This work furnished the material of the wonderful campaign by which Gorgas cleansed the Panama Canal zone of yellow fever, and so made possible the completion of that work. Gorgas came to Panama from Havana, which he had also cleansed of yellow fever in about a year, though the place was a famous hotbed of the disease. His method was to attack the mosquito in its breeding places and to exclude it as far as possible from contact with fever cases.

Dr. Noguchi's work on filter-passing germs is well known. It is also well known that from time to time the suggestion has been offered that the spirochetes pass through two stages of development, one of these stages being of an extremely minute type. Whether or not this view will receive confirmation through the new discovery remains to be seen. In all matters bacteriological it is necessary to keep an open mind until proof of an absolute kind has been forthcoming.

LECTURES BY PROFESSOR BLARINGHEM

DR. LOUIS BLARINGHEM, professor of agricultural biology at the Sorbonne, and exchange professor at Harvard University for 1918-19, is giving a series of ten lectures in French, beginning on Tuesday, April 15, on "The condition and future of agriculture in France." The lectures will be given in Emerson Hall, on Tuesday and Friday afternoons at 4.30 o'clock. They will be open to the public. The dates and titles are as follows:

Avril 15. Le sol français; variétés des terrains et climats. Crûs.

Avril 18. Grandes cultures: blé, betteraves, pommes de terre, lin.

Avril 22. Prés et bois; amélioration des pâturages; plantation des dunes et des territoires dévastés.

Avril 25. Arbres fruitiers; vignes; volailles. Qualités et débouchés.

Mai 16. Le paysan français producteur de crûs. Son éducation, ses aptitudes et ses besoins. Rôle de la fermière.

Mai 20. Avenir et renaissance de l'agriculture française. Emploi des machines. Développement des moyens de transport.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

MEMBERS of the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology have been nominated as follows:

By the American Chemical Society: C. L. Alsberg, Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.; W. D. Bancroft, National Research Council, Washington, D. C.; C. G. Derick, National Aniline & Chemical Co., Inc., Buffalo, N. Y.; J. M. Francis, Parke Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich.; E. C. Franklin, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford University, Cal.; W. F. Hillebrand, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.; John Johnston, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Julius Stieglitz, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.; J. E. Teeple, 50 East 41st St., New York, N. Y.

By the American Electrochemical Society: Colin G. Fink, 20 2nd St. and 10th Ave., New York, N. Y. By the American Institute of Chemical Engtneers: Hugh K. Moore, Research Laboratory, Brown Co., Berlin, N. H.

By the American Ceramic Society: Albert V. Bleininger, Bureau of Standards, Pittsburgh, Pa. By the Division: C. H. Herty, 35 East 41st St., New York, N. Y.; G. A. Hulett, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.; A. B. Lamb, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; A. A. Noyes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; C. L. Parsons, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.; E. W. Washburn, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS

THE American Society of Mammalogists held its organization meeting in the New National Museum, Washington, D. C., April 3 and 4, 1919, with a charter membership of over two hundred and fifty, of whom sixty were in attendance at the meeting. The following officers were elected: C. Hart Merriam, president; E. W. Nelson, first vice-president; Wilfred H. Osgood, second vice-president; H. H. Lane, recording secretary; Hartley H. T. Jackson, corresponding secretary, and Walter P. Taylor,

treasurer. The councilors are: Glover M. Allen, R. M. Anderson, J. Grinnell, M. W. Lyon, W. D. Matthew, John C. Merriam, Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., T. S. Palmer, Edward A. Preble, Witmer Stone and N. Hollister, editor.

Committees were appointed on: Life histories of mammals, C. C. Adams, chairman; Study of game mammals, Charles Sheldon, chairman; Anatomy and phylogeny, W. K. Gregory, chairman; and Bibliography, T. S. Palmer, chairman. The policy of the society will be to devote its attention to the study of mammals in a broad way, including life histories, habits, relations to plants and animals, evolution, paleontology, anatomy and other phases.

Publication of the Journal of Mammalogy, in which popular as well as technical matter will be presented, will start this year.

