVALIDITY OF LIEN WITHOUT NOTICE.-Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), the lien imposed by section 6321 shall not be valid as against any mortgagee, pledgee, purchaser, or judgment creditor until notice thereof has been filed by the Secretary or his delegate

(1) UNDER STATE OR TERRITORIAL LAWS.-In the office designated by the law of the State or Territory in which the property subject to the lien is situated, whenever the State or Territory has by law designated an office within the State or Territory for the filing of such notice; or

(2) WITH CLERK OF DISTRICT COURT.-In the office of the clerk of the United States district court for the judicial district in which the property subject to the lien is situated, whenever the State or Territory has not by law designated an office within the State or Territory for the filing of such notice; or

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(3) WITH CLERK OF DISTRICT COURT FOR DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.In the office of the clerk of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, if the property subject to the lien is situated in the District of Columbia.

(b) FORM OF NOTICE.-If the notice filed pursuant to subsection (a) (1) is in such form as would be valid if filed with the clerk of the United States district court pursuant to subsection (a) (2), such notice shall be valid notwithstanding any law of the State or Territory regarding the form or content of a notice of lien.

(c) EXCEPTION IN CASE OF SECURITIES.—

(1) EXCEPTION.-Even though notice of a lien provided in section 6321 has been filed in the manner prescribed in subsection (a) of this section, the lien shall not be valid with respect to a security,

as defined in paragraph (2) of this subsection, as against any mortgagee, pledgee, or purchaser of such security, for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth, if at the time of such mortgage, pledge, or purchase such mortgagee, pledgee, or purchaser is without notice or knowledge of the existence of such lien. (2) DEFINITION OF SECURITY.-As used in this subsection, the term "security" means any bond, debenture, note, or certificate or other evidence of indebtedness, issued by any corporation (including one issued by a government or political subdivision thereof), with interest coupons or in registered form, share of stock, voting trust certificate, or any certificate of interest or participation in, certificate of deposit or receipt for, temporary or interim certificate for, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing; negotiable instrument; or money.

(d) DISCLOSURE OF AMOUNT OF OUTSTANDING LIEN.-If a notice of lien has been filed under subsection (a), the Secretary or his delegate is authorized to provide by rules or regulations the extent to which, and the conditions under which, information as to the amount of the outstanding obligation secured by the lien may be disclosed.

SEC. 6324. SPECIAL LIENS FOR ESTATE AND GIFT TAXES.

(a) LIENS FOR ESTATE TAX.-Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) (relating to transfers of securities)—

(1) UPON GROSS ESTATE.-Unless the estate tax imposed by chapter 11 is sooner paid in full, it shall be a lien for 10 years upon the gross estate of the decedent, except that such part of the gross estate as is used for the payment of charges against the estate and expenses of its administration, allowed by any court having jurisdiction thereof, shall be divested of such lien.

(2) LIABILITY OF TRANSFEREES AND OTHERS.-If the estate tax imposed by chapter 11 is not paid when due, then the spouse, transferee, trustee (except the trustee of an employee's trust which meets the requirements of section 401 (a)), surviving tenant, person in possession of the property by reason of the exercise, nonexercise, or release of a power of appointment, or beneficiary, who receives, or has on the date of the decedent's death, property included in the gross estate under sections 2034 to 2042, inclusive, to the extent of the value, at the time of the decedent's death, of such property, shall be personally liable for such tax. Any part of such property transferred by (or transferred by a transferee of) such spouse, transferee, trustee, surviving tenant, person in possession of property by reason of the exercise, nonexercise, or release of a power of appointment, or beneficiary, to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee, for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth shall be divested of the lien provided in paragraph (1) and a like lien shall then attach to all the property of such spouse, transferee, trustee, surviving tenant, person in possession, beneficiary, or transferee of any such person, except any part transferred to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth.

