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COPYRIGHT AND LITERARY PROPERTY

chromolithograph,65 even though the pictures are
drawn from life.
66 The word "illustrations" does
not mean that the pictures must illustrate the text
of a book.67
A design for playing cards has been
deemed a print.68
copyrightable "print" within the statute;69 neither
A mere pattern print is not a
is a photograph."
existing work of art is itself copyrightable."1
An engraving reproducing an

70

In England engravings, cuts, prints, and pictorial illustrations are and long have been copyrightable.72 The act of 1911 provides that "artistic work" shall include "engravings," and that the latter term shall include "etchings, lithographs, wood-cuts, prints, and other similar works, not being photographs.'' 73

[§ 120]

12. Motion Pictures74-a. In General. In the United States, neither the act of 1909, nor any prior act, made any mention of motion pictures, although, as has been seen, motion picture films were copyrightable as photographs.76

75

In England, under the former law, cinematograph films were entitled to protection like any other

as

701; Hills v. Austrich, 120 Fed. 862. 65. Bleistein v. Co., 188 U. S. 239, 23 SCt 298, 47 L. Donaldson Lith. ed. 460 [rev 104 Fed. 993, 44 CCA 296]; De Jonge v. Breuker, etc., Co., 182 Fed. 150 [aff 191 Fed. 35, 111 CCA 567 (235 U. S. 33, 35 SCt 6, 59 L. ed. 113)] (reproduction of painting for use goods may be either copyrighted or cover for holiday entered in patent office); Yuengling v. Schile, 12 Fed. 97, 20 Blatchf. 452. But see Hills v. Hoover, 136 Fed. 701 (where, following Hills v. Austrich, 120 Fed. 862, "prints" are guished from "chromos" in respect to the application of the domestic manufacturing clause).

66. Bleistein

distin

Co., 188 U. S. 239, 23 SCt 298, 47 L.
V. Donaldson Lith.
ed. 460 [rev 104 Fed. 993, 44 CCA
2961.
v. Donaldson Lith.

67. Bleistein

Co., 188 U. S. 239, 23 SCt 298, 47 L. ed. 460 [rev 104 Fed. 993, 44 CCA 2961. "These chromolithographs are 'pictorial illustrations.' trations' does not mean The word 'illusmust illustrate the text of a book, that they and that the etchings of Rembrandt or Steinla's engraving of the Madonna di San Sisto could not be protected to-day if any man were able to produce them." aldson Lith. Co., supra. Bleistein v. Don

68. Richardson v. Miller, 20 Cas. No. 11,791 (where it was held F. that a design for playing cards was copyrightable).

[a] The novelty of a design may consist in the form, outline, or grouping, or in the use, combination, arrangement, or harmony, of colors, or the combination of some these attributes. Richardson v. Milor all of ler. 20 F. Cas. No. 11,791. 69. Rosenbach v. Dreyfuss, 2 Fed. Compare Drury F. Cas. No. 4,095, 1 Bond 540 (where V. Ewing. it was held that might be copyrighted as a print or a dress pattern chart).

217.

7

70. Wood v. Abbott, 30 F. Cas. No. 17,938, 5 Blatchf. 325. supra § 118. See also 71.

Lucas v. Cooke, 13 Ch. D. 872. 72. Newton v. Cowe, 4 Bing. 234, 13 ECL 482, 130 Reprint 759. Blackwell v. Harper, 2 Atk. 93, 26 See Reprint 458 (holding that the act is not confined to works of invention only, but means the designing or engraving of anything that is already in nature).

73. St. 1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 §§ 1, 35.
74. Infringement by see infra
But see infra §§ 121, 122.
See
supra § 118 text

§ 317. 75. 76.

and

notes 51, 52.

[§§ 119-122

photograph." By the Copyright Act of 1911 it is provided that, in the case of a literary or dramatic work, "copyright" shall include the sole right to make any "cinematograph film, or other contrivance by means of which the work may be mechanically performed or "cinematography" is delivered," and defined work "produced by any process analogous to as including any cinematography." 79

[121] b. Motion Picture Photoplays. By the act of 1912, amending the act of 1909, specifically authorized the copyrighting of "motion 80 congress picture photoplays" as such, either as a published or as an unpublished work.82 The scenario and the photoplay made therefore may be copyrighted separately.83 A photoplay founded on a novel is a dramatization of the novel and

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right see infra § 328.
Infringement of photographic copy-

77. Barker Motion Photography,
Ltd. v. Hutton & Co., Ltd., 28 T. L. R.
496. See also supra § 118.

78.
St. 1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 § 1 (2).
79. St. 1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 § 35 (1).
80.
by Act Aug. 24, 1912 (37 U. S. St. at
Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S.
St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 5), as amended
L. 488).

81. Klein v. Beach, 232 Fed. 240
[aff 239 Fed. 108, 151 CCA 282];
448, 137 CCA 42; Universal Film Mfg.
Photo-Drama Motion Picture Co. v.
Social Uplift Film Corp., 220 Fed.
Co. v. Copperman, 218 Fed. 577, 134
301 [aff 218 Fed. 577, 134 CCA 305].
CCA 305 [aff 212 Fed. 301]; Universal
Film Mfg. Co. v. Copperman, 212 Fed.

82. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 11), as amended by Act Aug. 24, 1912 (37 U. S. St. at L. 488).

now

85

versal Film Mfg. Co. v. Copperman, 218 Fed. 577, 134 CCA 305 [aff 212 Fed. 301]; Photo-Drama Motion Picture Co. v. Social Uplift Film Corp., 213 Fed. 374 [aff 220 Fed. 448, 137 CCA 421.

a

from drama.-The copyright of
[a] Motion picture photoplay
motion picture photoplay made from
an unpublished drama does not con-
stitute a copyright of the original
drama.

O'Neill v. General Film Co., 171 App. Div. 854, 157 NYS 1028.

man

[b] Separation of various rights. -"It was undoubtedly held in Kalem Co. v. Harper, 222 U. S. 55, 32 SCt 20, 56 L. ed. 92, AnnCas1913A 1285, that the owner of dramatic rights might forbid their dramatic representation by moving pictures, and present time the only right to proto the tect moving pictures arises from the "It is said that the effect of this words 'dramatic' or 'drama.' [a] Construction of amendment. the statutory right to protect against Thus, amendment is to add to the list of right to protect against infringement the making of scenario from a book still arises from a moving picture section 1, subd.. 'b,' and the statutory things that may be copyrighted without any reference to publication, so righted without publication, and it of the scenario arises from section 1, that under section 11, as it subd. 'd.' stands, a photo play may be copy-play are now specifically controlled Yet the proceedings for registration of the moving may also be copyrighted after pubpicture by sections 5 and 11 of the amendlication. I am not prepared to admit that section 11 has any such ment of 1912, and it appears that it is one thing to secure the copyright meaning. It is not believed that the phrase, 'works of an author, of which upon a drama proper and another to secure it on a moving picture play. copies are not reproduced for sale,' A was intended to modify any other having general statutory dramatic rights like Kauffman might nouns except 'lecture,' 'dramatic composition,' and 'musical composition.' tion, or he might copyright the play, make a play and perform it under his To speak of a photograph as common-law rights without publicawork of an author of which copies righted or published his moving picand he would still not have copyare not reproduced for sale is abargument as to two kinds of copysurd. But, in order to maintain the ture rights. If he wrote photograph or a drawing or a work scenario and made his film, he could such right, it must be asserted that get a separate copyright upon that. play may be copyrighted at any time Of course, he could sell his statutory of art or a motion picture or a photo or common-law copyright of the play and keep the moving picture copywithout reference to the use made of right, or it, provided only that 'copies are not he could sell each. reproduced for sale.' In my opinion right to dramatize and the right to seems to me clear that, if he could It do this, he could sell separately the it is still true that all the articles protected on publication by affixing thus giving each assignee the right enumerated in section 11 can only be make a moving picture play, dividing his statutory dramatizing rights, and the notice of copyright required by this act, so that, no matter whether when he had exercised those rights an article be enumerated in section to get his own copyright for a drama, 11 or not, the inquiry is still import- Photo-Drama Motion Picture for ant, when it was published, and, if it a moving picture was published before copyright regSocial Uplift Film Corp., 213 istered, then the copyright sought is 42]. 374, 377 [aff 220 Fed. 448, 137 CCA invalidated." Universal Film Co. v. Copperman, 212 Fed. 301, 303 Mfg. 84. [aff 218 Fed. 577, 134 CCA 305]. O'Neill v. General Film 171 App. Div. 854, 157 NYS 1028 [aff 83. Co.. Klein v. Beach, 232 Fed. 240 152 NYS 599]. [aff 239 Fed. 108, 151 CCA 282]; Uni

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[§ 123] 13. Mechanical Devices; Music Rolls, Records, Etc. In the United States, prior to the act of 1909, perforated music rolls, phonograph discs or cylinders, or other like devices for the mechanical reproduction of sound were not within the protection of the copyright laws,88 and did not even infringe protected works which they were the means of audibly reproducing.89 The act of 1909 plainly makes such mechanical devices, if unauthorized, infringements of copyrighted dramatic and musical works which they serve to reproduce.90 But it is not so clear whether or not this act has made such devices themselves capable of copyright, and they do not fall within any of the specified thirteen classes of copyrightable subject matter unless they may be termed dramatic or musical compositions.91 Of course, they are now indirectly protected through the copyright on the composition reproduced by them.92 It is possible, however, that such devices

by Act Aug. 24, 1912 (37 U. S. St. at L. 488).

86. Act March 4, St. at L. 1075 c 320 by Act Aug. 24, 1912 L. 488).

1909 (35 U. S.
5), as amended
(37 U. S. St. at

87. St. 1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 § 35(1) (where it is provided that the phrase "dramatic work" shall include "any cinematograph production where the arrangement or acting form or the combination of incidents represented give the work an original character").

[a] Reasons for distinction.-"No doubt there is a logical principle underlying the distinction between a dramatic and a non-dramatic filmthe former is the result of an intellectual effort combined with technical skill; to produce the latter only the technical skill is needed. The former is therefore given by the Act a higher degree of protection as a dramatic work, the latter a lower degree of protection as a photographic work. At the same time it is thought that logic might in this case have been sacrificed to convenience, and the distinction certainly seems likely to give rise to difficulties in some cases, particularly as the dividing line between a dramatic and nondramatic film may not always be easy to draw." Copinger Copyright (5th ed) p 251.

88. White-Smith Music Pub. Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U. S. 1, 28 SCt 319, 52 L. ed. 655, 14 AnnCas 628; Kennedy V. McTammany, 33 Fed. 584 [app dism 145 U. S. 643 mem, 12 SCt 983 mem, 36 L. ed. 853 mem]. 89.