Any person interested in mammals is invited to become a member of the society, and those who qualify before the next annual meeting will be considered charter members. Every one who desires to have a complete file of the journal should join now. Annual dues are three dollars; life membership seventy-five dollars in one payment.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS IN connection with the semi-centennial celebration of Cornell University a dinner will be given on June 19 by the department of physics and members of the university faculty to Professor E. L. Nichols, who retires from the active work of the professorship of physics.

PROFESSOR JACQUES HADAMARD, of the Collège de France, has accepted an invitation from Yale University to be a Silliman Lecturer in the spring of 1920. M. Hadamard is a distinguished French mathematician who received the honorary degree of LL.D. at the Yale Bicentennial in 1901.

C. TATE REGAN has been appointed assistant keeper of zoology in the British Natural History Museum in succession to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant, who has retired.

PROFESSOR M. I. PUPIN, of Columbia University, until recently Royal Consul General

for Serbia to the United States, has gone to France to the Peace Conference.

DR. C. HART MERRIAM has been elected chairman of the U. S. Geographic Board, as successor to the late Andrew Braid.

EIGHTY trees will be planted in the Caledonia Furnace forest reserve on Arbor Day, honoring Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of West Chester, father of the forestry activities of the state of Pennsylvania, who was eighty years old on April 9.

DR. HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, assistant professor of botany and also director of the Botanical Garden and arboretum at the University of Michigan, has been appointed the first assistant of the director-in-chief of the New York Botanical Garden, succeeding Dr. W. A. Murrill, who has been transferred to the new position of supervisor of public instruction.

THE Hemenway fellowship in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University has been awarded for the year 1918-1919 to Eduardo Noguera, assistant director of antiquities in the National Museum of Mexico, and last year a Robert C. Winthrop scholar at Harvard. The Charles Eliot Ware Memorial Fellowship in the medical school for the academic year 1918-1919 has been awarded to Edward Allen Boyden, of Newton Centre.

DR. ALEXANDER C. ABBOTT, of the University of Pennsylvania, has been promoted to the rank of colonel. He is now in charge of the sanitary supervision of the territory occupied by the second Army, but expects to be back at the university in the fall.

CAPTAIN ELTON D. WALKER, head of the department of civil engineering of Pennsylvania State College, has returned after more than eighteen months' service overseas.

CAPTAIN H. C. PORTER, of the Ordnance Department, U. S. A., is now with the Chemical Service Laboratories, at West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.

CAPTAIN R. R. RENSHAW, C. W. S., who has been directing a corps of research men in the Johns Hopkins University war laboratory,

will remain at the university for special research work in organic chemistry. Captain Renshaw is professor of chemistry at Iowa State Agricultural College on leave of absence.

DR. J. EDWIN SWEET, professor of surgical research in the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, has been promoted from major to lieutenant colonel. Colonel Sweet went to France with Base Hospital No. 10.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL NELSON MILES BLACK, M. C., U. S. Army, has been designated as officer in charge of the section of head surgery, Surgeon-General's Office, vice Colonel Walter R. Parker.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL E. G. ZABRISKIE, of New York City, has been designated senior consultant in neuropsychiatry for the American Expeditionary Forces, succeeding Colonel Thomas W. Salmon, who has returned to the United States for duty in the Surgeon-General's Office. Lieutenant-Colonel Zabriskie went to France as divisional neuropsychiatrist of the fourth division. Subsequently he was consultant in neuropsychiatry to the third and fifth corps. and the first army. After the armistice he served as consulting neuropsychiatrist to the Savenay hospital center.

CAPTAIN S. T. DANA has resigned from the Army and has resumed his duties with the Forest Service as assistant chief of forest investigations. Captain Dana was on the general staff as secretary of the army commodity committee on lumber, and in charge of determining wood requirements of the army.

DR. A. L. WALTERS, lately of the Army Medical Corps, has resumed his old duties as director of the department of experimental medicine, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis.

DR. HUGH S. TAYLOR has returned to Princeton University to take up his duties again after service with the British government in the Munitions Invention Department, where he has been engaged on problems connected with the preparation and purification of hydrogen.

