(2) An individual legally separated from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance shall not be considered as married. SEC. 154. CROSS REFERENCES. (1) For definitions of "husband" and "wife". as used in section 152 (b) (4), see section 7701 (a) (17). (2) For deductions of estates and trusts, in lieu of the exemptions under section 151, see section 642 (b). (3) For exemptions of nonresident aliens, see section 873 (d). (4) For exemptions of citizens deriving income mainly from sources within possessions of the United States, see section 931 (e). PART VI-ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND CORPORATIONS Sec. 161. Allowance of deductions. Sec. 162. Trade or business expenses. Sec. 163. Interest. Sec. 164. Taxes. Sec. 165. Losses. Sec. 166. Bad debts. Sec. 167. Depreciation. Sec. 168. Amortization of emergency facilities. Sec. 172. Net operating loss deduction. Sec. 174. Research and experimental expenditures. Sec. 175. Soil and water conservation expenditures. Sec. 176. Payments with respect to employees of certain foreign corporations. Sec. 177. Trademark and trade name expenditures. Sec. 178. Depreciation or amortization of improvements made by lessee on lessor's property. Sec. 179. Additional first-year depreciation allowance for small business. Sec. 180. Expenditures by farmers for fertilizer, etc. SEC. 161. ALLOWANCE OF DEDUCTIONS. In computing taxable income under section 63 (a), there shall be allowed as deductions the items specified in this part, subject to the exceptions provided in part IX (sec. 261 and following, relating to items not deductible). SEC. 162. TRADE OR BUSINESS EXPENSES. (a) IN GENERAL.-There shall be allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business, including (1) a reasonable allowance for salaries or other compensation for personal services actually rendered; (2) traveling expenses (including the entire amount expended for meals and lodging) while away from home in the pursuit of a trade or business; and (3) rentals or other payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession, for purposes of the trade or business, of property to which the taxpayer has not taken or is not taking title or in which he has no equity. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the place of residence of a Member of Congress (including any Delegate and Resident Commissioner) within the State, congressional district, Territory, or possession which he represents in Congress shall be considered his home, but amounts expended by such Members within each taxable year for living expenses shall not be deductible for income tax purposes in excess of $3,000. (b) CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS AND GIFTS EXCEPTED.-No deduction shall be allowed under subsection (a) for any contribution or gift which would be allowable as a deduction under section 170 were it not for the percentage limitations, the dollar limitations, or the requirements as to the time of payment, set forth in such section. (c) IMPROPER PAYMENTS TO OFFICIALS OR EMPLOYEES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.-No deduction shall be allowed under subsection (a) for any expenses paid or incurred if the payment thereof is made, directly or indirectly, to an official or employee of a foreign country, and if the making of the payment would be unlawful under the laws of the United States if such laws were applicable to such payment and to such official or employee. (d) CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION. For purposes of this subtitle, whenever the amount of capital contributions evidenced by a share of stock issued pursuant to section 303 (c) of the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act (12 U. S. C., sec. 1718) exceeds the fair market value of the stock as of the issue date of such stock, the initial holder of the stock shall treat the excess as ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on a trade or business. (e) CROSS REFERENCE. For special rule relating to expenses in connection with subdividing real property for sale, see section 1237. SEC. 163. INTEREST. (a) GENERAL RULE.-There shall be allowed as a deduction all interest paid or accrued within the taxable year on indebtedness. (b) INSTALLMENT PURCHASES WHERE INTEREST CHARGE IS NOT SEPARATELY STATED. (1) General RULE.-If personal property is purchased under a contract (A) which provides that payment of part or all of the purchase price is to be made in installments, and (B) in which carrying charges are separately stated but the interest charge cannot be ascertained, then the payments made during the taxable year under the contract shall be treated for purposes of this section as if they included interest equal to 6 percent of the average unpaid balance under the contract during the taxable year. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the average unpaid balance is the sum of the unpaid balance outstanding on the first day of each month beginning during the taxable year, divided by 12. (2) LIMITATION.-In the case of any contract to which paragraph (1) applies, the amount treated as interest for any taxable year shall not exceed the aggregate carrying charges which are properly attributable to such taxable year. (c) CROSS REFERENCES. (1) For disallowance of certain amounts paid in connection with insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts, see section 264. (2) For disallowance of deduction for interest relating to tax-exempt income, see section 265 (2). (3) For disallowance of deduction for carrying charges chargeable to capital account, see section 266. (4) For disallowance of interest with respect to transactions between related taxpayers, see section 267. SEC. 164. TAXES. (a) GENERAL RULE.-Except as otherwise provided in this section, there shall be allowed as a deduction taxes paid or accrued within the taxable year. (b) DEDUCTION DENIED IN CASE OF CERTAIN TAXES.