1. In General [§ 33] p 966 2. Assignments and Licenses Distinguished [§ 34] p 966 3. Necessity of Writing [§ 35] p 966 4. When Title Passes [§ 36 p 967 5. Performing Licenses [§ 37] p 967 6. Rights Conferred or Reserved [§ 38] p 968 7. Contracts Generally [§ 39] p 971 E. Publication [§§ 40-56] p 973 1. Effect of Publication [$$ 40-45] p 973 a. At Common Law [§ 40] p 973 b. Under Copyright Legislation [§ 41] p 973 c. Present Rule [§§ 42-45] p 974 (1) General Publication [§ 42] p 974 (2) Limited or Qualified Publication [§ 43] p 977 2. What Constitutes Publication [§§ 46-56] p 978 b. General and Limited Publication [§ 47] p 980 (2) Books [§ 49] p 981 (3) Pictures, Photographs, Etc. [§ 50] p 983 (4) Dramatic Compositions [§ 51] p 984 (5) Musical Compositions [§ 52] p 986 (6) Lectures, Sermons, Addresses, and Oral Recitals [§ 53] p 987 (7) Telegraphic News Service [§ 54] p 988 (8) Architectural Works [§ 55] p 988 (9) Deposits in Copyright Office [56] p 989 F. Abandonment [§ 57] p 989 G. Infringement [§§ 58-59] p 989 1. In General [§ 58] p 989 2. Reproduction from Memory [§ 59] p 990 H. Remedies and Procedure [§§ 60-64] p 990 1. In General [§ 60] p 990 2. Actions at Law [§ 61] p 991 3. Suits in Equity [§ 62] p 992 4. Jurisdiction of State and Federal Courts [§ 63] p 994 5. Burden of Proof [§ 64] p 994 III. ORIGIN AND NATURE OF COPYRIGHT [§§ 65–68] p 995 A. Historical Summary [§ 65] p 995 B. Right Purely Statutory [§ 66] p 995 C. Incorporeal Nature [ 67] p 996 D. Personal Property [§ 68] p 997 IV. STATUTORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS [§§ 69–89] p 997 A. General Statement [§§ 69-84] p 997 1. England [§ 69] p 997 2. United States [§§ 70-71] p 998 a. State Statutes [§ 70] p 998 b. Federal Statutes [§ 71] p 998 3. Hawaii [§ 72] p 998 4. Porto Rico [§ 73] p 999 5. Canal Zone [§ 74] p 1000 6. Philippine Islands [§ 75] p 1000 7. Alaska [§ 76] p 1000 8. Imperial and Colonial Copyright in British Empire [§§ 77-84] p 1000 a. Imperial Copyright [§ 77] p 1000 b. Colonial Copyright [§§ 78-84] p 1002 (1) Canada [§ 78] p 1002 (2) South African Union [§ 79] p 1004 (3) Newfoundland [§ 80] p 1004 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. (4) Australia [§ 81] p 1004 (5) New Zealand [§ 82] p 1004 (6) India [§ 83] p 1004 (7) Cyprus [§ 84] p 1005 B. Constitutionality of Statutes [$$ 85-86] p 1005 2. State Statutes [§ 86] p 1007 C. Construction and Operation [§§ 87-89] p 1007 2. Strict or Liberal Construction [§ 88] p 1008 V. WHAT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED [§§ 90-143] p 1009 1. Statutory Provisions [§ 90] p 1009 2. Originality and Authorship [§§ 91-97] p 1009 a. In General [§ 91] p 1009 b. Matter Previously Published [§ 92] p 1011 c. Double Copyrighting [§ 93] p 1012 d. Independent Production of Similar or Identical Result [§ 94] p 1013 f. Abridgments [§ 96] p 1015 g. Index or Concordance [§ 97] p 1015 3. Literary or Artistic Merit [§ 98] p 1015 1. Books Generally [§ 101] p 1021 2. Newspapers and Periodicals [§ 102] p 1023 3. Unpublished Works [§§ 103-106] p 1024 a. In General [§ 103] p 1024 b. Lectures, Sermons, and Addresses [§ 104] p 1024 c. Manuscripts [105] p 1025 d. Inchoate or Intended Works [§ 106] p 1025 4. Dramatic or Dramatico- Musical Compositions [$$ 107-109] p 1025 a. In General [§ 107] p 1025 b. What Constitutes [108] p 1025 c. Dramatic Originality [§ 109] p 1028 5. Musical Compositions [$ 110-111] p 1028 a. In General [§ 110] p 1028 b. Musical Originality [§ 111] p 1029 6. Maps [112] p 1029 7. Charts [113] p 1030 8. Artistic Works [88 114-116] p 1031 a. Works of Art [§ 114] p 1031 b. Models or Designs for [§ 115] p 1031 c. Reproductions of [ 116] p 1031 9. Drawings or Plastic Works [§ 117] p 1031 10. Photographs [§ 118] p 1032 11. Prints and Pictorial Illustrations; Engravings; Cuts [§ 119] p 1033 12. Motion Pictures [§§ 120-122] p 1034 a. In General [§ 120] p 1034 b. Motion Picture Photoplays [§ 121] p 1034 c. Motion Pictures Other Than Photoplays [ 122] p 1034 13. Mechanical