MR. JOHN D. NORTHROP, of the Geological Survey, has accepted a position with an oil company at Cheyenne, Wyoming.

MR. E. W. GUERNSEY, formerly with the Chemical Warfare Service, is now at the research laboratories of the Brown Company, at Berlin, N. H.

ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST DAVID B. REGER, of the West Virginia Geological Survey, will spend the next three months in Tucker County, West Virginia, making detailed researches for a county geological report. Local headquarters will be at Parsons, West Virginia.

Ar an international conference in London, on March 11 to 15, William A. Lippincott, professor of poultry husbandry in the Kansas State Agricultural College, was elected secretary of the International Association of Poultry Instructors and Investigators. He succeeds Dr. Raymond Pearl, of the Johns Hopkins University, who recently resigned.

PROFESSOR W. T. SEDGWICK, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard-Technology School of Public Health, will leave Boston on May 1 for California, where he is to give instruction in "Sanitary Science and Public Health Problems "" during the summer session of the University at Berkeley. Professor Sedgwick recently has been elected to membership in the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation and also has been appointed directing sanitary engineer, with the grade of assistant surgeon general, in the Reserve of the United States Public Health Service.

Ar the twenty-ninth annual meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges, held in Chicago, on March 4, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: president, Dr. George Blumer, New Haven, Conn.; vice-president, Dr. A. C. Eycleshymer, Chicago; secretary-treasurer, Dr. Fred. C. Zapffe, 3431 Lexington Street. Chicago; chairman of executive council, Dr. Irving S. Cutter, Omaha. An entirely new constitution and bylaws were adopted, the principal differences from the old set of rules being in the requirements, high-school and college premedical, for admission to medical schools. The requirement in physics was reduced to six semester

hours, and in biology it was decided that six semester hours of college work were acceptable for students who had completed a year of biology in high school.

66

DR. W. W. ROWLEE, of Cornell University, gave an illustrated lecture on Balsa Wood, its production and uses," at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, on April 2. The lecture included scientific data and experiences gleaned from an eight month's absence in Central America in the employ of the American Balsa Company.

DR. JOHN C. MCVAIL delivered the Milroy Lectures before the Royal College of Physicians of London on March 13, 18 and 20; his subject being half a century of smallpox and vaccination. The Goulstonian Lectures, on the spread of bacterial infection was delivered on March 25, 27 and April 1, by Dr. W. W. C. Topley, lecturer on bacteriology Charing Cross Medical School and the Lumleian Lectures, by Sir Humphry D. Rolleston, on cerebro-spinal fever, were planned for April 3, 8 and 10.

JOHN E. JOHNSON, JR., a director of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, died on April 4 in Scarsdale, N. Y., of injuries received when he was struck by an automobile earlier in the day. Mr. Johnson was fifty-nine years old. He was the author of books on mining and metallurgical subjects.

DR. MARY SOPHIE YOUNG, for the past eight years instructor in botany and curator of the herbarium in the University of Texas, died on March 5 after an illness of a few week's duration.

THE executive committee of the American Federation of Biological Societies has called the annual meeting for April 24, 25 and 26, 119, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Md.

Ir is announced that the German government has decided to return to China the astronomical instruments which were transported from Pekin to Germany in 1900. Negotiations have been opened for the shipping of the instruments to China.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL

NEWS

THE legislature of Nebraska has recently appropriated for the College of Medicine at Omaha for the ensuing biennium a total of $380,000. This amount includes the maintenance of the University Hospital.

A GIFT of $5,000 for a scholarship in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University has been made by Mrs. Arthur A. Stilwell, of New York City, in memory of her son, Thomas Vincent Stilwell, who lost his life in the war.

FUNDS have been provided for a scholarship in the department of chemistry of the Univercity of Chicago, to be called "The Joseph Triner Scholarship in Chemistry." It is to be assigned to a Czecho-Slovak graduate of the Harrison Technical School, Chicago.

MR. EMIL MOND has offered to the University of Cambridge £20,000 to be used for the establishment of a chair of aeronautical engineering. The chair is to be designated the Francis Mond professorship of aeronautical engineering after Lieutenant Francis Mond, the son of the donor.

