h. Abridgments [$$ 304-305] p 1131 (1) General Rule [§ 304] p 1131 (2) What Constitutes Fair Abridgment [§ 305] p 1132 j. Compilations [$$ 307-310] p 1133 2. Maps and Charts [ 311] p 1142 3. Lectures, Sermons, Addresses; Oral Delivery [§ 312] p 1143 4. Dramatic Works [§§ 313-318] p 1143 a. Publication and Sale [§ 313] p 1143 b. Performance and Performing Rights [ 314] p 1143 c. Place and Nature of Performance [§ 315] p 1144 d. Scenery and Costumes [§ 316] p 1144 e. Mechanical Devices; Moving Pictures [§ 317] p 1144 f. Necessity and Sufficiency of Taking or Copying to Constitute Infringement [§ 318] p 1145 5. Musical Works [§§ 319-323] p 1147 a. Printing, Publishing, Copying, and Selling [§ 319] p 1147 b. Sufficiency of Copying or Taking to Constitute Infringement [§ 320] p 1147 c. Performance and Performing Rights [$ 321] p 1148 d. Mechanical Reproduction of Music [§§ 322-323] p 1150 (1) In General [§ 322] p 1150 (2) Compulsory Licenses [$ 323] p 1152 6. Art Works; Prints; Pictorial Illustrations, Etc. [§§ 324-327] p 1154 a. In General [§ 324] p 1154 b. Sufficiency of Copying or Taking to Constitute Infringement [§ 325] p 1154 c. Mode of Copying Immaterial [§ 326] p 1155] d. Indirect Copying [§ 327] p 1156 7. Photographs [§ 328] p 1158 8. Motion Pictures [329] p 1159 9. Labels and Prints [§ 330] p 1159 C. Persons Liable [§§ 331-335] p 1159 1. In General [§ 331] p 1159 2. Printer, Publisher, and Seller [§ 332] p 1160 3. Dramatic and Musical Performances [333] p 1160 4. Corporate Officers [§ 334] p 1161 5. Contributory Infringement [§ 335] p 1161 XI. REMEDIES AND PROCEDURE FOR INFRINGEMENT [§§ 336–438] p 1161 1. United States Statutes [§ 336] p 1161 2. English Statutes [§ 337] p 1162 3. Canadian Statutes [§ 338] p 1163 B. Exclusiveness of Statutory Remedies [$$ 339-340] p 1163 1. Rule Stated [§ 339] p 1163 2. Rule Applied [§ 340] p 1164 C. Injunctions [$$ 341-352] p 1164 1. In General [§ 341] p 1164 2. Preliminary Injunctions [§ 342] p 1165 3. Permanent Injunctions [§§ 343-348] p 1168 a. In General [§ 343] p 1168 b. Cessation of Infringement [§ 344] p 1169 c. Damage to Plaintiff [$ 345] p 1169 d. Slight Infringement [§ 346] p. 1169 e. Determination of Right at Law [§ 347] p 1170 f. Laches and Acquiescence [§ 348] p 1170 4. Form and Extent of Injunction [§§ 349–351] p 1171 a. In General [§ 349] p 1171 b. Where Pirated Parts Are Separable [§ 350] p 1172 c. Where Pirated Parts Are Not Separable [§ 351] p 1172 5. Enforcement and Operation [§ 352] p 1173 D. Accounting for Profits [§§ 353-355] p 1174 1. Right to Accounting [ 353] p 1174 2. Extent and Elements of Recovery [§ 354] p 1174 3. Reference [§ 355] p 1176 E. Discovery [§ 356] p 1177 F. Damages [§ 357–364] p 1177 1. In General [§ 357] p 1177. 2. Under Act of 1909 as Amended [§§ 358-362] p 1178 a. In General [§ 358] p 1178 b. Actual Damages [§ 359] p 1179 c. In Lieu of Actual Damages [§§ 360-362] p 1179 (1) In General [§ 360] p 1179 (2) Amount [ 361-362] p 1179 (a) In General [§ 361] p 1179 (b) Limitations of Amount [§ 362] p 1180 3. Under Prior Statutes [§ 363] p 1181 4. Under English and Canadian Statutes [§ 364] p 1182 G. Impounding Pendente Lite [§§ 365-366] p 1182 1. In General [§ 365] p 1182 2. Procedure [§ 366] p 1182 H. Forfeiture and Destruction of Infringing Copies and Devices [§§ 367-370] p 1184 1. Under Act of 1909 [§ 367] p 1184 2. Under Prior Statutes [§§ 368-369] p 1184 a. Books [368] p 1184 b. Other Works [369] p 1184 3. Under English and Canadian Statutes [§ 370] p 1184 I. Penalties [§§ 371-373] p 1185 1. Under United States Statutes [§ 371] p 1185 3. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 373] p 1189 J. Mechanical Musical Devices [§§ 374-375] p 1189 K. Rules for Practice and Procedure [§ 376] p 1190 2. Under Prior Statutes [$$ 378-379] p 1190 b. For Forfeitures and Penalties [§ 379] p 1190 M. Conditions Precedent [§ 380] p 1191 N. Jurisdiction [§§ 381-382] p 1192 1. Federal Courts [§ 381] p 1192 2. State Courts [§ 382] p 1193 O. Venue [383] p 1193 P. Process and Writs [§ 384] p 1194 Q. Parties [ 385-387] p 1195 1. Plaintiffs [4 385-386] p 1195 R. Defenses [ 388-392] p 1196 1. In General [§ 388] p 1196 2. Custom to Copy [§ 389] p 1196 3. Unclean Hands [§ 390] p 1197 4. Former Adjudication [$ 391] p 1197 5. Statute of Limitations [§ 392] p 1198 8. Pleading [$$ 393-410] p 1198 1. Bill, Declaration, Petition, or Complaint [§§ 393-407] p 1198 a. In General [§ 393] p 1198 b. Averment of Copyright [$$ 394-399] p 1199 (1) In General [§ 394] p 1199 (2) Citizenship or Residence [§ 395] p 1199 (3) Authorship and Originality [§ 396] p 1200 (4) Deposit of Copies and Registration [§ 397] p 1200 (5) Notice of Copyright [§ 398] p 1201 (6) Domestic Manufacture [$ 399] p 1201 c. Averment of Ownership [§ 400] p 1201 d. Averment of Infringement [§ 401] p 1201 e. Exhibits [§ 402] p 1201 f. Multifariousness and Joinder [§ 403] p 1203 g. Prayer for Relief [§ 404] p 1203 h. Verification [§ 405] p 1203 i. Supplemental Bills [ 406] p 1203 j. Penalties and Forfeitures [§ 407] p 1203 2. Demurrer or Motion to Dismiss [§ 408] p 1204 3. Answer or Plea [§§ 409-410] p 1204 a. In Equity [§ 409] p 1204 b. At Law [§ 410] p 1204 T. Issues, Proof, and Variance [§ 411] p 1205 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. U. Evidence [§ 412-432] p 1205 1. In General [§ 412] p 1205 2. Of Copyright [§§ 413-422] p 1205 a. Burden of Proof [§ 413] p 1205 b. Admissibility, Weight, and Sufficiency [88 414-422] p 1207 (2) Certificate of Registration or Copy of Record [§ 415] p 1207 (4) Citizenship and Domicile [§ 417] p 1208. (5) Authorship and Originality [§ 418] p 1208 (6) Deposit of Title and Copies [§ 419] p 1208 (8) Publication [§ 421] p 1210 (9) Domestic Manufacture [$ 422] p 1210 3. Of Ownership [§ 423] p 1210 4. Of Infringement [§§ 424-430] p 1211 a. Burden of Proof [§ 424] p 1211 b. Admissibility, Weight, and Sufficiency [$$ 425-430] p 1212 (2) Similarity of Works [§§ 426-428] p 1213 (a) In General [§ 426] p 1213 (b) Proof of Similarities [§ 427] p 1214 (c) Common Errors [§ 428] p 1215 (3) Animus Furandi [§ 429] p 1216 (4) Other Matters [§ 430] p 1217 5. Of Damages [§ 431] p 1217 6. Of Profits [ 432] p 1218 V. Trial or Final Hearing [§§ 433-434] p 1219 2. Reference to Master [§ 434] p 1219 W. Judgment or Decree [§ 435] p 1220 X. Costs and Attorney's Fees [$$ 436-437] p 1220 1. Under United States Statutes [§ 436] p 1220 2. Under English and Canadian Statutes [§ 437] p 1221 Y. Appeal and Error [§ 438] p 1221 XII. IMPORTATION [§§ 439-443] p 1222 A. Prohibition of Importation [§§ 439-442] p 1222 1. Piratical Copies [§ 439] p 1222 2. False Notice of Copyright [§ 440] p 1223 3. Domestic Manufacturing Requirements [§§ 441-442] p 1223 b. Exceptions to Rule [ 442] p 1224 B. Remedies for Unlawful Importation [§ 443] p 1225 XIII. OFFENSES AND PROSECUTIONS [§§ 444–452] p 1225 A. Infringement [§§ 444-446] p 1225 1. United States Statutes [§ 444] p 1225 2. English Statutes [§ 445] p 1226 3. Canadian Statutes [§ 446] p 1226 B. Failure to Deposit Copies [§ 447] p 1226 C. False Affidavit of American Manufacture [§ 448] p 1226 D. False Notice of Copyright [§§ 449–451] p 1226 1. Under Present Law [§ 449] p 1226 2. Under Former Law [§ 450] p 1227 3. Under Canadian Statute [§ 451] p 1228 E. Fraudulent Removal or Alteration of Notice of Copyright [§ 452] p 1228 XIV. INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT [§§ 453-456] p 1228 A. Generally [ 