collected seems to show differences from its Rhynchonellid relatives which have induced the author to propose for it a new genus Compsothyris, though no new species were obtained. The paper is illustrated by an excellent plate and has a bibliography of the more important literature.

Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14, Scientific Reports, Series C.-Zoology and Botany, Vol. BI., pt. 1, 4to. "Calcareous Sponges," by Professor Arthur Dendy, pp. 1-17, 1 pl.; Vol. III., pt. 2. "Pterobranchia," by W. G. Ridewood; 26 pp., 1. pl.; Vol. V., pt. 5, "Euphausiacea and Mysidacea," by W. M. Tattersall; 16 pp. and 1 pl.; Vol. IV., pt. 3. "Brachiopoda," by J. Allen Thomson, pp. 76, and 4 pl.; Vol. V., pt. 6, "Cumacea and Phyllocarida," by W. T. Calman, pp. 12 and 1 pl. Sydney, N. S. W. Government Printing Office, 1918.

The continued publication of these purely scientific papers before the cessation of active military operations and in despite of financial stresses, reflects credit upon the government of Australia. The citizens of that commonwealth have naturally taken great pride in the success of their expedition and its valuable results for science, and these handsomely published memoirs are an expression in part of that pride.

The number of calcareous sponges from the Antarctic is small, but to them are added a number collected off Tasmania and at Macquarie Island. The collection includes two new species of Leucetta and one of Leucandra.

Dr. Ridewood's memoir contains no new species but forms a useful review of the austral species of Cephalodiscus with a bibliography of the rather scanty literature.

Dr. Tattersall treats of four species of Euphausians and two of Myacids, one of the latter from the Auckland Islands being new is described as Tenagomysis tenuipes. Dr. Calman describes a new species of Diastylis and reviews forms of Nebalia and Cyclaspis, which fill a wide gap in our knowledge of their geographical distribution. Dr. Thomson's memoir on the Brachiopoda is of particular importance, comprising a review of the group in

the southern hemisphere, the description of new forms, and an interesting discussion of the relations of the existing forms to their fossil precursors and their distribution in connection with theories of previous land connections between the different continents in earlier geological time. His conclusion is that the present distribution lends probability to the hypotheses of von Ihering and others which assume such linking up of the various bodies of land in the later Mesozoic epoch. The paper has an excellent bibliography, but it is to be regretted that the phototyped figures in many cases are insufficiently clear to show the details mentioned in the text.

W. H. DALL

SPECIAL ARTICLES

ROTARY VERTIGO IN THE TAIL-SPIN

In the tail-spin, an evolution that is standard among military and exhibition aviators and into which any flier is apt to fall accidentally, a marked rotary and post-rotary vertigo may be induced. As the maintenance of the correct flying attitude of the airplane is largely dependent upon the pilot, this disturbance in his idea of attitude may lead to serious consequences and its significance and characteristics merit definition. A true appreciation of the phenomenon should increase the confidence of the young pilot just becoming acquainted with the evolution and decrease the risk attached to this feature of aviation training.

Purkinje in 1820 (quoted from McKendrick1) directed attention to the well-known vertigo of rotation. In brief, when the movement of the body is arrested after undergoing rotation

(1) an after-sensation of rotation in the same direction is experienced. In coming out of the spin and levelling off, the pilot experiences a sensation of rotation after that has actually ceased. He therefore, tends to overcontrol, with the consequent danger of falling into another spin in the opposite direction.

(2) The axis of this imaginary after-sensation of rotation is that axis of the head about 1 Schäfer's "Text-Book of Physiology," 1900, II., p. 1196.

which the actual rotation took place. This suggests a precaution during the spin, hold the head down so that it is rotated about its long axis; on coming out of the spin, raise the head. Any disturbance experienced then will be in directional (i. e., horizontal) stability, and the more dangerous falling reaction will be avoided.

The superior reliability of visual criteria of attitude should be recognized. "Follow the horizon, if it ties itself up in a knot," is a good rule to remember.

A very illuminating incident that occurred at Mineola when the writer was stationed there, first suggested this analysis of the rôle the rotary vertigo may play in the tail-spin. On June 29, 1918, a pilot, while flying in a formation, lost his balance and fell off into a tail-spin. He got out of the spin, but fell off into another spin in the opposite direction. And he got out of the second spin also, but only to fall into a third, again reversing. He crashed and was seriously injured.