See infra § 322.

90. See infra §§ 322, 323. 91. See supra § 90.

92. See infra § 322.

95

9997

are themselves now copyrightable as dramatic,93 or musical, compositions, as the case may be, provided they are not themselves piracies. There is no requirement in the statute that such compositions shall be first copyrighted in ordinary printed or manuscript form, unless such requirement is implied in the constitutional word "writings, construed as meaning a visible expression of an author's concept. Copyright in such a record is analogous to copyright in an adaptation or other version of an existing work which the statute expressly declares may be copyrighted as a new work.1 Intellectual labor, skill, and individuality enter into the preparation of such records, and they would seem to be within the description of "the writings of an author;" if so, they are copyrightable.2

98

In England it is specifically provided that copyright shall subsist in records, perforated rolls, and other contrivances by means of which sounds may be mechanically reproduced, in like manner as if such contrivances were musical works.3 Under prior statutes such devices were not copyrightable as "books" which by statutory definition included a "sheet of music."4

[§ 1241 14. Articles Designed for Physical Use.

tains control of the right to manu-
facture music rolls, and the
mechanical reproduction of such
music or composition is optional with
him." Aeolian Co. v. Royal Music
Roll Co., 196 Fed. 926, 927.

93. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S.
St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 1(d)).

[a] The statute provides that the owner of a dramatic copyright shall have the exclusive right: "To perform or represent the copyrighted work publicly if it be a drama or, if it be a dramatic work and not reproduced in copies for sale, to vend any manuscript or any record whatsoever thereof; to make or to procure the making of any transcription or record thereof by or from which, in whole or in part, it may in any manner or by any method be exhibited, performed, represented, produced, or reproduced; and to exhibit, perform, represent, produce, or reproduce it in any manner or by any method whatsoever." Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 1(d)).

94. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S.
St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 1(e)).

[a] The statute provides that the
owner of the copyright in a musical
composition shall have the exclusive
right: "(a) To print, reprint, pub-
lish, copy, and vend the copyrighted
work
(e) To perform the
copyrighted work publicly for profit
if it be a musical composition and
for the purpose of public perform-
ance for profit; and for the purposes
set forth in subsection (a) hereof, to
make any arrangement or setting of
it or of the melody of it in any sys-
tem of notation or any form of rec-
ord in which the thought of an au-
thor may be recorded and from which
it may be read or reproduced." Act
March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075
c 320 1(a), (e)).

95. See supra § 91.

96. Congress was not concerned
"in the particular method by which
the author should impart his ideas
to the public." Per Fowler in 28
Op. Atty.-Gen. 265, 269 (holding that
typewritten books may
be сору-
righted).

147 Fed. 226, 77 CCA 368 (aff 209 U. S. 1, 28 SCt 319, 52 L. ed. 655. 14 AnnCas 628)] (where it is said: "The meaning of the word 'writings,' as employed in the Constitution, has been expressly defined in BurrowsGiles Lith. Co. v. Sarony, 111 U. S. 53, 4 SCt 279, 28 L. ed. 349, to include 'all forms of writing, printing, engraving, etching, etc., by which the ideas in the mind of the author are given visible expression.' The restricted definition of the word 'writings' does not, it is thought, permit the inclusion in section 4952 of the Revised Statutes [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3406] of a musical conception, or the inclusion of collated musical sounds or expressions of a musical composition. The words of the statute have reference to the tangible object that appeals to the sense of sight, and that which is susceptible of being reproduced by printing, copying, publishing, etc.").

[a] Phonographic record of song as "sheet of music."-A phonograph record of a song reproducing both words and music is not a "sheet of music," and therefore not "a book" within § 2 of the Copyright Act of 1842. Newmark v. National Phonograph Co., Ltd., 51 Sol. J. 412.

99. Copinger Copyright (5th ed)

P 278.
1. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St.
at L. 1075 c 320 § 6). See supra § 95.
2. See supra §§ 85, 90. See also
Aeolian Co. v. Royal Music Roll Co.,
196 Fed. 926 (where, although it is
said that music rolls or records are
not directly copyrightable, licensed
rolls were protected against copying
by others under the statutory com-
pulsory license, on the ground that
others had no right to appropriate
the skill and labor of the original
maker of the roll or record. The
equity of this is manifest, but it is a
little difficult to see how defend-
ant infringed the musical copyright,
which was the ground of the de-
cision, as defendant had a statutory
right to make records to mechan-
ically reproduce such music, and it
is also difficult to see how the
musical copyright protected the skill
of the licensee).

[a] Indirect protection.—"While, under the provisions of the copyright law, such music rolls or records are not strictly matters of copyright, Congress in passing the enactment evidently intended to protect copyright proprietors in their right to their productions, and to give them an exclusive right to print, publish, and vend the same. If the copyrighted work be a musical composition, the owner, under the provisions of the statute, after complying therewith, has the exclusive right to perform it publicly for profit, and may, if he chooses so to do, make 'an arrangement or setting' of the musical composition, published or copyrighted after the passage of the act, for mechanical reproduction. In this manner the copyright owner re- v. Apollo Co., 139 Fed. 427, 430 [aff | Phonograph Co., Ltd., 51 Sol. J. 412.

