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PART IV-STANDARD DEDUCTION FOR INDIVIDUALS

Sec. 141. Standard deduction.

Sec. 142. Individuals not eligible for standard deduction.

Sec. 143. Determination of marital status.

Sec. 144. Election of standard deduction.

Sec. 145. Cross reference.

SEC. 141. STANDARD DEDUCTION.

The standard deduction referred to in section 63 (b) (defining taxable income in case of individual electing standard deduction) shall be an amount equal to 10 percent of the adjusted gross income or $1,000, whichever is the lesser, except that in the case of a separate return by a married individual the standard deduction shall not exceed $500. SEC. 142. INDIVIDUALS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR STANDARD DEDUCTION. (a) HUSBAND AND WIFE.-The standard deduction shall not be allowed to a husband or wife if the tax of the other spouse is determined under section 1 on the basis of the taxable income computed without regard to the standard deduction.

(b) CERTAIN OTHER TAXPAYERS INELIGIBLE.-The standard deduction shall not be allowed in computing the taxable income of(1) a nonresident alien individual;

(2) a citizen of the United States entitled to the benefits of section 931 (relating to income from sources within possessions of the United States);

(3) an individual making a return under section 443 (a) (1) for a period of less than 12 months on account of a change in his annual accounting period; or

(4) an estate or trust, common trust fund, or partnership.

SEC. 143. DETERMINATION OF MARITAL STATUS.

For purposes of this part

(1) The determination of whether an individual is married shall be made as of the close of his taxable year; except that if his spouse dies during his taxable year such determination shall be made as of the time of such death; and

(2) An individual legally separated from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance shall not be considered as married.

SEC. 144. ELECTION OF STANDARD DEDUCTION.

(a) METHOD AND EFFECT OF ELECTION.

(1) If the adjusted gross income shown on the return is $5,000 or more, the standard deduction shall be allowed if the taxpayer so elects in his return, and the Secretary or his delegate shall by regulations prescribe the manner of signifying such election in the return. If the adjusted gross income shown on the return is $5,000 or more, but the correct adjusted gross income is less than $5,000, then an election by the taxpayer under the preceding sentence to take the standard deduction shall be considered as his election to pay the tax imposed by section 3 (relating to tax based on tax table); and his failure to make under the preceding sentence an election to take the standard deduction shall be considered his election not to pay the tax imposed by section 3.

(2) If the adjusted gross income shown on the return is less than $5,000, the standard deduction shall be allowed only if the taxpayer elects, in the manner provided in section 4, to pay the tax imposed by section 3. If the adjusted gross income shown on the return is less than $5,000, but the correct adjusted gross income is $5,000 or more, then an election by the taxpayer to pay the tax imposed by section 3 shall be considered as his election to take the standard deduction; and his failure to elect to pay the tax imposed by section 3 shall be considered his election not to take the standard deduction.

(3) If the taxpayer on making his return fails to signify, in the manner provided by paragraph (1) or (2), his election to take the standard deduction or to pay the tax imposed by section 3, as the case may be, such failure shall be considered his election not to take the standard deduction.

(b) CHANGE OF ELECTION.-Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate, a change of an election for any taxable year to take, or not to take, the standard deduction, or to pay, or not to pay, the tax under section 3, may be made after the filing of the return for such year. If the spouse of the taxpayer filed a separate return for any taxable year corresponding, for purposes of section 142 (a), to the taxable year of the taxpayer, the change shall not be allowed unless, in accordance with such regulations

(1) the spouse makes a change of election with respect to the standard deduction for the taxable year covered in such separate return, consistent with the change of election sought by the taxpayer, and

(2) the taxpayer and his spouse consent in writing to the assessment, within such period as may be agreed on with the Secretary or his delegate, of any deficiency, to the extent attributable to such change of election, even though at the time of the filing of such consent the assessment of such deficiency would otherwise be prevented by the operation of any law or rule of law.

