The usage I had there was not so dreadful as at first I apprehended; nor was I carried up the country to the emperor's court, as the rest of our men were, but was kept by the captain of the rover as his proper prize, and made his slave, being young and nimble, and fit for his business. At this surprising change of my circumstances, from a merchant to a miserable slave, I was perfectly overwhelmed; and now I looked back upon my father's prophetic discourse to me, "that I should be miserable, and have none to relieve me;" which I thought was now so effectually brought to pass, that it could not be worse; and now the hand of heaven had overtaken me, and I was undone, without redemption. But, alas! this was but a taste of the misery I was to go through, as will appear in the sequel to this story. As my new patron,* or master had taken me home to his house, so I was in hopes he would take me with him when he went to sea again, believing that it would, some time or other, be his fate to be taken by a spanish or portuguese man of war, and that then I should be set at liberty. But this hope of mine was soon taken away; for when he went to sea, he left me on shore to look after his little garden, and do the common drudgery of slaves about his house; and when he came home again from his cruise, he ordered me to lie in the cabin, to look after the ship. Here I meditated nothing but my escape, and what method I might take to effect it, but found no way that had the least probability in it. Nothing presented to make the supposition of it rational; for had nobody to communicate it to that I could trust, no fellow countryman to embark with me; so that for two years, though I often pleased myself with the imagina tion, yet I never had the least encouraging prospect of putting it in practice.

After about two years, an odd circumstance presented itself, which put the old thought of making some attempt for my liberty again in my head. My patron lying at home longer than usual, without fitting out his ship, which, as I heard, was for want of money, he used constantly, once or twice a week, sometimes oftener, if the weather was fair, to take the ship's pinnace, and go out into the road a-fishing; and as he always took me and a young Morisco* with him to row

Alarbes, Cabayles, y algunos Turcos, todos gente puerca, suzia, torpe, indomita, incivil, inhumana, bestial: y por tanto tuuo po cierto razon, el que da pocos anos aca acostumbro llamar a esta tierra, Barbaria, pues, &c. (D. HAEDO de la captividad en su topogr. e histor. de Argei: Valladolid, 1612.)HOFFMAN, in Mauritania,

his lexicon universale, gives the following account of this region : Africae regio extrema versus gaditanum fretum et occidentalem oceanum, in quo Antaeus gigas regnasse dicitur ab Hercule victus. Est autem duplex, Caesariensis a Caesarea, et Tingitana a civitate Tingi. Gignit simias, dracones, struthiones, et elephantes. Ejus incolae Mauri dicuntur. Invaluit autem jum apud nostros consuetudo ut omnes Africae et Asiae populi mahometanae superstitioni dediti, Mauri' dicantur. Incolis Numidia vulgo Barbaria hodie." The same author, (art. Mauri) gives the following account of the Moors:

Mauri, populi qui Mauritaniam Africae regionem occidentalem versus Gaditanum fretum incolunt. Eos fuisse Indos et Hercule duce cum innumerabile aliarum gentium multitudine in haec loca pervenisse multi crediderunt, uti STRABO (1. ult.) scribit. Sane SALLUSTIUS in Jugurthino (c. 18) Mauros et Numidas reliquosque qui maritimam Africae cultiorem reddiderunt Medos, Armenios, Persas, & Phoenices fuisse indicat.

* PATRON:-As the states of Barbary possess those countries that formerly went by the name of Mauritania and Numidia, the ancient language is still more or less preserved in some of the inland districts; and, as certain travellers assert, is retained even by some of the inhabitants of Maroc. In the sea port towns and maritime counfries, a bastard dialect of Arabic is spoken: but the prevalent idiom is that medley of living and dead languages, composed of Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, so well known to sea-faring people along the shores of the Mediterranean, and denominated lingua franca. Among other terms the one used in the text, has been borrowed from the Italian, padrone, master; which has even been adopted in our own nautical tongue so far as that, whereas the principal of a boat's crew is generally designated by the title, cock-swain; that officer of the long-boat or launch belonging to a ship, particularly in the case of its being decked or rigged to serve as a "tender," (or attendant) is often styled the patroon.