453] p 1228 B. International Relations of United States [§ 454] p 1228 C. Conventions [$$ 455-456] p 1230 1. Of Berne, Paris, and Berlin [§ 455] p 1230 2. Of Montevideo, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro, and Beunos Aires [§ 456] p 1233 CROSS REFERENCES Design patents see Patents [30 Cyc 827]. Monastic orders, rights of members see Religious Socities [34 Cyc 1112]. Removal of causes to federal court see Removal of Causes [34 Cyc 1244]. Trade-marks, trade-names, and unfair competition see Trade-Marks, Trade-Names, and Unfair Competition [38 Cyc 674]. I. DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS [1] A. Copyright. Copyright is usually defined as the exclusive right of printing or otherwise multiplying copies of an intellectual production, and of publishing and vending the same; the right of preventing all others from doing so. As such rights can be enjoyed in their entirety only by virtue of statutory provisions,2 the term is synonymous with statutory copyright.3 The later copyright statutes grant much more extensive rights to the author or proprietor of intellectual productions than the mere exclusive right to multiply and vend copies, such as the exclusive right to translate, or dramatize, or to perform, represent, or deliver in public, or to make records by which the composition may be me [b] 5 chanically reproduced or performed, etc. Copyright may be accurately defined, therefore, as the right granted by statute to the proprietor of an intellectual production to its exclusive use and enjoyment to the extent specified in the statute. The term will be used in this sense throughout this treatise. [2] B. Common-Law Copyright. The term "copyright" is sometimes used to designate the property in intellectual productions conferred by the common law as well as that conferred by statute, the full phrase "common-law copyright" being sometimes used." The justification for this use of the term at the present day is found only in the and that the label was protected from infringement by the statute regulating copyrights. Solís Cigar Co. v. Pozo. 16 Colo. 388, 395, 26 P 556, 25 AmSR 279. Lord Mansfield's definition. or to "I use the word 'copy' in the tech- V. 1. American Tobacco Co. v. Werck- | work, not merely a right to do so in meister, 207 U. S. 284, 290, 28 SCt common with others." Sims V. 72, 52 L. ed. 208, 12 AnnCas 595 [aff Marryat, 17 Q. B. 281, 291, 79 ECL 146 Fed. 375, 76 CCA 6471; Baker v. 281, 117 Reprint 1287. Selden, 101 U. S. 99, 25 L. ed. 841; Perris v. Hexamer, 99 U. S. 674, 675, 25 L. ed. 308; Stephens v. Cady, 14 How. (U. S.) 528, 530, 14 L. ed. 528; Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 147 Fed. 15, 18, 77 CCA 607, 15 LRANS 766 [aff 139 Fed. 155, and aff 210 U. S. 339, 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086]; Kennedy v. McTammany, 33 Fed. 584 [app dism 145 U. S. 643 mem, 12 SCt 983 mem, 36 L. ed. 853 mem]; Henry Bill Pub. Co. v. Smythe, 27 Fed. 914, 916; Mark Twain Case, 14 Fed. 728, 729, 11 Biss. 459; Lawrence v. Dana, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,136, 4 Cliff. 1, 64; Stowe V. Thomas, 23 F. Cas. No. 13.514, 2 Wall. Jr. 547; Ager v. Murray, 21 AmLRegNS 469, 470; Davis v. Vories, 141 Mo. 234, 239, 42 SW 707; State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 761, 110 NW 763; Rider, Petitioner, 16 R. I. 271, 272, 15 A 72; Walter v. Lane, [1900] A. C. 539, 541, 2 BRC 312; Macmillan V. Khán Bahadur Shamsul Ulama M. Zaka, [1895] 19 Indian L. R. (Bombay) 557, 567; Tuck v. Priester, 19 Q. B. D. 629, 640; Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burr. 2,303 2,311, 98 Reprint 201; Jefferys v. Boosey, 4 H. L. Cas. 815, 867, 10 Reprint 681; Chappell v. Purday, 14 M. & W. 303, 316, 153 Reprint 491. [a] Similar definitions.