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1. In General [§ 33] p 966

2. Assignments and Licenses Distinguished [§ 34] p 966

3. Necessity of Writing [§ 35] p 966

4. When Title Passes [§ 36 p 967

5. Performing Licenses [§ 37] p 967

6. Rights Conferred or Reserved [§ 38] p 968

7. Contracts Generally [§ 39] p 971

E. Publication [§§ 40-56] p 973

1. Effect of Publication [$$ 40-45] p 973

a. At Common Law [§ 40] p 973

b. Under Copyright Legislation [§ 41] p 973

c. Present Rule [§§ 42-45] p 974

(1) General Publication [§ 42] p 974

(2) Limited or Qualified Publication [§ 43] p 977
(3) Consent to Publication [§ 44] p 978
(4) Place of Publication [§ 45] p 978

2. What Constitutes Publication [§§ 46-56] p 978
a. In General [§ 46] p 978

b. General and Limited Publication [§ 47] p 980
c. Of Particular Subject Matter [§§ 48-56] p 981
(1) Manuscripts [§ 48] p 981

(2) Books [§ 49] p 981

(3) Pictures, Photographs, Etc. [§ 50] p 983

(4) Dramatic Compositions [§ 51] p 984

(5) Musical Compositions [§ 52] p 986

(6) Lectures, Sermons, Addresses, and Oral Recitals [§ 53] p 987

(7) Telegraphic News Service [§ 54] p 988

(8) Architectural Works [§ 55] p 988

(9) Deposits in Copyright Office [56] p 989

F. Abandonment [§ 57] p 989

G. Infringement [§§ 58-59] p 989

1. In General [§ 58] p 989

2. Reproduction from Memory [§ 59] p 990

H. Remedies and Procedure [§§ 60-64] p 990

1. In General [§ 60] p 990

2. Actions at Law [§ 61] p 991

3. Suits in Equity [§ 62] p 992

4. Jurisdiction of State and Federal Courts [§ 63] p 994

5. Burden of Proof [§ 64] p 994

III. ORIGIN AND NATURE OF COPYRIGHT [§§ 65–68] p 995

A. Historical Summary [§ 65] p 995

B. Right Purely Statutory [§ 66] p 995

C. Incorporeal Nature [ 67] p 996

D. Personal Property [§ 68] p 997

IV. STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS [§§ 69–89] p 997

A. General Statement [§§ 69-84] p 997

1. England [§ 69] p 997

2. United States [§§ 70-71] p 998

a. State Statutes [§ 70] p 998

b. Federal Statutes [§ 71] p 998

3. Hawaii [§ 72] p 998

4. Porto Rico [§ 73] p 999

5. Canal Zone [§ 74] p 1000

6. Philippine Islands [§ 75] p 1000

7. Alaska [§ 76] p 1000

8. Imperial and Colonial Copyright in British Empire [§§ 77-84] p 1000

a. Imperial Copyright [§ 77] p 1000

b. Colonial Copyright [§§ 78-84] p 1002

(1) Canada [§ 78] p 1002

(2) South African Union [§ 79] p 1004

(3) Newfoundland [§ 80] p 1004

For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number.

(4) Australia [§ 81] p 1004

(5) New Zealand [§ 82] p 1004

(6) India [§ 83] p 1004

(7) Cyprus [§ 84] p 1005

B. Constitutionality of Statutes [$$ 85-86] p 1005
1. Federal Statutes [§ 85] p 1005

2. State Statutes [§ 86] p 1007

C. Construction and Operation [§§ 87-89] p 1007
1. In General [§ 87] p 1007

2. Strict or Liberal Construction [§ 88] p 1008
3. Extraterritorial Operation [§ 89] p 1008

V. WHAT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED [§§ 90-143] p 1009
A. General Requirements [$$ 90-100] p 1009

1. Statutory Provisions [§ 90] p 1009

2. Originality and Authorship [§§ 91-97] p 1009

a. In General [§ 91] p 1009

b. Matter Previously Published [§ 92] p 1011

c. Double Copyrighting [§ 93] p 1012

d. Independent Production of Similar or Identical Result [§ 94] p 1013
e. Compilations [§ 95] p 1013

f. Abridgments [§ 96] p 1015

g. Index or Concordance [§ 97] p 1015

3. Literary or Artistic Merit [§ 98] p 1015
4. Morality and Legality [§ 99] p 1016
5. Domestic Manufacture [$ 100] p 1017
B. Particular Subject Matter [§§ 101-143] p 1021