MORISCO: the spanish word for moor, or moorish, which as hath already been

the boat, we made him very merry, and I proved very dexterous in catching fish, insomuch that sometimes he would send me with one of his kinsmen, and the youth, to catch a dish of fish for him. It happened one time, that going a fishing in a stark-calm morning, a fog arose so thick, that though we were not half a league from the shore, we lost sight of it; and rowing, we knew not whither, or which way, we laboured all day and all the next night, and when the morning came, we found we had pulled off to sea, instead of pulling in for the shore, and that we were at least two leagues from the land: however, we got well in again, though with a great deal of labour, and some danger, for the wind began to blow pretty fresh in the morning; but we were all very nearly famished.

Our master, warned by this disaster, resolved to take more care of himself for the future; and having lying by him the long-boat* of our english ship he had taken, he resolved he would not go a fishing any more without some provision and a compass.t

noted (page 16) is an improper appellation, although so universally used as to be extended even to the moslem of Hindo'stan! The english antiquary will recognise in the word morisco, the source from whence hath been derived the name of a sport well-known to our fore-fathers, the moris-dance. The editor hopes to have thrown some light upon the subject of african nomenclature in the preceding notes on this country: to which he avails himself of the present recurrence of another example, to subjoin some farther evidence from erudite authorities. Barbary, (to use the familiar though not the appropriate name) contains three classes of inhabitants; Kabyles, Arabs, and Moors. The first are designated by the appellation of Benni, as the second have that of Welled, prefixed to the name of their respective founders. Both words mean offspring_(as in the case of the children of Israël), and denote such and such a tribe: thus Bennirashid and Welled-halfa equally signify what antient geographers would have denominated Rashides or Halfades. The Kabyles usually live upon the mountains in villages termed daskra made up of mud-walled hovels called gurbi; whereas the arabs are in circular camps termed douwar, on the plains. The Moors, descendants from the ancient Mauritanians, live in more permanent habitations. The word, "moor,” generally conveys the idea of a dark or swarthy complexion, (witness the customary personification of SHAKESPEARE's Othello;) whereas the traveller, SHAW, says it only denotes the situation of their country, from an antient word signifying a ferry, or arm of the sea, like the latin fretum, trajectus, &c. Mav'ri consequently would be the same as trajectaneus, or ad trajectum vivens, a person dwelling near a narrow part of the sea; just as the people of Barbary are in fact situated with respect to the strait of Gibraltar, the fretum gaditanum or herculeum, of the antients. But BOCHART deduceth the term from another original; his words are:-" Mauri quasi postremi vel occidentales dicti ab mauharin quod et posterius et occidentem sonat: plene scriberetur mauharin, sed guttu= rales passim elidi nemo est qui nesciat.”

LONG-BOAT:-or launch, is the largest and strongest boat belonging to a ship, constructed for carrying all weighty things belonging to her, such as water, provisions, stores, cables; and for weighing or transporting anchors. The boat named "pinnace,” in the preceding paragraph of the text, was formerly appropriated to the use of captains, as the "barge" was to that of flag-officers; the former rowing 8 oars, as the latter does 10 or 12: but at present pinnaces have fallen nearly into disuse, and are superseded by barges throughout the naval establishment, except perhaps in ships of the most inferior rate, such as fire ships, bombs, sloops, cutters, &c. whose dimensions do not afford stowage for the larger class of boats.

+ The mariner's compass is an artificial representation of the sensible horizon of that place where it is, by means of a circular piece of paper, called, in nautical language, a card; its circumference being divided into 32 equal parts called points or rhumbs. Because the whole circumference of any circle consists of three hundred and sixty degrees, (as has been already explained, page 14) and the same is divided into 32 points: to find how many degrees one point contains, divide 360 by 32, and the quotient will le 115. that is eleven degrees, and fifteen-sixtieth parts of a degree denominated minutes, equal to one point, or to that portion of the circumference between any two points. This card thus divided being properly fixed upon a piece of steel called a needle (which by the touch of a magnet is endued with polarity or the well-known property of pointing toward the north pole of the world) and supported on a pivot whereon it can turn freely round; the lines drawn from its centre to the north, south, and all other points on the Borth

Robinson Crusoe.
[Nayal-Chronicle Edition.]

So he ordered the carpenter

of the ship, who was an european slave, to build a little state room or cabin in the middle of the long-boat, like that of an english river-barge, with a place to stand behind it, to steer and haul home the main-sheet," and room before for a hand or two to stand and work the

card, will point toward the corresponding places of the horizon; and therefore by the tendency of this instrument a ship may be directed in any proposed course, The names and order of the points, commencing at north, and proceeding round easterly are as follows:-NORTH; North by East; North-North-East; North-East by North; NorthEast; North-East by East; East-North-East; East by North; EAST; East by South; East-South-East; South-East by East; South-East; South-East by South; South-SouthEast; South by East; SOUTH; South by West; South-South-West; South-West by South; South-West; South-Wes by West; West-South-West; West by South; WEST; West by North; West-North-West; North-West by West; North-West; North-West by North; North-North-West; North by West; North. In practice these points are usually indicated by their respective initial letters, as for North-N. for North by East -N b. E. &c. as expressed in the accompanying delineation of this instrument.