The pilot in question was acquainted with the tail-spin, but had never done one "solo" before. It immediately occurred to the writer that the accident was a case of overcontrol due to a falling reaction and the precaution under (2) suggested itself. At the same time it was recalled that Lieutenant Simon,2 instructor in acrobatics at the school at Pau, France, cautioned his pupils to hold the head down under the cowl during a spin. Evidently the French aviator had arrived empirically at the same rule that the writer had deduced from his acquaintance with a physiological phenomenon. No knowledge of the precaution has been met with among American trainers.

The observations were at the time (July, 1918) informally brought to the attention of several members of the staff of the Medical Research Laboratory at the field. Subsequent observations and experiences as a pilot in acrobatic flying have confirmed the conclusions. M. A. RAINES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY,

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

2 Quoted from Nordhoff in the Atlantic Monthly for April, 1918.

THE GALTON SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN

THE objects of the society are the promotion of study of racial anthropology, and of the origin, migration, physical and mental characters, crossing and evolution of human races, living and extinct.

The charter members of the society are as follows: Madison Grant, Henry Fairfield Osborn, John C. Merriam, Edward L. Thorndike, William K. Gregory, Charles B. Davenport, George S. Huntington, J. Howard McGregor, Edwin G. Conklin.

The organization of the society was suggested and initiated by Messrs. Davenport and Grant on March 6, 1918. On April 2, after several previous conferences, Messrs. Davenport, Grant, Osborn and Huntington adopted the charter and the name of the society. The first meeting of the charter fellows was held in New York on April 7 at the residence of Professor Osborn, who outlined the object of the society and emphasized the importance of a union of effort on the part of specialists, working in close cooperation and harmony with one another but from widely diverse lines of approach. Professor C. B. Davenport was elected chairman and Dr. W. K. Gregory secretary. The following men were elected as fellows: Drs. Ernest A. Hooton, Peabody Museum; Gerrit Smith Miller, United States National Museum; Raymond Pearl, United States Food Administration; L. R. Sullivan, American Museum of National History; Frederick Tilney, New York; Professor Harris H. Wilder, Smith College; Dr. Clark Wissler, American Museum of Natural History. Two patrons were elected: Mrs. E. H. Harriman and Mr. M. Taylor Pyne, New York.

A meeting of the society was held in the Osborn Library at the American Museum of Natural History on May 14. At this meeting Professor McGregor demonstrated his reconstruction of the skull of a typical adult Crô-Magnon man, based on all known remains of the race.

Dr. Wissler sketched the rise of anthropology in Europe and America, and contrasted the two concepts of this study: the first as including all lines of investigation on the origin and evolution of human races and of their cultures, and the second as limiting anthropology to the study of physical characteristics. He said that the museum had tried to develop all branches of anthropology in the broader sense, and referred to the methods of exhibiting these lines which were to be illustrated by Mr. Sullivan's paper.

Mr. Sullivan, in giving an account of a museum exhibit of the races of the Philippine Islands, based on a critical examination of the literature, showed that at least three physical types are present there, characterized by differences in skin-color, hair, stature, head-form and form of nose; first, the negritos, long recognized as a distinct race, who are short in stature, with a very dark brown skin, wide open dark brown eyes, black kinky hair, short head and short wide nose; second, the Malayan tribes, tallest of the island groups, with skins of varying shades of brown, dark brown Mongoloid eyes, straight black hair, and relatively narrow nose; and third, a group which is often confused with the second but belongs to the Indonesian racial type. This type stands between the negritos and Malays in point of size, is less Mongoloid in appearance, has the longest head on the islands, and straight or wavy dark brown hair. Mr. Sullivan's paper was discussed by Professor Kroeber who outlined the successive cultural strata in the Philippines.

Professor Davenport, the chairman of the society, commented on the wide field for the labors of such an organization which was afforded by the presence in New York of representatives of many of the living races of Europe, Asia and Africa, and by the existence of various organizations which would gladly cooperate in the study of the races of Europe. He spoke of the vast material at hand for the study of human inheritance and hybridization.

The second regular meeting of the society was held at the American Museum of Natural History on December 6, 1918. The meeting was preceded by a luncheon at which the members present were the guests of Professor Osborn and Mr. Grant.