[a] Printing not necessary.-8
Anne c 19 did not impose on authors,
as a condition precedent to their de-
riving any benefit under it that the
composition should be first printed.
White v. Geroch, 2 B. & Ald. 298, 106
Reprint 376. 1 Chit. 24, 18 ECL 28.
97. See supra § 85.
White-Smith Music Pub. Co.

98.

3. Copyright Act, 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 § 19 (1)); Monckton v. Pathé Fréres Pathephone, Ltd. [1914] 1 K. B. 395; Chappell & Co., Ltd. V. Columbia Graphophone Co., [1914] 2 Ch. 745.

4. Boosey v. Whight, [1900] 1 Ch. 122. 2 BRC 85; Newmark v. National

Except, perhaps, such devices as perforated music. rolls, dise and cylinder records, for the mechanical reproduction of dramatic and musical compositions,5 articles designed for physical use rather than to convey information or intellectual conceptions are not copyrightable, and must be protected, if at all, under the patent laws. This rule has been applied to indexed letter files, card index cards, score cards, railway tickets, paper cut-outs for making articles,12 and other devices.1

10

6

7

11

13

"

In the

[§ 125] 15. Government Publications. United States the act of 1909 expressly provides that no copyright shall subsist in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part thereof." 14 But the publication of copyright matter by the government, either separately or in a public document, does not cause any abridgment or annulment of such copyright or authorize any use of such matter, without the consent of the copyright owner.1

15

In England the crown has copyright in govern

5. See supra § 123.

6.

Amberg File, etc.. Co. v. Smith, 82 Fed. 314, 315, 27 CCA 246 [aff 78 Fed. 4791; Libraco, Ltd. v. Walker, Ltd., 58 Sol. J. 48.

Shaw

"The copyright law embraces those things that are printed and published for information, and not for use in themselves." Amberg File, etc., Co. v. Smith, supra.

[a] The test.-"The character of what is published is the test of copyright. If what is published is not separately published, is not a publication complete in itself, but is only a direction on a tool or machine, to be understood and used with it, such direction cannot, in my opinion, be severed from the tool or machine of which it is really part, and cannot be monopolized by its inventor under the copyright act." Hollinrake v. Truswell, [1894] 3 Ch. 420, 426 (per Lindley, J.).

7. Amberg File, etc., Co. v. Smith, 82 Fed. 314, 27 CCA 246 [aff 78 Fed. 4791; Hollinrake v. Truswell, [1894] 3 Ch. 420. See Patents [30 Cyc 803]. 8. Amberg File, etc., Co. v. Smith, 82 Fed. 314, 27 CCA 246 [aff 78 Fed. 479].

9. Hollinrake v. Truswell, [1894] 3 Ch. 420; Libraco, Ltd. V. Shaw Walker, Ltd., 58 Sol. J. 48 (holding that cards adapted for use in a card index system, which of themselves convey no meaning or information, are not copyrightable).

10. Page v. Wisden, 20 L. T. Rep. N. S. 435, 436 (where a line in a scoring sheet with the words "runs at the fall of each wicket" was held not capable of copyright, a particular mode of ruling a book not constituting an object of copyright).

11. Griffin v. Kingston, etc., R. Co., 17 Ont. 660 (applying rule as to score cards to railway tickets).

12. Rosenbach v. Dreyfuss, 2 Fed. 217 (where it was held that prints of balloons and hanging baskets, with printing on them for embroidery and cutting lines, showing how the paper may be cut and joined to make the different parts fit together, and not intended as a mere pictorial representation of something, are not copyrightable); Hollinrake v. Truswell, [1894] 3 Ch. 420 (cardboard pattern sleeve).

13. Royal Sales Co. v. Gaynor, 164 Fed. 207. See also supra § 101.

"No copyright exists in toys, games, dolls, advertising novelties, instruments or tools of any kind, glassware, embroideries, garments, laces, woven fabrics, or any similar articles." Rules and Regulations for Registration of Claims to Copyright (Copyright Office Bul. No. 15) rule

12.

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[127] 17. Translations.19 Translations from a foreign language are original works within the meaning of the copyright law, and may be copyrighted.20 If the question was ever doubtful, the doubt has been removed by express statutory enactment that translations shall be regarded as new works subject to copyright.21

[§ 128] 18. Market Quotations and News Items. Market quotations and news items transmitted by telegraph and printed on "tickers" are not the subject of statutory copyright.22 But the system and business of furnishing such telegraphic news service may constitute property which will be pro

[a] Blank account books are not | Representatives, Jan. 30. 1907, No. the subject of a copyright. Baker v. 7083 p 10. Selden, 101 U. S. 99, 25 L. ed. 841; Griffin v. Kingston, etc., R. Co., 17 Ont. 660, 665.

[b] A campaign badge in the form of a monogram is not copyrightable, and must be protected, if at all, by a design patent. Royal Sales Co. v. Gaynor, 164 Fed. 207.

[c] An album for holding photographs, with pictorial borders containing views of castles with short descriptions attached, is not a "book" within 5 & 6 Vict. c 45 § 1, so as to be capable of obtaining copyright for the contents. Schove v. Schmincke, 33 Ch. D. 546.

