Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and ConservationSpringer Science & Business Media, 2002 - Всего страниц: 360 Mangroves are a fascinating group of plants that occur on tropical and subtropical shorelines of all continents, where they are exposed to saltwater inundation, low oxygen levels around their roots, high light and temperature conditions, and periodic tropical storms. Despite these harsh conditions, mangroves may form luxuriant forests which are of significant economic and environmental value throughout the world - they provide coastal protection and underpin fisheries and forestry operations, as well as a range of other human activities. This book provides an up-to-date account of mangrove plants from around the world, together with silvicultural and restoration techniques, and the management requirements of these communities to ensure their sustainability and conservation. |
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Содержание
Introduction The Mangrove Environment | 1 |
The Mangrove Flora | 11 |
23 Contemporary Biogeographical Processes | 21 |
232 Floristic Attenuation with Aridity | 22 |
233 Floristic Changes Induced by Natural Upheavals and Human Activities | 23 |
24 Contemporary Biogeographic Patterns | 25 |
241 Vicariants | 26 |
243 Discontinuities and Endemism | 27 |
614 Classification Using Physiographic and Structural Attributes | 190 |
62 Zonation of Mangroves | 194 |
622 Longitudinal Upriver Zonation | 201 |
623 Similarities and Differences in Shoreline and Upriver Zonation | 204 |
The Value of Mangroves | 207 |
72 Components | 209 |
722 Fisheries Resources | 213 |
723 Wildlife Resources | 215 |
244 Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Biogeography | 28 |
245 Indian Ocean and East African Biogeography | 32 |
246 Australasian Biogeography | 37 |
247 Western Pacific Biogeography | 39 |
248 NorthEast Asian Biogeography | 41 |
25 Towards a Global Biogeographic History | 43 |
Adapting to the Mangrove Environment | 49 |
321 Salt Exclusion | 50 |
322 Salt Extrusion | 53 |
323 Storage of Salt | 57 |
324 Succulence | 58 |
325 Compartmentalization | 60 |
326 Osmocompensation | 62 |
33 Conserving Desalinated Water | 63 |
332 Transpiration | 68 |
333 Optimizing Leaf Temperatures | 73 |
34 Root Aeration in Waterlogged Soils | 75 |
342 Physiological Adaptations | 81 |
343 Metabolic Adaptations | 83 |
35 Surviving Seawater Dispersal | 84 |
352 Propagule Production | 87 |
353 Propagule Dispersal and Establishment | 91 |
Physicochemical Factors and Mangrove Performance | 101 |
421 Mangroves and Low Temperatures | 102 |
422 Responses to High Temperatures | 103 |
423 Inter and Intraspecific Differences | 104 |
43 Light and Photosynthesis | 105 |
Gapenhancement of Reproduction and Growth | 110 |
433 The Mangrove Understorey and the Role of Sulfides | 113 |
44 Wind and other Atmospheric Phenomena | 114 |
442 Extreme Winds and Mangrove Vegetation | 116 |
443 Hail | 121 |
45 Sedimentary Conditions and Processes | 122 |
452 Aeration and Drainage Properties of Mangrove Soils | 128 |
453 Nutrients in Mangrove Soils | 131 |
46 Salinity of the Soil Water | 137 |
Biotic Interactions and Mangrove Performance | 147 |
512 Antagonism Ammensalism | 150 |
513 Mutualism | 152 |
514 Competition | 154 |
52 PlantAnimal Interactions | 160 |
522 Bioturbation of Sediments | 166 |
523 Grazing and Trampling Leaf Herbivory | 168 |
524 Other Mutualistic Interactions | 176 |
525 Trophic Pathways | 179 |
Mangrove Structure and Classification | 183 |
612 Classification Using Structural Attributes | 184 |
613 Classification Using Geomorphological Settings | 187 |
727 Water Transport Resources | 216 |
728 Recreational Resources | 217 |
7210 Pharmaceutical Resources | 218 |
73 Functions | 219 |
734 Nutrient Retention | 220 |
736 External Support | 221 |
737 Groundwater Discharge and Recharge | 222 |
738 Local Microclimatic Stabilization | 223 |
742 Uniqueness and Heritage | 224 |
75 An Economic Perspective | 225 |
Mangrove Silviculture and Restoration | 229 |
821 Setting the Objectives | 230 |
822 Timber Production | 231 |
823 Shoreline Protection Channel Stabilization and Storm Protection | 237 |
824 Fisheries and Wildlife Enhancement | 238 |
825 Legislative Compliance | 239 |
826 Social Enrichment | 240 |
827 Ecological Restoration | 241 |
83 Macropropagation of mangroves | 243 |
832 Outplanting of up to OneYearold Nurseryraised Propagules | 244 |
835 Raising of Airlayered Material | 245 |
837 Use of Propagule Segments | 246 |
84 Tissue Culture or Micropropagation of Mangroves | 247 |
85 SiteSpecies Matching | 249 |
852 Nursery and Planting Techniques | 250 |
853 Field Trials | 252 |
862 Site Management | 253 |
864 Cost of Assisted Regeneration | 255 |
87 Plantation Performance | 256 |
872 Optimal Initial Spacing | 257 |
875 Mean Annual Increment | 265 |
876 Rotation and Thinning Schedules | 268 |
88 Indices of Health in Mangrove Communities | 269 |
Conservation and Management | 271 |
92 Management Frameworks | 275 |
93 Some Specific Management Issues | 277 |
932 Discharges of Wastes | 278 |
933 Hydrocarbon Contamination | 282 |
934 Reclamation and Foreshore Development | 286 |
935 Mangroves and Global Climate Change | 291 |
94 Management Tools | 294 |
942 Zoning of Mangrove Areas | 297 |
943 Ecosystem Modelling | 298 |
95 Future Prospects of Mangroves | 299 |
303 | |
351 | |