1. Books Generally [§ 101] p 1021

2. Newspapers and Periodicals [§ 102] p 1023

3. Unpublished Works [§§ 103-106] p 1024

a. In General [§ 103] p 1024

b. Lectures, Sermons, and Addresses [§ 104] p 1024

c. Manuscripts [105] p 1025

d. Inchoate or Intended Works [§ 106] p 1025

4. Dramatic or Dramatico- Musical Compositions [$$ 107-109] p 1025

a. In General [§ 107] p 1025

b. What Constitutes [108] p 1025

c. Dramatic Originality [§ 109] p 1028

5. Musical Compositions [$ 110-111] p 1028

a. In General [§ 110] p 1028

b. Musical Originality [§ 111] p 1029

6. Maps [112] p 1029

7. Charts [113] p 1030

8. Artistic Works [88 114-116] p 1031

a. Works of Art [§ 114] p 1031

b. Models or Designs for [§ 115] p 1031

c. Reproductions of [ 116] p 1031

9. Drawings or Plastic Works [§ 117] p 1031

10. Photographs [§ 118] p 1032

11. Prints and Pictorial Illustrations; Engravings; Cuts [§ 119] p 1033

12. Motion Pictures [§§ 120-122] p 1034

a. In General [§ 120] p 1034

b. Motion Picture Photoplays [§ 121] p 1034

c. Motion Pictures Other Than Photoplays [ 122] p 1034

13. Mechanical Devices; Music Rolls, Records, Etc. [§ 123] p 1035

14. Articles Designed for Physical Use [§ 124] p 1035

15. Government Publications [§ 125] p 1036

16. Official Letters and Documents [§ 126] p 1036

17. Translations [§ 127] p 1036

18. Market Quotations and News Items [§ 128] p 1036

19. Credit Ratings [§ 129] p 1037

20. Directories and Gazetteers [§ 130] p 1037

21. Abstracts of Title [§ 131] p 1037

22. Patent Specifications [§ 132] p 1037

23. Cyclopedic and Composite Works [133] p 1037

24. Legal Works [§§ 134-138] p 1037

a. Law Reports [§ 134] p 1037

b. Statutes and Court Rules [§ 135] p 1038

c. Digests [136] p 1038

d. Cyclopedias and Textbooks [§ 137] p 1038

e. Legal Blanks [§ 138] p 1038

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c. Residents of Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Philippine Islands [ 159] p 1056

d. Assigns [160] p 1056

2. Under English Statutes [§ 161] p 1056

3. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 162] p 1058

H. Law Reports [§ 163] p 1058

I. Crown Copyright [§ 164] p 1059

J. University Copyright [§ 165] p 1060

K. British Pharmacopeia [§ 166] p 1060

VII. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECURING AND PRESERVING COPYRIGHT [§§ 167-234] p 1060
A. Under United States Statutes [§§ 167-219] p 1060

1. Compliance with Statute [§§ 167-170] p 1060

a. In General [§ 167] p 1060

b. What Law Governs [168] p 1062

c. Strict or Substantial Compliance [§ 169] p 1062

d. Rules of Copyright Office [§ 170] p 1062

2. Requirements of the Act of 1909 as Amended [§§ 171-197] p 1062

a. Publication [§§ 171–173] p 1062

́(1) In General [§ 171] p 1062

(2) What Constitutes Publication [§ 172] p 1063

(3) Place of Publication [§ 173] p 1063

b. Deposit of Copies and Registration [§§ 174-187] p 1063

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(1) Published Works [ 174-180] p 1063

(a) Necessity for, and Effect of, Omission [§ 174] p 1063
(b) Time of Deposit and Registration [§ 175] p 1064
(c) Nature and Number of Copies Deposited [

aa. In General [§ 176] p 1064

bb. Works by Alien Authors [§ 177] p 1064
cc. American Manufacture [§ 178] p 1064
dd. Periodicals [§ 179] p 1064

176-180] p 1064

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(a) In General [§ 181] p 1064

(b) Lectures, Sermons, Addresses, Dramatic and Musical Compositions, Etc. [§ 182] p 1065

(c) Photographs [183] p 1065

d) Works of Art, Models, or Designs, Drawings or Plastic Works [§ 184] p 1065 (e) Motion Pictures [ 185] p 1065

(f) Subsequent Publication [186] p 1065

(3) Application for Registration [§ 187] p 1065

c. Affidavit of Manufacture [§§ 188-192] p 1066
(1) Necessity and Contents [§ 188] p 1066

(2) By Whom Made [§ 189] p 1066

(3) Before Whom Made [ 190] p 1066
(4) Time of Making [§ 191] p 1066

For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number.