[d] Directions on a device or measuring apparatus, useful only in connection with that apparatus, are not such a literary production as is subject to copyright. Hollinrake v. Truswell. [1894] 3 Ch. 420. 424 (where Herschell, L. C., said: "What the Plaintiff has sought to protect under the Act for the protection of literary productions is not a literary production, but an apparatus for the use of which certain words and figures must necessarily be inscribed upon it. It is quite true that, notwithstanding the words of the preamble, the protection of copyright may be obtained for works which cannot be said, in the ordinary sense of the term to have literary merit. But there is, as I have pointed out, a marked distinction between these and the claim of protection under the Copyright Act for words and figures inscribed on and necessarily forming part of an apparatus or tool").

14. Act March 4, 1909 (35 St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 7); Du Puy v. Post Telegram Co., 210 Fed. 883, 127 CCA 493; Woodman v. Lydiard-Peterson Co., 192 Fed. 67 [aff 204 Fed. 921, 123 CCA 243, and reh den 205 Fed. 900, 126 CCA 434] (government map).

15. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 7).

[a] Purpose of statute.-"Section 7 was inserted for the reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright, and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication. It was thought best, instead of being obliged to resort every little while to a special act, to have some general legislation on this subject." Report of Committee on Patents to House of

16. St. 1 & 2 Geo. V c 46 § 18. Crown copyright see infra § 164. 17. Folsom v. Marsh, 9 F. Cas. No. 4,901, 2 Story 100.

18. Folsom v. Marsh, 9 F. Cas. No. 4,901, 2 Story 100.

19. Translations as infringements see infra § 301.

20. Stevenson V. Fox, 226 Fed. 990; Emerson v. Davies, 8 F. Cas. No. 4.436, 3 Story 768: Lesser v. Sklarz. 15 F. Cas. No. 8.276a; Shook v. Rankin, 21 F. Cas. No. 12.804. 6 Biss. 477; Fleron v. Lackaye. 14 NYS 292; Byrne v. Statist Co., [1914] 1 K. B. 622; Lauri v. Renad, [1892] 3 Ch. 402; Wood v. Chart, L. R. 10 Eq. 193; Burnett v. Chetwood [cit Southey v. Sherwood, 2 Meriv. 435, 441. 35 Reprint 1006]; Wyatt v. Barnard. 3 Ves. & B. 77, 35 Reprint 408; Rooney v. Kelley, 14 Ir. C. L. 158.

21. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 6).

22. National Tel. News Co. v. Western Union Tel. Co., 119 Fed. 294, 298, 60 LRA 805 (where the court said that printed tape "has no value at all as a book or article. It lasts literally for an hour, and is in the waste basket when the hour has passed. It is not desired by the patron for the intrinsic value of the happening recorded-the happening, as an happening, may have no value. The value of the tape to the patron is almost wholly in the fact that the knowledge thus communicated is earlier, in point of time, than knowledge communicated through other means, or to persons other than those having a like service. In just this quality-to coin a word, the precommunicatedness of the information -is the essence of appellee's service; the quality that wins from the patron his patronage").

[a] Reason for rule.-"Judged by a test like this, the printed matter on the tape in question is in no sense copyrightable. It is, at most, the mere annal of events transpiring. True, the happenings of a race track, or the incidents of a college boat race, may be put in narrative, involving creative imagination; or the doings of a board of trade become the basis of a useful book or article evincing originality. But the printed tape under consideration is no such book or article, and affects no such dignity. It is, in its totality, nothing more or less than the transmission by electricity, over long distances, of what a spectator of the event, occupying a fortunate position to see or hear, would have communicated, by word of mouth, to his less fortunate neighbor. It is an ex

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change merely, over wider area, of Kelly v. Hodge, 29 L. T. Rep. N. S. ordinary sight-seeing; and the ex- 387; Kelly v. Hooper, 1 Y. & Coll. 197, change is in the language of the ordi- 20 EngCh 197, 62 Reprint 852. nary sight-seer. Matter of this char- "Directories and works of like acter is not, within the meaning of character have been specifically prothe copyright law, the fruit of in-tected, at least since Lewis v. Fullartellectual labor, and would not, if ton, 2 Beav. 6. 17 EngCh 6, 48 Reactually copyrighted, be protected by print 1080 decided in 1839, and that the courts. J. L. Mott Iron Works v. they are to be protected is now Clow, 82 Fed. 316, 27 CCA 250." firmly established." Sampson, etc., National Tel. News Co. v. Western Co. v. Seaver-Radford Co., 140 Fed. Union Tel. Co., 119 Fed. 294, 56 CCA 539, 542, 72 CCA 55 [rev 134 Fed. 198, 60 LRA 805. 890].

Newspapers as subjects of copyright see supra § 102.

23. See supra §§ 21, 54.

24. Exchange Tel. Co., Ltd. V. Gregory, 73 L. T. Rep. 120 [app dism [1896] 1 Q. B. 147].

25. Compilations generally see supra 95.

26. Dun V. Lumbermen's Credit Assoc., 144 Fed. 83, 75 CCA 241 [aff 209 U. S. 20, 28 SCt 335, 52 L. ed. 663, 14 AnnCas 501]; Ladd v. Oxnard, 75 Fed. 703.