-(1) "The exclusive privilege, secured according to certain legal forms, of printing, or otherwise multiplying, publishing and vending copies of certain literary or artistic productions." Rep. Atty.-Gen., N. Y. (1906) pp 403, 404. (2) "The right of an author or proprietor of a literary work to multiply copies of it to the exclusion of others." Palmer v. De Witt, 47 N. Y. 532, 536, 7 AmR 480. (3) "The sole and exclusive liberty of multiplying copies of an original work of composition." Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 147 Fed. 15, 19, 77 CCA 607. 15 LRANS 766 [aff 210 U. S. 339, 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086]. (4) "The right of publication and reproduction of works of art or literature." American Tobacco Co. V. Werckmeister, 207 U. S. 284, 290, 28 SCt 72, 52 L. ed. 208, 12 AnnCas 595. (5) "An incorporeal right to print and publish." Werckmeister V. American Lith. Co., 134 Fed. 321, 323, 325, 69 CCA 553, 68 LRA 591 [rev 126 Fed. 244, 117 Fed. 360]. To same effect Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 147 Fed. 15, 77 CCA 607, 15 LRANS 766 [aff 210 U. S. 339. 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086]. (6) "An exclusive right of an author and his assigns to print his literary composition, and publish and republish it in print." Keene v. Wheatley, 14 F. Cas. No. 7.644. (7) "The exclusive [right] of multiplying copies after publication." Werckmeister v. American Lith. Co., supra, (8) The exclusive right of multiplying copies of a work already published, which is preserved by a compliance with the act of congress. State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 761, 110 NW 763. (9) "The exclusive right to multiply copies of a [c] The United States statutes [d] English statutes.-(1) St. 5 & [e] "The term 'copy of a book' 2. See infra 8 41 et seq. 3. Carter v. Bailey, 64 Me. 458, 18 AmR 273. or [a] As meaning statutory right.(1) A copyright is "the exclusive privilege, secured according to certain legal forms, of printing, otherwise multiplying, publishing and vending copies of certain literary_or artistic productions." American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister, 207 U. S. 284, 290, 28 SCt 72, 52 L. ed. 208. 12 AnnCas 595 [quot Bouvier L. D.]. (2) "Copyright, which is the exclusive privilege of multiplying copies after publication, is the creature of statute." Per Lord Watson in Caird v. Sime, 12 App. Cas. 326, 343. (3) The word "copyrighted," when printed on a trade label, is a word having a well defined meaning, to wit, that the protection of the statute of copyrights had been secured, Copyright exclusively statutory see infra § 66. 4. See infra § 264. [a] English statutes.-(1) Under the statute of Anne copyright meant the "sole right and liberty of printing." (2) Later it was extended so as to include copying by other means than the press. Copyright Act, 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c 45 § 2). (3) "Copyright,' for the purposes of the Copyright Act, 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5 c 46), means the sole right to produce or reproduce the work or any substantial part thereof in any material form whatsoever perform, or in the case of a lecture to deliver the work or any to substantial part thereof in public; 5. 6. Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe, 164 U. S. 105, 108, 17 SCt 40, 41 L. ed. 367; Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. (U. S.) 591, 8 L. ed. 1055; American Law Book Co. v. Chamberlyne, 165 Fed. 313, 91 CCA 281; Caliga v. InterOcean Newspaper Co., 157 Fed. 186, 84 CCA 634 [aff 215 U. S. 182, 30 SCt 38, 54 L. ed. 1501; Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 147 Fed. 15, 77 CCA 607, 15 LRANS 766 [aff 139 Fed. 155, and aff 210 U. S. 339, 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086]; Werckmeister V. American Lith. Co., 142 Fed. 827; Werckmeister v. American Lith. Co., 134 Fed. 321, 69 CCA 553. 68 LRA 591 [rev 126 Fed. 244]; Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe, 73 Fed. 196, 19 CCA 429, 51 LRA 353 [app dism 164 U. S. 105, 17 SCt 40, 41 L. ed. 3671: State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 110 NW 763; Turner v. Robinson, 10 Ir. Ch. 510 [aff 10 Ir. Ch. 121]; Life Pub. Co. v. Rose Pub. Co., 12 Ont. L. 386. 7 OntWR 337, 8 OntWR 28. "Copyright is of two kinds. The first is the common law right of an author or proprietor of an unpub 66 as or 14 But statutory copyrights relate mainly to published works, although not exclusively so.15 Again, common-law rights in unpublished works are of a wider and more exclusive nature than the rights conferred by statutory copyright in published works. The common law prohibits any kind of unauthorized interference with, or use of, an unpublished work on the ground of an exclusive property right,16 and the common-law right is perpetual, existing until lost or terminated by the voluntary act of the owner.' But a statutory copyright permits a "fair use" of the copyright publication, without deeming it an infringement,19 and is of limited duration.20 17 fact that the common law confers on the owner [a] Illustration.-A partial assignment of the author's interest in a poem, with a reservation by the author "subject to the concession herein made" of her "copyright" in the poem, imported a reservation of the common-law as well as of the statutory copyright. Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe, 73 Fed. 196, 198, 19 CCA 429, 51 LRA 353 [app dism 164 U. S. 105. 17 SCt 40, 41 L. ed. 367]. [b] The copyright recognized by the act of congress as assignable, and intended to be protected by its provisions, is presumed to be the common-law property of the author in his manuscript; and the first section of the act of 1790, which provides that any author of any book, etc., already printed in the United States, he being a citizen who has not transferred to any other person the copyright of such book, etc., shall have the sole right of printing, etc., the same for fourteen years, was intended to extend the same protection to books published under such circumstances. Wheaton V. Peters, 8 Pet. (U. S.) 591, 8 L. ed. 1055. 7. State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 110 NW 763. See infra § 6. "We must bear in mind that this statute is one of a group of statutes relating to copyright. That group consists of, first, some statutes relating to literary copyright; secondly, some statutes relating to engravings; and, thirdly, the statutes now in question, which relates to copyright in works of art. There is another group of statutes which is perhaps more akin to patent law, I mean the Copyright of Designs Acts, which I will leave out of consideration, because the other group is the more material for the present purpose. If we look at the group as a whole we shall find (subject to the difficulty which arises on the construction of this particular Act) that the Act in each case creates a right -an exclusive right-to print, or reprint, or multiply copies of the work in which copyright is said to exist. My Own impression, not 18 [3] C. Literary Property. Literary property is the exclusive right of the owner to possess, use, and dispose of intellectual productions.21 The word Rights conferred by statute see infra 264. after careful consideration of the V. 8. Palmer v. De Witt, 47 N. Y. 532, 537, 7 AmR 480. [a] "Copyright before publication," or the common-law right of first publication, is the exclusive privilege of first publishing any original material product of intellectual labor. Palmer v. De Witt, 47 N. Y. 532, 537, 7 AmR 480. 