Devices; Music Rolls, Records, Etc. [§ 123] p 1035 14. Articles Designed for Physical Use [§ 124] p 1035 15. Government Publications [§ 125] p 1036 16. Official Letters and Documents [§ 126] p 1036 17. Translations [§ 127] p 1036 18. Market Quotations and News Items [§ 128] p 1036 19. Credit Ratings [§ 129] p 1037 20. Directories and Gazetteers [§ 130] p 1037 21. Abstracts of Title [§ 131] p 1037 22. Patent Specifications [§ 132] p 1037 23. Cyclopedic and Composite Works [133] p 1037 24. Legal Works [§§ 134-138] p 1037 a. Law Reports [§ 134] p 1037 b. Statutes and Court Rules [§ 135] p 1038 c. Digests [136] p 1038 d. Cyclopedias and Textbooks [§ 137] p 1038 e. Legal Blanks [§ 138] p 1038 c. Residents of Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Philippine Islands [ 159] p 1056 d. Assigns [160] p 1056 2. Under English Statutes [§ 161] p 1056 3. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 162] p 1058 H. Law Reports [§ 163] p 1058 I. Crown Copyright [§ 164] p 1059 J. University Copyright [§ 165] p 1060 K. British Pharmacopeia [§ 166] p 1060 VII. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECURING AND PRESERVING COPYRIGHT [§§ 167-234] p 1060 1. Compliance with Statute [§§ 167-170] p 1060 a. In General [§ 167] p 1060 b. What Law Governs [168] p 1062 c. Strict or Substantial Compliance [§ 169] p 1062 d. Rules of Copyright Office [§ 170] p 1062 2. Requirements of the Act of 1909 as Amended [§§ 171-197] p 1062 a. Publication [§§ 171–173] p 1062 ́(1) In General [§ 171] p 1062 (2) What Constitutes Publication [§ 172] p 1063 (3) Place of Publication [§ 173] p 1063 b. Deposit of Copies and Registration [§§ 174-187] p 1063 Emers plans (1) Published Works [ 174-180] p 1063 (a) Necessity for, and Effect of, Omission [§ 174] p 1063 aa. In General [§ 176] p 1064 bb. Works by Alien Authors [§ 177] p 1064 176-180] p 1064 (a) In General [§ 181] p 1064 (b) Lectures, Sermons, Addresses, Dramatic and Musical Compositions, Etc. [§ 182] p 1065 (c) Photographs [183] p 1065 d) Works of Art, Models, or Designs, Drawings or Plastic Works [§ 184] p 1065 (e) Motion Pictures [ 185] p 1065 (f) Subsequent Publication [186] p 1065 (3) Application for Registration [§ 187] p 1065 c. Affidavit of Manufacture [§§ 188-192] p 1066 (2) By Whom Made [§ 189] p 1066 (3) Before Whom Made [ 190] p 1066 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. (5) Penalty for False Affidavit [§ 192] p 1067 d. Ad Interim Copyright for Foreign Books ( 193] p 1067 (1) Necessity for Notice and Effect of Omission [§ 194] p 1067 (3) Place of Notice [ 196] p 1069 Number of Notices [ 197] p 1069 3. Requirements Prior to Act of 1909 [ 198-219] p 1069 a. Present Importance of Former Law [§ 198] p 1069 b. Deposit of Title or Description of Work [88 199-204] p 1069 (1) Statutory Provisions [§ 199] p 1069 (2) Necessity of Deposit [§ 200] p 1069 (3) Sufficiency of Copy [8 201] p 1070 (4) Variance between Title Deposited and Title Published [§ 202] p 1070 (6) Who May Deposit Title [$ 204] p 1072 c. Deposit of Copies or Photograph of Work [ d. Publication [88 209-211] p 1074 (1) Necessity of Publication [§ 209] p 1074 205-208] p 1072 (2) Necessity of Notice; Effect of Omission [§ 213] p 1075 (a) In General [§ 214] p 1076 (b) Entry for Copyright [§ 215] p 1076 (c) Date of Entry [§ 216] p 1077 (d) Name of Person Taking Out Copyright [§ 217] p 1077 (4) Place of Inscribing Notice [§ 218] p 1078 (5) On What Copies or Editions Required [$ 219] p 1079 B. Under English Statutes [§§ 220-233] p 1082 1. Under Copyright Act of 1911 [§§ 220-222] p 1082 a. In General [§ 220] p 1082 b. Published Works [ 221] p 1082 c. Unpublished Works [§ 222] p 1083 2. Under Prior Statutes [§§ 223-233] p 1083 a. In General [ 223] p 1083 b. Publication [§ 224] p 1083 c. Registration at Stationers' Hall [§§ 225-231] p 1084 (1) Books [225] p 1084 (2) Dramatic or Musical Works [§ 226] p 1085 (3) Engravings, Prints, and Lithographs (§ 227] p 1085 (4) Paintings, Drawings, and Photographs [228] p 1085 (5) Sculptures [§ 229] p 1085 (6) Effect of Registration [$ 230] p 1085 (7) Amending or Expunging Entry [§ 231] p 1085 d. Deposit of Copies [$ 232] p 1086 e. Inscribing Name of Proprietor and Date of Publication [$ 233] p 1086 C. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 234] p 1086 VIII. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT AND RENEWAL OR EXTENSION OF TERM [§§ 235–244] p 1087 A. Under United States Statutes [§§ 235-239] p 1087 1. In General [§ 235] p 1087 2. First or Original Term [§ 236] p 1087 3. Renewal or Extension of Term [§§ 237-239] p 1088 a. Length of Extension [§ 237] p 1088 b. Proceedings to Obtain Renewal or Extension; Time of [§ 238] p 1088 c. Persons Entitled to Renewal [§ 239] p 1088 B. Under English Statutes [§§ 240-241] p 1092 1. Under Copyright Act of 1911 [§ 240] p 1092 C. Under Canadian Statutes [§ 242] p 1092 D. Effect of Expiration of Copyright [§ 243] p 1093 E. Abandonment or Loss of Copyright [§ 244] p 1093 IX. TRANSFERS, LICENSES, AND CONTRACTS [§§ 245-262] p 1094 A. In General [§ 245] p 1094 B. Assignment of Copyright [§§ 246-252] p 1094 1. In General [§ 246] p 1094 2. Partial or Limited Assignments [§ 247] p 1094 3. Assignment Distinguished from License (§ 248] p 1096 4. Writing and Signing [§ 249] p 1096 5. Recording [ 250] p 1097 6. Agreement to Assign [§ 251] p 1098 7. Construction and Operation [252] p 1099 C. Mortgages [§ 253] p 1100 D. Bequest and Intestate Succession [§ 254] p 1100 E. Attachment, Execution, Bankruptcy, and Creditors' Bill [§ 255] p 1100 1. In General [§ 256] p 1101 2. Writing and Signing [§ 257] p 1101 3. Assignability of Licenses [ 258] p 1101 4. Construction and Operation of License Contracts [§ 259] p 1102 G. Contracts in Restraint of Trade; Price Restrictions [§ 260] p 1104 H. Joint Owners [§ 261] p 1105 I. Remedies and Procedure [§ 262] p 1106 X. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT [§§ 263-335] p 1106 A. General Rules [§§ 263–296] p 1106 1. Definition of Infringement or Piracy [§ 263] p 1106 2. Rights Conferred by Copyright [$ 264] p 1106 3. Rights Not Conferred by Copyright [$ 265-271] p 1107 a. In General [§ 265] p 1107 b. Art or System Expounded [§ 266] p 1107 c. Facts, Theories, Speculations, Ideas, and Opinions [§ 267] p 1108 e. Form and Size [§ 269] p 1110 b. Pictorial Illustrations, Maps, Charts, Cuts, Prints, Engravings, Etc. [§ 273] p 1111 c. Composite Works and Periodicals [§ 274] p 1112 d. Title of Work [ 275] p 1112 5. Copying [ 276–288] p 1112 a. What Constitutes Copying [§ 276] p 1112 b. Necessity of Copying [$$ 277-278] p 1113 (1) Rule Stated [§ 277] p 1113 (2) Similarity or Identity without Copying [§ 278] p 1113 c. Sufficiency of Copying [§§ 279-288] p 1115 (1) Reproduction and Paraphrasing [ 279] p 1115 (2) Quantity and Quality of Matter Copied [8 280] p 1116 (3) Proportion of Defendant's Work Copied from Plaintiff's Work [§ 281] p 1117 (4) Competition between Respective Works [282] p 1117 (5) Improvements and Additions [§ 283] p 1119 (6) Acknowledgment of Source [$ 284] p 1119 (7) Indirect Copying [§ 285] p 1119 (8) Reproduction from Memory [§ 286] p 1120 (9) Reproduction by Author Who Has Parted with Copyright [§ 287] p 1120 6. Intent or Purpose; Animus Furandi [§ 289] p 1121 7. Publication, Sale, and Distribution of Copies [§§ 290-291] p 1122 a. In General [§ 290] p 1122 b. Restrictions in Licenses, Contracts, and Notices [§ 291] p 1123 8. Importation as Infringement [§ 292] p 1124 9. Repair, Binding, or Restoration of Copies [§ 293] p 1124 10. Compulsory Licenses [§§ 294-295] p 1125 11. Extraterritorial Acts [§ 296] p 1125 B. Particular Subject Matter [§§ 297-330] p 1126 1. Books or Literary Works [§§ 297-310] p 1126 a. In General [§ 297] p 1126 b. Copying [ 298] p 1126 c. Fair or Noninfringing Use [§ 299] p 1126 d. Extracts and Quotations [§ 300] p 1127 e. Translation [§ 301] p 1128 f. Dramatization; Performance; Readings [§ 302] p 1129 g. Illustrations or Cuts [§ 303] p 1131 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. |