27. See also supra § 95. 28. Hartford Printing Co. v. Hartford Directory, etc., Co., 146 Fed. 332, 333.

"The plaintiff invokes the law because he was the owner, proprietor, and compiler of a book. In so far as he may have used his brains to get up an artistic book in the way of grouping, classifying, and setting forth the facts which it contains, there would be reason in his claim; but in so far ás he merely records accurately the names of residents, with their occupations, and where to find them at home and in business, it is impossible to discover wherein the useful arts and sciences are promoted. The labor involved therein is purely mechanical, and to protect the copyright affords a certain measure of monopoly in the right to make such a use of labor and money. Copyrights upon directories have, however, been cared for by the courts so many times that it would be presumptuous for me, without solicitation, to attempt a practical expression of my own views. The complainant's lawful copyright is therefore assumed, and, sternly repressing such tendencies as these suggestions would lead us toward, it will be my purpose to decide the matter upon the cases presented." Hartford Printing Co. v. Hartford Directory, etc., Co., supra.

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33. Banker v. Caldwell, 3 Minn. 94. See also Stover v. Lathrop, 33 Fed. 348 (where, admitting copyright, there was no infringement).

34. 803].

See generally Patents [30 Cyc

35. Wyatt v. Barnard, 3 Ves. & B. 77, 35 Reprint 408. But see Newton v. Cowe, 4 Bing. 234, 13 ECL 482, 130 Reprint 759 (where it was held that an engraving on a reduced scale of a specification of a new invention enrolled at the patent office may be the subject of copyright, such reduction having required labor and some degree of skill to preserve the proportions).

36. Legal encyclopedia see infra § 137.

Renewal of copyright see infra §§ 237-239.

37. See infra § 137. 38. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 5(a)). 39. U. S.-Callaghan v. Myers, 128 U. S. 617, 9 SCt 177, 32 L. ed. 547; Banks v. Manchester, 128 U. S. 244, 9 SCt 36, 32 L. ed. 425 [aff 23 Fed. 143]; Paige v. Banks, 13 Wall. 608, 20 L. ed. 709 [aff 18 F. Cas. No. 10,671, 7 Blatchf. 152]; Little v. Hall, 18 How. 165, 15 L. ed. 328; Backus v. Gould, 7 How. 798, 12 L. ed. 919; Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591. 8 L. ed. 1055; West Pub. Co. v. Edward Thompson Co., 169 Fed. 833 [mod on other grounds 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303] West Pub. Co. v. Lawyers' Co-op. Pub. Co., 64 Fed. 360. 25 LRA 441 [rev on other grounds 29. National Cloak, etc., Co. 79 Fed. 756, 25 CCA 648, 35 LRA Kaufman 189 Fed. 215; Hartford 400]; Myers v. Callaghan, 5 Fed. Printing Co. v. Hartford Directory, 726, 10 Biss. 139, 20 Fed. 441; Banks etc., Co., 146 Fed. 332; Sampson, etc., v. McDivitt, 1 F. Cas. No. 961, 13 Co. v. Seaver-Radford Co., 140 Fed. Blatchf. 163; Chase v. Sanborn, 5 F. 539, 72 CCA 55 [rev 134 Fed. 890]; Cas. No. 2,628, 4 Cliff. 306; Cowen v. Trow Directory, etc., Co. v. U. S. Banks, 6 F. Cas. No. 3,295, 24 How Pr Directory Co., 122 Fed. 191; Williams (N. Y.) 72; Gould v. Hastings, 9 F. V. Smythe, 110 Fed. 961; Trow Cas. No. 5,639; Gray v. Russell, 10 Directory, etc., Co. v. Boyd, 97 Fed. F. Cas. No. 5,728, 1 Story 11; Little 586; Morris v. Wright. L. R. 5 Ch. v. Gould, 15 F. Cas. No. 8.394, 2 279; Lamb v. Evans, [1893] 1 Ch. 218; Mathieson v. Harrod, L. R. 7 Eq. 270; Morris v. Ashbee, L. R. 7 Eq. 40; Kelly v. Morris, L. R. 1 Eq. 697, 7 ERC 102; Lewis v. Fullarton, 2 Beav. 6, 17 EngCh 6, 48 Reprint 1080; Collis v. Cater, 78 L. T. Rep. N. S. 613;

V.

Blatchf. 165, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,395, 2 Blatchf. 362.

Ind. Ex p. Brown, 166 Ind. 593, 78 NE 553.

Mass.-Nash v. Lathrop, 142 Mass 29. 6 NE 559.

Pa. Banks v. Manchester, 2 Del.

Co. 372.

Eng.-Sweet v. Benning, 16 C. B. 459. 81 ECL 459, 139 Reprint 838; Hodges v. Welch, 2 Ir. Eq. 266; Sweet v. Shaw, 3 Jur. 217; Saunders v. Smith, 3 Myl. & C. 711, 14 EngCh 711, 40 Reprint 1100; Sweet V. Maugham, 11 Sim. 51, 34 EngCh 51, 59 Reprint_793. See Butterworth v. Robinson, 5 Ves. Jr. 709, 31 Reprint 817 (where an injunction was granted against a colorable abridgment of the Term Reports).