(3) CONTINUANCE AFTER DISCHARGE OF EXECUTOR.-The provisions of section 2204 (relating to discharge of executor from personal liability) shall not operate as a release of any part of the gross estate from the lien for any deficiency that may thereafter be

determined to be due, unless such part of the gross estate (or any interest therein) has been transferred to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee for an adequate and full consideration in money, or money's worth, in which case such part (or such interest) shall not be subject to a lien or to any claim or demand for any such deficiency, but the lien shall attach to the consideration received from such purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee by the heirs, legatees, devisees, or distributees.

(b) LIEN FOR GIFT TAX.-Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) (relating to transfers of securities), the gift tax imposed by chapter 12 shall be a lien upon all gifts made during the calendar year, for 10 years from the time the gifts are made. If the tax is not paid when due, the donee of any gift shall be personally liable for such tax to the extent of the value of such gift. Any part of the property comprised in the gift transferred by the donee (or by a transferee of the donee) to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth shall be divested of the lien herein imposed and the lien, to the extent of the value of such gift, shall attach to all the property (including afteracquired property) of the donee (or the transferee) except any part transferred to a bona fide purchaser, mortgagee, or pledgee for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth.

(c) EXCEPTION IN CASE OF SECURITIES.-The lien imposed by subsection (a) or (b) shall not be valid with respect to a security, as defined in section 6323 (c) (2), as against any mortgagee, pledgee, or purchaser of any such security, for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth, if at the time of such mortgage, pledge, or purchase such mortgagee, pledgee, or purchaser is without notice or knowledge of the existence of such lien.

SEC. 6325. RELEASE OF LIEN OR PARTIAL DISCHARGE OF PROPERTY.

(a) RELEASE OF LIEN.-Subject to such rules or regulations as the Secretary or his delegate may prescribe, the Secretary or his delegate may issue a certificate of release of any lien imposed with respect to any internal revenue tax if—

(1) LIABILITY SATISFIED OR UNENFORCEABLE.-The Secretary or his delegate finds that the liability for the amount assessed, together with all interest in respect thereof, has been fully satisfied or has become legally unenforceable; or

(2) BOND ACCEPTED.-There is furnished to the Secretary or his delegate and accepted by him a bond that is conditioned upon the payment of the amount assessed, together with all interest in respect thereof, within the time prescribed by law (including any extension of such time), and that is in accordance with such requirements relating to terms, conditions, and form of the bond and sureties thereon, as may be specified by such rules or regulations. (b) PARTIAL DISCHARGE OF PROPERTY.

(1) PROPERTY DOUBLE THE AMOUNT OF THE LIABILITY.-Subject to such rules or regulations as the Secretary or his delegate may prescribe, the Secretary or his delegate may issue a certificate of discharge of any part of the property subject to any lien imposed under this chapter if the Secretary or his delegate finds that the fair market value of that part of such property remaining subject to the lien is at least double the amount of the unsatisfied liability

secured by such lien and the amount of all other liens upon such property which have priority to such lien.

(2) PART PAYMENT OR INTEREST OF UNITED STATES VALUELESS.— Subject to such rules or regulations as the Secretary or his delegate may prescribe, the Secretary or his delegate may issue a certificate of discharge of any part of the property subject to the lien if

(A) there is paid over to the Secretary or his delegate in part satisfaction of the liability secured by the lien an amount determined by the Secretary or his delegate, which shall not be less than the value, as determined by the Secretary or his delegate, of the interest of the United States in the part to be so discharged,

or

(B) the Secretary or his delegate determines at any time that the interest of the United States in the part to be so discharged has no value.

In determining the value of the interest of the United States in the part to be so discharged, the Secretary or his delegate shall give consideration to the fair market value of such part and to such liens thereon as have priority to the lien of the United States.

(c) ESTATE OR GIFT TAX. Subject to such rules or regulations as the Secretary or his delegate may prescribe, the Secretary or his delegate may issue a certificate of discharge of any or all of the property subject to any lien imposed by section 6324 if the Secretary or his delegate finds that the liability secured by such lien has been fully satisfied or provided for.