-No deduction shall be allowed for the following taxes: (1) Federal income taxes, including (A) the tax imposed by section 3101 (relating to the tax on employees under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act); (B) the taxes imposed by sections 3201 and 3211 (relating to the taxes on railroad employees and railroad employee representatives); and (C) the tax withheld at source on wages under section 3402, and corresponding provisions of prior revenue laws. (2) Federal war profits and excess profits taxes. (3) Federal import duties, and Federal excise and stamp taxes (not described in paragraph (1), (2), (4), or (5)); but this paragraph shall not prevent such duties and taxes from being deducted under section 162 (relating to trade or business expenses) or section 212 (relating to expenses for the production of income). (4) Estate, inheritance, legacy, succession, and gift taxes. (5) Taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed; but this paragraph shall not prevent (A) the deduction of so much of such taxes as is properly allocable to maintenance or interest charges; or (B) the deduction of taxes levied by a special taxing district if (i) the district covers the whole of at least one county; (ii) at least 1,000 persons are subject to the taxes levied by the district; and (iii) the district levies its assessments annually at a uniform rate on the same assessed value of real property, including improvements, as is used for purposes of the real property tax generally. (6) Income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by the authority of any foreign country or possession of the United States, if the taxpayer chooses to take to any extent the benefits of section 901 (relating to the foreign tax credit). (7) Taxes on real property, to the extent that subsection (d) requires such taxes to be treated as imposed on another taxpayer. (c) CERTAIN RETAIL SALES TAXES AND GASOLINE TAXES. (1) GENERAL RULE. In the case of any State or local sales tax, if the amount of the tax is separately stated, then, to the extent that the amount so stated is paid by the consumer (otherwise than in connection with the consumer's trade or business) to his seller, such amount shall be allowed as a deduction to the consumer as if it constituted a tax imposed on, and paid by, such consumer. (2) DEFINITION. For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "State or local sales tax" means a tax imposed by a State, a Territory, a possession of the United States, or a political subdivision of any of the foregoing, or by the District of Columbia, which tax (A) is imposed on persons engaged in selling tangible personal property at retail (or on persons selling gasoline or other motor vehicle fuels at wholesale or retail) and is a stated sum per unit of property sold or is measured either by the gross sales price or by the gross receipts from the sale; or (B) is imposed on persons engaged in furnishing services at retail and is measured by the gross receipts for furnishing such services. (d) APPORTIONMENT OF TAXES ON REAL PROPERTY BETWEEN SELLER AND PURCHASER. (1) GENERAL RULE.-For purposes of subsection (a), if real property is sold during any real property tax year, then (A) so much of the real property tax as is properly allocable to that part of such year which ends on the day before the date of the sale shall be treated as a tax imposed on the seller, and (B) so much of such tax as is properly allocable to that part of such year which begins on the date of the sale shall be treated as a tax imposed on the purchaser. (2) SPECIAL RULES. (A) In the case of any sale of real property, if— (i) a taxpayer may not, by reason of his method of accounting, deduct any amount for taxes unless paid, and (ii) the other party to the sale is (under the law imposing the real property tax) liable for the real property tax for the real property tax year, then for purposes of subsection (a) the taxpayer shall be treated as having paid, on the date of the sale, so much of such tax as, under paragraph (1) of this subsection, is treated as imposed on the taxpayer. For purposes of the preceding sentence, if neither party is liable for the tax, then the party holding the property at the time the tax becomes a lien on the property shall be considered liable for the real property tax for the real property tax year. (B) Paragraph (1) shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1953, but only in the case of sales after December 31, 1953. (C) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any real property tax, to the extent that such tax was allowable as a deduction under the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 to the seller for a taxable year which ended before January 1, 1954. (D) In the case of any sale of real property, if the taxpayer's taxable income for the taxable year during which the sale occurs is computed under an accrual method of accounting, and if no election under section 461 (c) (relating to the accrual of real property taxes) applies, then, for purposes of subsection (a), that portion of such tax which (i) is treated, under paragraph (1) of this subsection, as imposed on the taxpayer, and (ii) may not, by reason of the taxpayer's method of accounting, be deducted by the taxpayer for any taxable year, shall be treated as having accrued on the date of the sale. (e) TAXES OF SHAREHOLDER PAID BY CORPORATION.-Where a corporation pays a tax imposed on a shareholder on his interest as a shareholder, and where the shareholder does not reimburse the corporation, then (1) the deduction allowed by subsection (a) shall be allowed to the corporation; and (2) no deduction shall be allowed the shareholder for such tax. (f) PAYMENTS FOR MUNICIPAL SERVICES IN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITIES. For purposes of this section, amounts paid or accrued, to compensate the Atomic Energy Commission for municipal-type services, by any owner of real property within any community (within the meaning of section 21b of the Atomic Energy Community Act of 1955) shall be treated as real property taxes paid or accrued. For purposes of this subsection, the term "owner" includes a person who holds the real property under a leasehold of 40 or more years and a person who has entered into a contract to purchase under section 61 of the Atomic Energy Community Act of 1955. Subsection (d) of this section shall not apply to a sale by the United States of property with respect to which this subsection applies. (g) CROSS REFERENCE. For provisions disallowing any deduction for the payment of the tax imposed by subchapter B of chapter 3 (relating to tax-free covenant bonds) see section 1451 (f). SEC. 165. LOSSES. (a) GENERAL RULE.-There shall be allowed as a deduction any loss sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise. (b) AMOUNT OF DEDUCTION. For purposes of subsection (a), the basis for determining the amount of the deduction for any loss shall be the adjusted basis provided in section 1011 for determining the loss from the sale or other disposition of property. (c) LIMITATION ON LOSSES OF INDIVIDUALS.-In the case of an individual, the deduction under subsection (a) shall be limited to(1) losses incurred in a trade or business; (2) losses incurred in any transaction entered into for profit, though not connected with a trade or business; and (3) losses of property not connected with a trade or business, if such losses arise from fire, storm, shipwreck, or other casualty, or from theft. No loss described in this paragraph shall be allowed if, at the time of the filing of the return, such loss has been claimed for estate tax purposes in the estate tax return. (d) WAGERING LOSSES.-Losses from wagering transactions shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such transactions. |