40. Callaghan v. Myers, 128 U. S. 617, 9 SCt 177, 32 L. ed. 547; Banks v. Manchester, 128 U. S. 244, 9 SCt 36, 32 L. ed. 425 [aff 23 Fed. 143]; Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. (U. S.) 591, 8 L. ed. 1055; State v. Gould, 34 Fed. 319; Banks v. West Pub. Co., 27 Fed. 50; Little v. Gould, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,394, 2 Blatchf. 165, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,395, 2 Blatchf. 362 (under N. Y. Const. (1846) art 6 § 22, which provides that all "judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person"); Ex p. Brown, 166 Ind. 593, 78 NE 553; Nash v. Lathrop, 142 Mass. 29, 6 NE 559; Banks v. Manchester, 2 Del. Co. (Pa.) 372; Tichborne v. Mostyn, L. R. 7 Eq. 55 note. See also Rex v. Clement, 4 B. & Ald. 218, 6 ECL 458, 106 Reprint 918; Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burr. 2303, 98 Reprint 201; Atkins' Case [cit Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burr. 2303, 2315, 2316, 98 Reprint 2011]; Roper v. Streater [cit Millar v. Taylor, supra]; Baskett v. Cambridge Univ., 2 Burr. 661, 97 Reprint 499, 2 Ld. Ken. 397. 96 Reprint 1222, W. Bl. 105, 96 Reprint 59; Gurney v. Longman, 13 Ves. J. 493, 33 Reprint 379; 8 Bacon Abr. tit Prerogative p 114 (F) 5.

"The question is one of public policy, and there has always been a judicial consensus, from the time of the decision in the case of Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591. 8 L. ed. 1055 that no copyright could under the statutes passed by Congress, be secured in the products of the labor done by judicial officers in the discharge of their judicial duties. The whole work done by the judges constitutes the authentic exposition and interpretation of the law, which, binding every citizen, is free for publication to all, whether it is a declaration of unwritten law, or an interpretation of a constitution or a statute. Nash V. Lathrop, 142 Mass. 29, 35, 6 NE 559. In Wheaton v. Peters, at p. 668, it was said by this court, that it was 'unanimously of opinion that no reporter has or can have any copyright in the written opinions delivered by this court; and that the judges thereof cannot confer on any reporter any such right.' What a court, or a judge thereof, cannot confer on a reporter as the basis of a copyright in him, they cannot confer on any other person or on the State." Banks v. Manchester, 128 U. S. 244, 253, 9 SCt 36, 32 L. ed. 425 [aff 23 Fed. 143].

[a] Constitutional provision making judicial decisions public property. -In the case of Little v. Gould, 15 F. Cas. No. 8.394, 2 Blatchf. 165, it

41

43

court, syllabi, and statements of facts,12 or other matter prepared by the judges.* In Connecticut a contrary view has been expressed.**

46

[135] b. Statutes and Court Rules. In England the crown has, by virtue of its prerogative, the exclusive right to the publication, among other things, of acts of parliament.45 In the United States there can be no copyright in statutes themselves for the same reasons that are applicable to reports. But a particular compilation of statutes may, on account of the judgment and skill displayed in the combination and analysis and the addition of original features by the compiler, be so original as to entitle the author to a copyright therein. So a copyright may be had in an analysis of acts of parliament with appendixes." Annotated court rules may be copyrighted.19

48

47

[136] c. Digests. Digests of decisions are of course copyrightable as compilations, and this is true, although they are made up of syllabi paragraphs previously published and copyrighted in the form of reports,52 or of digest paragraphs previously published in earlier digests, but which have been recompiled, with additions, and so made into a new digest.53

[137] d. Cyclopedias and Textbooks. Cyclopedias of law and legal textbooks are copyrightable and have often been protected against piracy.54

55

[138] e. Legal Blanks. It has been held that blank forms for legal instruments required by statute may possess sufficient originality to entitle them to be copyrighted, although minor parts of such forms are old, if they are so combined with the parts drawn in pursuance of the statute as to make a complete form.5

57

61

[§ 139] 25. New Editions. New editions of existing works which are but reprints of the original without alteration or addition are not copyrightable, but are protected, if at all, by the original copyright.58 But where new and original matter is incorporated into a new edition by the exercise of intellectual skill, a new copyright may be obtained thereon, such editions being new works within the meaning of the statute.59 This was true even under the former statutes, ,60 and the copyright act of 1909 specifically so provides. In the case of new editions, the subsequent copyright covers only what is new and original in the new edition;62 it does not operate to extend or to enlarge the prior copyrights or to remove from the public domain the portions which have been dedicated to the public.63 This rule also has been incorporated in the statute.64 Merely colorable changes not made in good faith for the purpose of producing a new work will not confer a right to a copyright. So mere mechanical aggregation of matter previously published will not supby every applicant for a license to sell liquor at retail has been held to be entitled to the protection of the copyright statute. Plaintiff's forms were declared to be sufficiently original. "They are founded upon and are adapted to the requirements of the Pennsylvania statute of 1887, relating to the sale of liquors. While minor parts of each form are old, they are so combined with the parts drawn in pursuance of the statute as to make a complete form. Το prepare such instruments requires some learning, and involves some literary labor; quite as much as the compilation of facts or figures, or extracts from books. Such compilations are entitled to a copyright, under the construction given to the statute." Brightley v. Littleton, 37 Fed. 103. 104.

matters, for they constitute no part of that which is public property, and are plainly produced by the compiler." Howell v. Miller, 91 Fed. 129, 138, 33 CCA 407.

was held that the provision of N. Y. | his copyright would embrace all such Const. (1846) art 6 § 22, that all "judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person" was not repugnant to the constitution of the United States. For a construction of this provision see Little v. Gould, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,395, 2 Blatchf. 362.

41. See cases supra note 40. 42. Banks v. Manchester, 128 U. S. 244, 9 SCt 36, 32 L. ed. 425 [aff 23 Fed. 143]; West Pub. Co. v. Edward Thompson Co., 169 Fed. 833 [mod on other grounds 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303]; Chase v. Sanborn, 5 F. Cas. No. 2,628.