PROFESSOR EDWIN J. BARTLETT, senior professor at Dartmouth College and son of a former president of the college, has resigned from the chair of chemistry which he has held since 1883, his resignation to take effect in 1920. Leave of absence for the second semester has been granted to him.

IT is reported that Sir Arthur Newsholme, the distinguished British physician and author of works on the prevention of disease, has been offered the chair of public health at The Johns Hopkins University.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE ON SOME PROBOSCIDEANS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

AT a meeting of the Geological Society of America in Washington, at the close of the year 1902,1 the question arose as to the former presence of the mammoth in New York. It was said that, when Theodore Roosevelt, as

1 SCIENCE, Vol. XVII., p. 297.

governor of New York, had urged that the mammoth should appear on its coat of arms, it was evident that, although a mighty hunter of existing game, he was a bit weak as regards extinct types. Sad to say, it was the members of the society that were a bit weak on this particular type. The following examples appear to vindicate the knowledge of the mighty hunter.

In 1842 J. E. De Kay2 described a molar tooth of Elephas primigenius under the name Elephas americanus. It has been found at Pittsford, in Monroe County. In Rochester University there is a molar of the same species which is said to have been found at Williamson, Wayne County. Since the meeting referred to, Dr. Burnett Smith, of Syracuse University, has reported to the present writer a tusk and a tooth from Minoa, Onondaga County.

Of the great elephant known as Elephas columbi, a tooth was described from Homer, Cortland County, in 1847.8 In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, there is a part of a molar which was found near Elmira, Chemung County, and which appears to belong to this species.

In 1843 Mather stated that bones of both the mastodon and of the elephant had been found in Orange County. The identification of the elephant is doubtful. In 1858 Emmons reported that an elephant tooth had been taken from the shore of Seneca lake. Το which species this belonged is not known.

It would be interesting to learn when the mastodon (Mammut americanum) became extinct. It is certain that the species was widely spread over at least the northern states after the disappearance of the last glacial sheet. In New York they are found in great numbers in the southeast corner and at the western end of the state, in marls and mucks overlying the Wisconsin drift. Along lakes Erie 2Zool. N. Y. Mamm.,'' p. 101, pl. XXXII., fig. 2.

3 Amer. Jour. Agricult. and Sci., Vol. VI., p. 31, fig.

4 Geol. 4th Distr., pp. 233, 636.

5 Geol. Surv. N. C., East Counties, p. 200.

and Ontario they are found on the lakeward side of the Iroquois beach, an indication that the species survived there until the waters had shrunken quite into their present limits.

Professor H. L. Fairchild has recently shown that, while the foot of the Wisconsin glacier was occupying the northern side of Long Island, the sea occupied the remainder of the island: and that during this occupation a thick deposit of stratified drift was laid down. After the ice had retired from the island, probably well toward the north of the state, the region south of the ice sheet began to rise, and Long Island at length became dry land or swamp. In depressions on the surface of these sea-laid deposits, there afterwards accumulated silts and muck; and in these pond deposits at three or four places on the island, there have been found remains of mastodons. In one case at least, at Riverhead, the land had probably risen to nearly its present level, for the mastodon was found between present low and high water. This must have been well along towards the end of the pleistocene.

An interesting case is that of a mastodon found in 1866 at Cohoes, near the mouth of the Mohawk. This skeleton, nearly complete, was mounted by G. H. Gilbert and is yet in the State Museum at Albany. It formed the subject of an essay by James Hall and also the first writing of Gilbert. At Cohoes there are found some hundreds of potholes, some in the bed of the present river, many of them in process of forming, others on the banks a hundred feet or more above the present river and long ago filled up. One of the latter, of irregular form, because of the coalescence of two or more originally distinct holes, proved to have a depth of more than 60 feet, and diameters of 33 and 73 feet. Out of this excavation had been taken thousands of loads of muck, with trunks and branches of decayed trees. At a depth of about 50 feet from the

• Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. XXVIII., pp. 297– 308.

7 Twenty-first Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab., 1871, pp. 99-148, with plates.