(5) Penalty for False Affidavit [§ 192] p 1067

d. Ad Interim Copyright for Foreign Books ( 193] p 1067
e. Notice of Copyright [88 194–197] p 1067

(1) Necessity for Notice and Effect of Omission [§ 194] p 1067
(2) Form and Contents of Notice [§ 195] p 1068

(3) Place of Notice [ 196] p 1069

Number of Notices [ 197] p 1069

3. Requirements Prior to Act of 1909 [ 198-219] p 1069

a. Present Importance of Former Law [§ 198] p 1069

b. Deposit of Title or Description of Work [88 199-204] p 1069

(1) Statutory Provisions [§ 199] p 1069

(2) Necessity of Deposit [§ 200] p 1069

(3) Sufficiency of Copy [8 201] p 1070

(4) Variance between Title Deposited and Title Published [§ 202] p 1070
(5) Change of Title after Deposit [§ 203] p 1071

(6) Who May Deposit Title [$ 204] p 1072

c. Deposit of Copies or Photograph of Work [
(1) Statutory Provisions [§ 205] p 1072
(2) Necessity of Deposit [§ 206] p 1073
(3) Sufficiency of Deposit [§ 2071 p 1073
(4) Time of Deposit [§ 208] p 1073

d. Publication [88 209-211] p 1074

(1) Necessity of Publication [§ 209] p 1074
(2) Time of Publication [§ 210] p 1074
(3) Place of Publication [§ 211] p 1074
e. Notice of Copyright [$ 212-219] p 1074
(1) Statutory Provisions [§ 212] p 1074

205-208] p 1072

(2) Necessity of Notice; Effect of Omission [§ 213] p 1075
(3) Form and Contents of Notice [§§ 214-217] p 1076

(a) In General [§ 214] p 1076

(b) Entry for Copyright [§ 215] p 1076

(c) Date of Entry [§ 216] p 1077

(d) Name of Person Taking Out Copyright [§ 217] p 1077

(4) Place of Inscribing Notice [§ 218] p 1078

(5) On What Copies or Editions Required [$ 219] p 1079

B. Under English Statutes [§§ 220-233] p 1082

1. Under Copyright Act of 1911 [§§ 220-222] p 1082

a. In General [§ 220] p 1082

b. Published Works [ 221] p 1082

c. Unpublished Works [§ 222] p 1083

2. Under Prior Statutes [§§ 223-233] p 1083

a. In General [ 223] p 1083

b. Publication [§ 224] p 1083

c. Registration at Stationers' Hall [§§ 225-231] p 1084

(1) Books [225] p 1084

(2) Dramatic or Musical Works [§ 226] p 1085

(3) Engravings, Prints, and Lithographs (§ 227] p 1085

(4) Paintings, Drawings, and Photographs [228] p 1085

(5) Sculptures [§ 229] p 1085

(6) Effect of Registration [$ 230] p 1085

(7) Amending or Expunging Entry [§ 231] p 1085

d. Deposit of Copies [$ 232] p 1086

e. Inscribing Name of Proprietor and Date of Publication [$ 233] p 1086

C. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 234] p 1086

VIII. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT AND RENEWAL OR EXTENSION OF TERM [§§ 235–244] p 1087 A. Under United States Statutes [§§ 235-239] p 1087