This subsection shall not apply if the tax liability of the taxpayer's spouse, for the taxable year corresponding (for purposes of section 142 (a)) to the taxable year of the taxpayer, has been compromised under section 7122.

SEC. 145. CROSS REFERENCE.

For disallowance of certain credits against the tax in the case of individuals electing the standard deduction, see section 36.

PART V-DEDUCTIONS FOR PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS

Sec. 151. Allowance of deductions for personal exemptions.

Sec. 152. Dependent defined.

Sec. 153. Determination of marital status

Sec. 154. Cross references.

SEC. 151. ALLOWANCE OF DEDUCTIONS FOR PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS.

(a) ALLOWANCE OF DEDUCTIONS.-In the case of an individual, the exemptions provided by this section shall be allowed as deductions in computing taxable income.

(b) TAXPAYER AND SPOUSE.-An exemption of $600 for the taxpayer; and an additional exemption of $600 for the spouse of the taxpayer if a separate return is made by the taxpayer, and if the spouse, for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins, has no gross income and is not the dependent of another taxpayer. (c) ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION FOR TAXPAYER OR SPOUSE AGED 65 OR MORE.

(1) FOR TAXPAYER.-An additional exemption of $600 for the taxpayer if he has attained the age of 65 before the close of his taxable year.

(2) FOR SPOUSE.-An additional exemption of $600 for the spouse of the taxpayer if a separate return is made by the taxpayer, and if the spouse has attained the age of 65 before the close of such taxable year, and, for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins, has no gross income and is not the dependent of another taxpayer.

(d) ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION FOR BLINDNESS OF TAXPAYER OR SPOUSE.

(1) FOR TAXPAYER.-An additional exemption of $600 for the taxpayer if he is blind at the close of his taxable year.

(2) FOR SPOUSE.-An additional exemption of $600 for the spouse of the taxpayer if a separate return is made by the taxpayer, and if the spouse is blind and, for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins, has no gross income and is not the dependent of another taxpayer. For purposes of this paragraph, the determination of whether the spouse is blind shall be made as of the close of the taxable year of the taxpayer; except that if the spouse dies during such taxable year such determination shall be made as of the time of such death.

(3) BLINDNESS DEFINED.-For purposes of this subsection, an individual is blind only if his central visual acuity does not exceed 20/200 in the better eye with correcting lenses, or if his visual acuity is greater than 20/200 but is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees.

(e) ADDITIONAL EXEMPTION FOR DEPENDENTS.

(1) IN GENERAL.-An exemption of $600 for each dependent (as defined in section 152)—

(A) whose gross income for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins is less than $600, or

(B) who is a child of the taxpayer and who (i) has not attained the age of 19 at the close of the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins, or (ii) is a student.

(2) EXEMPTION DENIED IN CASE OF CERTAIN MARRIED DEPENDENTS.-No exemption shall be allowed under this subsection for any dependent who has made a joint return with his spouse under section 6013 for the taxable year beginning in the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins.

(3) CHILD DEFINED. For purposes of paragraph (1) (B), the term "child" means an individual who (within the meaning of section 152) is a son, stepson, daughter, or stepdaughter of the taxpayer.

(4) STUDENT AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION DEFINED.—For purposes of paragraph (1) (B) (ii), the term "student" means an individual who during each of 5 calendar months during the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins

(A) is a full-time student at an educational institution; or

(B) is pursuing a full-time course of institutional on-farm training under the supervision of an accredited agent of an educational institution or of a State or political subdivision of a State.

For purposes of this paragraph, the term "educational institution" means only an educational institution which normally maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally has a regularly organized body of students in attendance at the place where its educational activities are carried on.

SEC. 152. DEPENDENT DEFINED.