The watchful ruler of the helm, no more
With fixed attention eyes the adjacent shore;

But, by the oracle of truth below,

The wond'rous magnet guides the wayward prow."

FALCONER.-Shipwreck: canto ii.

MAIN-SHEET:-It is necessary to remark that the sheets or sheats, which are sometimes mistaken by english writers, more especially poets, for sails, are the ropes that are used to extend the clues, or lower corners, of the sails.

Deep on her side the reeling vessel lies:
Brail up the mizen quick! the master cries,
Man the clue-garnets! let the main sheet tly!"

FALCONER Shipwreck: canto ii.

In the case of vessels denominated "fore-and-aft rigged" like the one described in the text, the lack or fore corner of the mainsail is secured to the mast, the clue or after

sails. She sailed with what we call a shoulder of mutton sail, and the boom gibedt over the top of the cabin, which lay very snug and low, and had in it room for him to lie, with a slave or two, and a table to eat on, with some small lockers to put in some bottles of such liquor as he thought fit to drink, and parti cularly his bread, rice, and coffee.

We went frequently out with this boat a fishing, and, as I was the most dexterous to catch fish for him, he never went without me. It happened that he had ap pointed to go out in this boat, either for pleasure or for fish, with two or three Moors of some distinction in that place, and for whom he had provided extraor dinarily, and had, therefore, sent on board the boat, over-night, a larger store of provision than ordinary, and had ordered me to get ready three fusils, with powder and shot, which were on board his ship, for that they designed some sport of fowling, as well as fishing.

I got all things ready as he directed, and waited the next morning with the boat washed clean, her ensign and pendant out, and every thing to accommodate his guests; when. by-and-by, my master came on board alone, and told me his guests had put off going, upon some business that fell out, and ordered me, with the man and boy, as usual, to go out with the boat, and catch them some fish, for that his friends were to sup at his house; and commanded, that, as soon as I had got some fish, I should bring it home; all which I prepared to do.

This moment, my former notions of deliverance darted into my thoughts; for

corner of the same, is made fast to the end of the boom, and the sheet serves to regulate the angle at which the main-sail stands, as also to check the violent movements of the boom during any change of manoeuvres. In sloop-rigged vessels the main-sheet block is double-strapped; the bights of the strap are put over the inner end of the boom and placed between two cleats thereon, right over the vessel's stern: a round seizing is then clapped on underneath; sometimes the bights of the strap are lashed together above the boom, like the blocks on ships' yards. The end of the sheet is bent to a becket in the strap of the upper sheet block, with a sheet bend reeved alternately through the upper block and the lower one, which is also double; and the end is led in upon deck; the lower block is strapped to a thimble either on an iron horse or in a ring-bolt at the sternpost.

BOOM :-in the sea language, a long pole wherewith they spread out the clue or foot of a sail, usually the mainsail, of sloops, cutters, and schooners, also of studdingsails; but, sometimes, a temporary booming of other sails is resorted to for making them broader, and receive more wind : but booming of a square sail is never used but in quarter winds, or before a wind. By a wind, studding-sails, and booming the sails is not expedient. Boom, also, may, in some cases, denote a pole, with a bush or basket at the top, otherwise called a beacon, placed to direct ships how to steer into a channel; Boom, likewise, is used in marine fortification, to denote a cable or cables stretched athwart the mouth of a river, or harbour, with yards, top-masts, battlings, or spars of wood, lashed to it, and girded with iron hoops rivetted together, and nailed to the spars, to prevent an enemy's entering. Such a boom (being the most famous instance on record) Mr. Chateau-Renault had, with diligence and art, prepared at Vigo, for the defence of the Plate fleet lying there in 1702; but how strong soever, it was forced by Sir Thomas Hopson. The cables of which the boom is formed, are bent to a pair of the heaviest anchors on each side of the channel. Other cables are sometimes fastened to that within the boom, and bent to anchors laid in the stream; and these cables are prepared with spars like the other; where wood is scarce, the boom is prepared with old ropes, &c. and iron hoops; every part of it being well saturated with pitch strewed with composition, such as is used for the preservation of out-buildings. The boom is generally so contrived as to open at one end for the passage of vessels. The "shoulder-of-mutton sail," connected with this article in the text, is a sail of which the lower part resembles the ordinary boomed mainsail common to most small craft; but it tapers to less than a quarter of the customary proportion at the head of the sail, which is "bent" to, or spread upon, a smaller boom, the particular name for which is" gaff." + GIBE:-orjibe, is the action of a boom swinging across a vessel by the operation of the wind blowing obliquely upon the stern, when it changes its direction from one toș wards the other quarter of the vessel.