Mr. Grant presented to the society a portrait of Sir Francis Galton. Professor Merriam spoke of the place anthropology should hold in the universities. In order to make the discussion concrete, he gave a brief outline of the history of anthropology in the University of California. When the department was started everyone thought best to begin with the local anthropological problem, in other words, with the study of the California Indians. Under Professor Kroeber this work has been carried to a very satisfactory conclusion and while a great deal more work should be done it seems that a point had been reached where new problems should be undertaken. The speaker thought this was typical of anthropology in America. Everywhere the feeling had been and rightly, that attention should be given to the problems at

hand. The result is that we have a very systematic body of knowledge concerning the North American Indians, but have no contributing workers in larger anthropological problems. The effect of the world war and its broadening influences makes it highly desirable that anthropology should be put upon a broader and more fundamental plane, particularly should it deal with problems concerning our racial and national antecedents. The broadening of anthropology would also require the drawing in and coordination of much that has been done in psychology, biology, neurology and history. It was the hope of the speaker that the Galton Society would be able to bring about such coordination by bringing together some of the representative workers in respective lines. One of the first movements in this direction should be the encouragement of strong departments in our universities. Unless the universities can be induced to finance strong departments of anthropology we can not expect very great development in the future. On the other hand, it was the belief of the speaker that the universities would finance such departments of anthropology if they could see that the problems of anthropology were of universal

The annual announcement, application blanks, and circular describing graduate courses may be obtained by addressing the Dean of the Johns Hopkins Medical School Washington and Monument St.

Washington University

School of Medicine

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION Candidates for entrance are required to have completed at least two full years of college work which must include English, German, and instruction with laboratory work in Physics, Chemistry and Biology.

INSTRUCTION

Instruction begins on the last Thursday in September and ends on the second Thursday in June. Clinical instruction is given in the Barnes Hospital and the St. Louis Children's Hos pital, affiliated with the medical school, the St. Louis C LLOO pital, and in the Washington University Dispensary

COURSES LEADING TO ACADEMIC
DEGREES

Students who have taken their premedical work in Washington University, are eligible for the degree of B.S. upon the completion of the first two years of medical work.

Students in Washington University may pursue study in the fundamental medical sciences leading to the degree of A.M. and Ph.D.

Syracuse University College of Medicine

Entrance Two years of a recognized course in arts or in science in a registered college or Requirements School of Science, which must include Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and French or German. Six and seven years' combination courses are offered.

The First Two
Years

The Third Year
Course

The Fourth Year Course

is clinical. Students spend the entire forenoon throughout the year as clinical clerks in hospitals under careful supervision. The clinical clerk takes the history, makes the physical examination and the laboratory examinations, arrives at a diagnosis which he must defend, outlines the treatment under his instructor and observes and records the result. In case of operation er of autopsy he follows the specimen and identifies its pathological nature. Two general hospitals, one of which is owned and controlled by the University, one special hospital and the municipal hospitals and laboratories are open to our students. The afternoons are spent in the College Dispensary and in clinical work in medical and surgical specialties and in conferenceu

Summer School-A summer course in pathology covering a period of six weeks during June and July will be given in case there is a sufficient number of applicants.

THE LONG ISLAND COLLEGE HOSPITAL

BROOKLYN-NEW YORK

Sixty-first Annual Session begins September 22, 1919

The medical college requires two years of study in a college of liberal arts or sciences for admission.

See specifications for Class A Medical Colleges by the Council on Medical Education, A.M.A.; also those for a Medical Student's Qualifying Certificate by the University of the State of New York.

Conditioned Students not admitted

For particulars address

THE DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE

Henry and Amity Streets

The course of instruction occupies four years, beginning the second week in September and ending the first week in June. The first two years are devoted to the fundamental sciences, and the third and fourth to practical clinic instruction in medicine and surgery. All the organised medical and surgical charities of the city of Augusta and Richmond County, including the hospitals, are under the entire control of the Board of Trustees of the University. This agreement affords a large number and variety of patients which are used in the clinical teaching. Especial emphasis is laid upon practical work both in the laboratory and clinical departments

TUITION

The charge for tuition is $150.00 a year except for residents of the State of Georgia, to whom tuition is free. For further information and catalogue address

The Medical Department, University of Georgia

AUGUSTA, GEORGIA