43. Banks v. Manchester, 128 U. S. 244, 9 SCt 36, 32 L. ed. 425 [aff 23 Fed. 143]; and cases supra note 40.

44. Gould v. Banks, 53 Conn. 415, 2 A 886, 55 AmR 143. It has been said that the observations on this point were unnecessary to the decision of the case before the court. Per Wallace, J., in State v. Gould, 34 Fed. 319.

45. Drone Copyright p 164; Baskett v. Cambridge Univ., 2 Burr. 661, 97 Reprint 499, 2 Ld. Ken. 397, 96 Reprint 1222, W. Bl. 105, 96 Reprint 59; Baskett v. Cunningham, 2 Eden 137, 28 Reprint 848, W. Bl. 370, 96 Reprint 208; Eyre v. Carnan, 8 Bac. Abr. p 144 tit Prerogative (F) 5. See also Banks v. West Pub. Co., 27 Fed. 50 (discussing early cases under the king's prerogative).

Crown copyright see infra § 164. 46. Howell v. Miller, 91 Fed. 129, 33 CCA 407; Davidson v. Wheelock, 27 Fed. 61; Banks v. West Pub. Co., 27 Fed. 50, 59 (dictum by Brewer, J.).

47. Howell v. Miller, 91 Fed. 129, 33 CCA 407; Davidson v. Wheelock,

27 Fed. 61.

48. Alexander v. Mackenzie, 9 Dec. Ct. Sess. (2d ser) 748.

49. Banks v. McDivitt, 2 F. Cas. No. 961, 13 Blatchf. 163.

50. West Pub. Co. v. Lawyers' Co-Op. Pub. Co., 64 Fed. 360, 25 LRA 441 [rev on other grounds 79 Fed. 756, 25 CCA 648. 35 LRA 4001; Davidson v. Wheelock, 27 Fed. 61; Banks v. McDivitt, 2 F. Cas. No. 961, 13 Blatchf. 163; Sweet v. Benning. 16 C. B. 459, 81 ECL 459, 139 Reprint 838.

Infringement of law digest see 310.

infra

51. See supra § 95. 52. West Pub. Co. V. Edward Thompson Co., 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303. 53. West Pub. Co. V. Edward Thompson Co., 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303.

54.

See infra § 310.

55. Brightley v. Littleton, 37 Fed. 103; Alexander v. Mackenzie, 9 Dec. Ct. Sess. (2d ser) 748; Church V. Linton, 25 Ont. 131. But see Carlisle v. Colusa County, 57 Fed. 979 (where it was held, construing Cal. Pol. Code § 3630, that there could be no copyright in any particular arrangement of the matter which the California code required the assessors to deliver to each person as a blank form of property statements, for the assessors should not be embarrassed in the performance of their duties by any distinctions of convenience of forms prepared by private persons).

of

"One may copyright a book forms or a series of papers to be filled in by applicants for liquor licenses: Brightley v. Littleton, 37 Fed. 103. In this the Judge said: "The matter must be original and possess some possible utility. The originality, however, may be of the lowest order, and the utility barely perceptible.'" Church v. Linton, 25 Ont. 131, 134.

[a] Scope of compiler's copyright. "Upon like grounds we are of opinion that Howell was entitled to have copyrighted his volumes of Annotated Statutes, and that such copyright covers all in his books that may fairly be deemed the result of his labors. Speaking generally, this would include marginal references, notes, memoranda, table of contents, indexes, and digests of judicial decisions prepared by him from orig- 56. Brightley v. Littleton, 37 Fed. inal sources of information; also 103. such headnotes as are clearly the [a] Rule applied. A series of result of his labors. We do not per- blank forms for the instruments receive any difficulty in holding that quired by a liquor tax law to be filed

65

57. See supra §§ 92, 93. 58. Notice of copyright in new editions see infra § 219.

59. West Pub. Co. V. Edward Thompson Co., 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303; Banks v. McDivitt, 2 F. Cas. No. 961, 13 Blatchf. 163; Gray v. Russell, 10 F. Cas. No. 5.728, 1 Story 11; Lawrence v. Dana, 15 F. Cas. No. 8,136, 4 Cliff. 1.

[a] New editions of maps as well as of books are included and contemplated by the copyright laws. Farmer v. Calvert Lith., etc., Co., 8 F. Cas. No. 4.651, 1 Flipp. 228.

60. See also cases supra note 59. 61. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 6): West Pub. Co. V. Edward Thompson Co., 176 Fed. 833, 100 CCA 303 (applying the statute).

62. Caliga v. Inter-Ocean Newspaper Co., 157 Fed. 186, 84 CCA 634 [aff 215 U. S. 182, 30 SCt 38, 54 L. ed. 150]; Kipling V. Putnam, 120 Fed. 631, 57 CCA 295, 65 LRA 873. See also supra § 91.

63. Kipling v. Putnam, 120 Fed. 631, 57 CCA 295. 65 LRA 873.

64. Act March 4, 1909 (35 U. S. St. at L. 1075 c 320 § 6).

65. Snow v. Laird, 98 Fed. 813, 39 CCA 311; Black v. Murray, 9 Sc. Sess. Cas. (3d ser) 341 (where it was discussed, although not decided, whether by a change of one word a copyright may be acquired in a new edition); Cary v. Faden, 5 Ves. Jr. 24, 31 Reprint 453.

[a] Reclaiming published photo

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