(a) GENERAL DEFINITION.-For purposes of this subtitle, the term "dependent" means any of the following individuals over half of whose support, for the calendar year in which the taxable year of the taxpayer begins, was received from the taxpayer (or is treated under subsection (c) as received from the taxpayer):

(1) A son or daughter of the taxpayer, or a descendant of either, (2) A stepson or stepdaughter of the taxpayer,

(3) A brother, sister, stepbrother, or stepsister of the taxpayer, (4) The father or mother of the taxpayer, or an ancestor of either, (5) A stepfather or stepmother of the taxpayer,

(6) A son or daughter of a brother or sister of the taxpayer, (7) A brother or sister of the father or mother of the taxpayer, (8) A son-in-law, daughter-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law of the taxpayer,

(9) An individual (other than an individual who at any time during the taxable year was the spouse, determined without regard to section 153, of the taxpayer) who, for the taxable year of the taxpayer, has as his principal place of abode the home of the taxpayer and is a member of the taxpayer's household, or

(10) An individual who

(A) is a descendant of a brother or sister of the father or mother of the taxpayer,

(B) for the taxable year of the taxpayer receives institutional care required by reason of a physical or mental disability, and (C) before receiving such institutional care, was a member of the same household as the taxpayer

(b) RULES RELATING TO GENERAL DEFINITION.-For purposes of this section

(1) The terms "brother" and "sister" include a brother or sister by the halfblood.

(2) In determining whether any of the relationships specified in subsection (a) or paragraph (1) of this subsection exists, a legally adopted child of an individual (and a child who is a member of an individual's household if placed with such individual by an authorized placement agency for legal adoption by such individual) shall be treated as a child of such individual by blood.

(3) The term "dependent" does not include any individual who is not a citizen of the United States unless such individual is a resident of the United States, of a country contiguous to the United States, of the Canal Zone, or of the Republic of Panama. The preceding sentence shall not exclude from the definition of "dependent" any child of the taxpayer

(A) born to him, or legally adopted by him, in the Philippine Islands before January 1, 1956, if the child is a resident of the Republic of the Philippines, and if the taxpayer was a member of the Armed Forces of the United States at the time the child was born to him or legally adopted by him, or

(B) legally adopted by him, if, for the taxable year of the taxpayer, the child has as his principal place of abode the home of the taxpayer and is a member of the taxpayer's household, and if the taxpayer is a citizen of the United States

(4) A payment to a wife which is includible in the gross income of the wife under section 71 or 682 shall not be treated as a payment by her husband for the support of any dependent.

(5) An individual is not a member of the taxpayer's household if at any time during the taxable year of the taxpayer the relationship between such individual and the taxpayer is in violation of local law.

(c) MULTIPLE SUPPORT AGREEMENTS.--For purposes of subsection (a), over half of the support of an individual for a calendar year shall be treated as received from the taxpayer if

(1) no one person contributed over half of such support;

(2) over half of such support was received from persons each of whom, but for the fact that he did not contribute over half of such support, would have been entitled to claim such individual as a dependent for a taxable year beginning in such calendar year;

(3) the taxpayer contributed over 10 percent of such support; and (4) each person described in paragraph (2) (other than the taxpayer) who contributed over 10 percent of such support files a written declaration (in such manner and form as the Secretary or his delegate may by regulations prescribe) that he will not claim such individual as a dependent for any taxable year beginning in such calendar year.

(d) SPECIAL SUPPORT TEST IN CASE OF STUDENTS.-For purposes of subsection (a), in the case of any individual who is

(1) a son, stepson, daughter, or stepdaughter of the taxpayer (within the meaning of this section), and

(2) a student (within the meaning of section 151 (e) (4)), amounts received as scholarships for study at an educational institution (as defined in section 151 (e) (4)) shall not be taken into account in determining whether such individual received more than half of his support from the taxpayer.

SEC. 153. DETERMINATION OF MARITAL STATUS.

For purposes of this part

(1) The determination of whether an individual is married shall be made as of the close of his taxable year; except that if his spouse dies during his taxable year such determination shall be made as of the time of such death; and

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