1. In General [§ 235] p 1087

2. First or Original Term [§ 236] p 1087

3. Renewal or Extension of Term [§§ 237-239] p 1088

a. Length of Extension [§ 237] p 1088

b. Proceedings to Obtain Renewal or Extension; Time of [§ 238] p 1088

c. Persons Entitled to Renewal [§ 239] p 1088

B. Under English Statutes [§§ 240-241] p 1092

1. Under Copyright Act of 1911 [§ 240] p 1092
2. Under Prior Statutes [241] p 1092

C. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 242] p 1092

D. Effect of Expiration of Copyright [§ 243] p 1093

E. Abandonment or Loss of Copyright [§ 244] p 1093

IX. TRANSFERS, LICENSES, AND CONTRACTS [§§ 245-262] p 1094

A. In General [§ 245] p 1094

B. Assignment of Copyright [§§ 246-252] p 1094

1. In General [§ 246] p 1094

2. Partial or Limited Assignments [§ 247] p 1094

3. Assignment Distinguished from License (§ 248] p 1096

4. Writing and Signing [§ 249] p 1096

5. Recording [ 250] p 1097

6. Agreement to Assign [§ 251] p 1098

7. Construction and Operation [252] p 1099

C. Mortgages [§ 253] p 1100

D. Bequest and Intestate Succession [§ 254] p 1100

E. Attachment, Execution, Bankruptcy, and Creditors' Bill [§ 255] p 1100
F. Licenses [§ 256-259] p 1101

1. In General [§ 256] p 1101

2. Writing and Signing [§ 257] p 1101

3. Assignability of Licenses [ 258] p 1101

4. Construction and Operation of License Contracts [§ 259] p 1102 G. Contracts in Restraint of Trade; Price Restrictions [§ 260] p 1104 H. Joint Owners [§ 261] p 1105

I. Remedies and Procedure [§ 262] p 1106

X. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT [§§ 263-335] p 1106

A. General Rules [§§ 263–296] p 1106

1. Definition of Infringement or Piracy [§ 263] p 1106

2. Rights Conferred by Copyright [$ 264] p 1106

3. Rights Not Conferred by Copyright [$ 265-271] p 1107

a. In General [§ 265] p 1107

b. Art or System Expounded [§ 266] p 1107

c. Facts, Theories, Speculations, Ideas, and Opinions [§ 267] p 1108
d. Subject of Work [ 268] p 1110

e. Form and Size [§ 269] p 1110

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b. Pictorial Illustrations, Maps, Charts, Cuts, Prints, Engravings, Etc. [§ 273] p 1111

c. Composite Works and Periodicals [§ 274] p 1112

d. Title of Work [ 275] p 1112

5. Copying [ 276–288] p 1112

a. What Constitutes Copying [§ 276] p 1112

b. Necessity of Copying [$$ 277-278] p 1113

(1) Rule Stated [§ 277] p 1113

(2) Similarity or Identity without Copying [§ 278] p 1113

c. Sufficiency of Copying [§§ 279-288] p 1115

(1) Reproduction and Paraphrasing [ 279] p 1115

(2) Quantity and Quality of Matter Copied [8 280] p 1116

(3) Proportion of Defendant's Work Copied from Plaintiff's Work [§ 281] p 1117

(4) Competition between Respective Works [282] p 1117

(5) Improvements and Additions [§ 283] p 1119

(6) Acknowledgment of Source [$ 284] p 1119

(7) Indirect Copying [§ 285] p 1119

(8) Reproduction from Memory [§ 286] p 1120

(9) Reproduction by Author Who Has Parted with Copyright [§ 287] p 1120
(10) Fair and Unfair Use [§ 288] p 1120

6. Intent or Purpose; Animus Furandi [§ 289] p 1121

7. Publication, Sale, and Distribution of Copies [§§ 290-291] p 1122

a. In General [§ 290] p 1122

b. Restrictions in Licenses, Contracts, and Notices [§ 291] p 1123

8. Importation as Infringement [§ 292] p 1124

9. Repair, Binding, or Restoration of Copies [§ 293] p 1124

10. Compulsory Licenses [§§ 294-295] p 1125
a. United States Statutes [§ 294] p 1125
b. English Statutes [§ 295] p 1125

11. Extraterritorial Acts [§ 296] p 1125

B. Particular Subject Matter [§§ 297-330] p 1126

1. Books or Literary Works [§§ 297-310] p 1126

a. In General [§ 297] p 1126

b. Copying [ 298] p 1126

c. Fair or Noninfringing Use [§ 299] p 1126

d. Extracts and Quotations [§ 300] p 1127

e. Translation [§ 301] p 1128

f. Dramatization; Performance; Readings [§ 302] p 1129

g. Illustrations or Cuts [§ 303] p 1131

For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number.

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