(d) EFFECT OF CERTIFICATE OF RELEASE OR DISCHARGE.-A certificate of release or of discharge issued under this section shall be held conclusive that the lien upon the property covered by the certificate is extinguished.

(e) CROSS REFERENCES.

(1) For single bond complying with the requirements of both subsection (a) (2) and section 6165, see section 7102.

(2) For other provisions relating to bonds, see generally chapter 73. (3) For provisions relating to suits to enforce lien, see section 7403. (4) For provisions relating to suits to clear title to realty, see section 7424.

SEC. 6326. CROSS REFERENCES.

(1) For lien in case of tax on distilled spirits, see section 5004. (2) For exclusion of tax liability from discharge in bankruptcy, see section 17 of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended (52 Stat. 851; 11 U. S. C. 35).

(3) For limit on amount allowed in bankruptcy proceedings on debts owing to the United States, see section 57 (j) of the Bankruptcy Act, as amended (52 Stat. 867; 11 U. S. C. 93).

(4) For recognition of tax liens in proceedings under the Bankruptcy Act, see section 67 (b) and (c) of that act, as amended (52 Stat. 876-877; 11 U. S. C. 107).

(5) For collection of taxes in connection with wage earners' plans in bankruptcy courts, see section 680 of the Bankruptcy Act, as added by the act of June 22, 1938 (52 Stat. 938; 11 U. S. C. 1080).

(6) For provisions permitting the United States to be made party defendant in a proceeding in a State court for the foreclosure of a lien upon real estate where the United States may have a claim upon the premises involved, see section 2410 of Title 28 of the United States Code.

(7) For priority of lien of the United States in case of insolvency, see R. S. 3466 (31 U. S. C. 191).

Subchapter D-Seizure of Property for Collection of Taxes

Sec. 6331. Levy and distraint.

Sec. 6332. Surrender of property subject to levy.

Sec. 6333. Production of books.

Sec. 6334. Property exempt from levy.

Sec. 6335. Sale of seized property.

Sec. 6336. Sale of perishable goods.

Sec. 6337. Redemption of property.

Sec. 6338. Certificate of sale; deed of real property.

Sec. 6339. Legal effect of certificate of sale of personal property and deed of real property.

Sec. 6340. Records of sale.

Sec. 6341. Expense of levy and sale.

Sec. 6342. Application of proceeds of levy.

Sec. 6343. Authority to release levy.

Sec. 6344. Cross references.

SEC. 6331. LEVY AND DISTRAINT.

(a) AUTHORITY OF SECRETARY OR DELEGATE.-If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same within 10 days after notice and demand, it shall be lawful for the Secretary or his delegate to collect such tax (and such further sum as shall be sufficient to cover the expenses of the levy) by levy upon all property and rights to property (except such property as is exempt under section 6334) belonging to such person or on which there is a lien provided in this chapter for the payment of such tax. Levy may be made upon the accrued salary or wages of any officer, employee, or elected official, of the United States, the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of the United States or the District of Columbia, by serving a notice of levy on the employer (as defined in section 3401 (d)) of such officer, employee, or elected official. If the Secretary or his delegate makes a finding that the collection of such tax is in jeopardy, notice and demand for immediate payment of such tax may be made by the Secretary or his delegate and, upon failure or refusal to pay such tax, collection thereof by levy shall be lawful without regard to the 10-day period provided in this section.

(b) SEIZURE AND SALE OF PROPERTY.-The term "levy" as used in this title includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means. In any case in which the Secretary or his delegate may levy upon property or rights to property, he may seize and sell such property or rights to property (whether real or personal, tangible or intangible).

(c) SUCCESSIVE SEIZURES.-Whenever any property or right to property upon which levy has been made by virtue of subsection (a) is not sufficient to satisfy the claim of the United States for which levy is made, the Secretary or his delegate may, thereafter, and as often as may be necessary, proceed to levy in like manner upon any other property liable to levy of the person against whom such claim exists, until the amount due from him, together with all expenses, is fully paid.

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