now I found I was like to have a little ship at my command; and, my master being gone, I prepared to furnish myself, not for a fishing business, but for a voyage; though I knew not, neither did I so much as consider, whither I should steer; for any where, to get out of that place, was my way.

:

My first contrivance was, to make a pretence, to persuade this Moor to get something for our subsistence on board; for I told him we must not presume to eat of our master's bread; he said, that was true; so he brought a large basket of rusk, or biscuit of their kind, and three jars with fresh water, into the boat. I knew where my master's case of bottles stood, which it was evident by the make, were taken out of some english prize, and I conveyed them into the boat, while the Moor was on shore, as if they had been there before for our master. I conveyed also a great lump of bees wax into the boat, which weighed above half a hundred weight, with a parcel of twine or thread, a hatchet, a saw, and a hammer, all of which were of great use to us, afterwards, especially the wax, to make candles. Another trick I tried upon him, which he innocently came into also: his name was Ismaël, with the titular addition of Mooley so I called to him; "Mooley !" said I," our master's guns are on board the boat, can you not get a little powder and shot? it may be, we may kill some alcamis (fowls like our curlews) for ourselves, for I know he keeps the gunner's stores in the ship."-"Yes," says he, "I'll bring some;" and, accordingly, he brought a leather pouch, which held about a pound and a half of powder, or rather more, and aunther with shot, perhaps five or six pounds, with some bullets, and put all into the boat; at the same time, I found some powder of my master's in the great cabin, with which I filled one of the large bottles in the case; and thus furnished with every thing needful, we sailed out of the port to fish. The guard at the castle, which is at the entrance of the port, knew who we were, and took no notice of us; and we above a mile out of the port, before we hauled in our sail, and set us down to fish. The wind blew from N.N.E. which was contrary to my desire: for, had it blown southerly, I had been sure to have made the coast of Spain, and, at last, reached to the bay of Cadiz ; but my resolutions were, blow which way it would, I would be gone from the horrid place, where I was, and leave the rest to fate.

were not

After we had fished some time, and catched nothing, for when I had fish on my book. I would not pull them up, that he might not see them, I said to the Moor," This will not do; our master will not be thus served; we must stand farther off." He, thinking no harm, agreed; and, being at the head of the boat, set the sails; and, as I had the helm, I ran the boat near a mile farther, and then brought-to, as if I would fish. Then, giving the boy the helm, I stepped forward to where the Moor was; took him by surprise, with my arm under his waist; and tost hin clear overboard into the sea. He rose immediately, for he swam like a cork, and called to me, begged to be taken in, and told me he would go all the world over with me. He swain so strong after the boat, that he would have reached me very quickly, there being but little wind; upon which I stepped into the cabin, and fetching one of the fowling-pieces, I presented it at him, and told him, I had done him no hurt, and, if he would be quiet, I

* CADIZ :- Latitude 36° 31′ 7′′ N. Longitude 6° 17′ 15′′ W. difference of time between it and Greenwich 25 m. 9 s. Cadiz is a noted city and port, on the coast of Spain, facing the atlantic ocean, at the N. W. end of the isle of Leon; which is connected with the continent by the bridge of Suazo, over a creek of the sea, called the river Sancti-Petri, navigable only for boats or small craft; the tide runs here N. E. and S. W. and it is high water with spring-tides at past 4 o'clock. A picturesque view of this place from the south in the Rabat Chronicle vol. xxiii. a chart of the harbour in vol. xxi. and a plan of the city in vol. xxii. accompanied by textual descriptions. Cadiz has proved the ultimate bulwark of the kingdom against the unprincipled invasion of it by the French under the government of Napoleon Buon aparté, in 1808, from which it was finally delivered in 1815, by the aid of England.