CHAPTER CLXXIII.

SECTION

6814.

STEAM AND SAILING VESSELS MEETING OR CROSSING.

Steam-vessel must keep out of the way of sailing-vessel.

6815. Further of duty of steam-vessel to avoid sailing-vessel-Presump-

tion of negligence.

6816.

Steamer should allow wide berth.

6819.

Course of sailing-vessel may be changed to avoid immediate danger.

6820. Defense that sailing-vessel changed her course is viewed with sus-

picion.

6825. Duty to keep out of the way applies to all classes of vessels.

6826. Duty of overtaking vessels with reference to vessels ahead of over-

6829.

6830.

6831.

6832.

6833.

6834.

6835.

6836.

Other Vessels Not Under Way, §§ 6853-6855.

ARTICLE I. VESSELS AT ANCHOR.

Duty of moving vessels to avoid anchored vessels.

Anchor lights and watch.

Anchorage in improper and exposed places.

Further of improper anchorage-In navigable channels.

Sufficiency of anchor.

Anchored vessel should manœuvre to avoid impending collision.

Care in tripping anchor.

Fouling anchors.

6837. Injuries to submarine cables by anchors

SECTION

ARTICLE II. MOORED VESSELS.

6840. Duty of vessels navigating in vicinity of moored vessels.

6841. Collision between departing vessel and moored vessel.

6842. Mooring-lines.

6843. Vessel breaking away from her mooring.

6844. General duties of moored vessel.

6845. Duty where moored alongside other vessels.

6846. Vessels lying at end of pier.

6847. Vessel moored so as to project beyond end of pier or dock.

6848. Fault where vessel moored in an exposed position.

6849. Hawsers stretched across slip.

6850. Presumption of fault.

6857. Tug and tow regarded as a single steam-vessel, and amenable to

rules governing steam-vessels.

6858. Rule where steamship encounters encumbered tug.

6859. Tug not an insurer of tow against marine perils.

6860. Tug not servant nor agent of tow.

6861. Joint liability.

6862. Adequacy of tug and fitness of tow.

6863. Duty of rival tugs racing after tow-Interference by rival.

6864. Care as to make-up of tow.

6865. Shifting tow.

6866. Length of hawser.

6867. Use of bridle.

6868. Tug must take notice of wind and water before entering upon voy-

age.

6869. Care with reference to navigation when channel is filled with mcv-

ing ice.

6870. Tug should control navigation of tow.

6871. Care in attaching to tow and starting on voyage.

6872. Care of tow as dependent on soundness of her condition.

6873. Care with reference to overhead bridges.

6874. Collisions between different vessels in the tow.

6875. Injuries to tow by collision with submerged objects.

6876. Liability for injury to tow attached without knowledge of tug.

6884.

Dredged entrance to harbor regarded as inland water.

6885. Vessels in harbors and channels held to the observance of the gen-

eral navigation rules.

6886.

6887.

6888.

Further of the applicability of the general rules.

The rules in their application to overtaking vessels.

Channel defined.

6889. Right of way.

6890. Speed of vessels.

6891. Speed must be moderate to avoid danger from suction and swells.

6892.

Navigation with reference to slips and wharves.

6893.

Vessels turning in stream.

6894.

Navigation around bends in rivers and channels.

6895. Navigation of East River.

6896. Navigation through Hell Gate.

CHAPTER CLXXVIII.

FOGS.

ART. I. Fog Signals, §§ 6914–6921.

ART. II. General Duty of Care, §§ 6924-6927.

ART. III. Speed and Course of Navigation During Fog, §§ 6930-

6916. Presumption of negligence from failure to sound fog signals.

6917. Misleading signals.

6918. Fog signal equipment.

6919. Other means not permitted.

6920. Fog-signal equipment must be tested to determine efficiency.

6921. Not required to carry extra fog-signal equipment.

6926. Vessels not required to cease navigation while in fog or thick

weather.

6927. General duty of preparation for emergencies.

ARTICLE III. SPEED AND COURSE OF NAVIGATION DURING FOG.

SECTION

6930. Provision as to moderate speed.

6931. Further of duty to proceed with moderate speed.

6932. Speed of sail-vessels.

6933. Duty to stop on hearing signal.

6934. Starboard rule inapplicable to vessels navigating in fog.

6935. Burden of proof where moderate speed is exceeded.

6938. Errors in extremis.

€999. Navigation rules may be departed from under special circum-

stances.

6940. Burden of proof in collision cases.

6941. Presumption of negligence from failure to stand by after collision.

CHAPTER CLXXX.

ADMIRALTY DOCTRINE OF CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE.

SECTION

6944.

Doctrine is recognized only in admiralty courts.

6945. Cases where division of damages will be allowed.

6946.

6947.

Rule where more than two vessels are involved.

Burden of proving mutuality of fault where fault of one is manifest.

6948. Method of apportioning damages-Decrees.

6958.

Securing limitation by surrendering vessel.

6959. Interest of owner in freight pending-Meaning of terms.

6960. Formal abandonment not required in case of total loss.

Limitation applies to all marine injuries.

6961.

6962.

6963.

6964.

6965.

Waiver of right to claim benefits of limitation act.

Time at which value of vessel and freight will be determined.

Where proceedings may be instituted.

Insurance not an interest in the vessel.

6974.

Vessel-owner adjudged free from liability under Harter Act cannot

demand contribution.