9. Palmer v. De Witt, 47 N. Y. 532, 537, 7 AmR 480. "Copyright, in the proper sense of the term, means the right which after publication the producer retains to multiply copies." Clerk & L. Torts p 675. [a] "Copyright after publication" 10. See infra §§ 40, 41. 12. Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, V. 13. Caliga v. Inter-Ocean Newspaper Co., 215 U. S. 182. 30 SCt 38, 54 L. ed. 150: Werckmeister American Lith. Co., 134 Fed. 321. 69 CCA 553, 68 LRA 591 [rev 126 Fed. 244]; State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 110 NW 763. Effect of publication see infra S 40-45. 14. Caliga v. Inter-Ocean Newspaper Co., 215 U. S. 182, 30 SCt 38, 54 L. ed. 150; Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U. S. 339, 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086; Werckmeister v. American Lith. Co., 134 Fed. 321, 69 CCA 553, 68 LRA 591 (rev 126 Fed. 244]; State v. State Journal Co., 77 Nebr. 752, 110 NW 763. See also infra §§ 171-173, 209-211, 220, 224. [a] Statutory copyright protects the owner in the unrestricted publication and sale of all copies during the term of the copyright and in this respect is fundamentally different from the common-law right. Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 147 Fed. 15, 77 CCA 607, 15 LRANS 766 [aff 210 U. S. 339, 28 SCt 722, 52 L. ed. 1086]. 15. Copyright Act, July 1, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 §§ 1, 5, 11), providing for copyright in unpublished works such as lectures, sermons, addresses, dramatic and musical compositions, photographs, etc. See also infra §§ 181-186, 222. MacGillivray Copyright p 221. See also infra § 6. 16. 17. See infra $ 9. Other definitions.-"The ordinary definition of literary property, as the exclusive right of the proprietor to multiply copies of the composition, is. for general purposes, too narrow, because, where the proprietorship exists, the circulation of copies is not the only specific method in which the sub "Property in intellectual produc-ject may be properly used. The defltion recognized and protected in England and the United States both by the common law and by the statute, but as the law is now expounded there are important differences between the statutory and the common law right. The former exists only in works which have been published within the meaning of the statute, and the latter only in works which have not been so published. In the former case ownership is limited to a term of years; in the latter it is perpetual. The two rights do not coexist in the same composition. When the statutory right begins the common law right ends. Both may be defeated by publication." Frohman v. Ferris, supra [quot Drone Copyright p 100]. nition is thus too narrow for the specific purposes of the present case, where the question to be decided arises from the use of a literary composition in another mode,that of theatrical representation. Literary property may be described as the right which entitles an author and his assigns to all the use and profit of his composition to which no independent right is, through any act or omission on his or their part, vested in another person. This definition, or description. cannot be applied without a specification of the profitable uses of a literary composition. Their specification includes all such methods of communicating a knowledge of the contents as are not exclusively confi |