PHILIP دو Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon and Castile; left sons later known as emperors Charles V and Ferdinand I, and four daughters who became queens. PHILIP II, 1527-98; b. Valladolid; son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal; received from his father the duchy of Milan, 1540; kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, 1554; lordship of the Netherlands, 1555, and Kingdom of Spain and its dependencies, 1556. From his father's reign he inherited a war with France, Pope Paul IV, and the Turkish sultan, but the Duke of Lava drove the French out of Italy and compelled the pope to sue for peace under the walls of Rome, while the victories of St. Quentin and Gravelines, won by Egmont, enabled Philip to conclude an advantageous peace with France at Câteau-Cambrésis, 1559. His attempt to establish the Inquisition in the Netherlands, 1565, led to revolution, long war by land and sea, and the birth of the Dutch Republic. Operations against Turks were crowned by the great naval victory of Lepanto, 1571, but his celebrated "invincible armada was defeated by the English, 1588. He conquered and annexed Portugal, 1581; lived to see failure of designs on the Netherlands, France, and England; married into the royal families of England, France, Austria, and Portugal; changed capital of Spain from Toledo to Madrid; succeeded by his son, Philip III. PHILIP III, 1578-1621; b. Madrid; succeeded, 1598; indolent and incapable; allowed Duke of Lerma to continue war in the Netherlands till 1609, when finances failed and a twelve-year truce was signed. The most disastrous event in reign was the expulsion from Spain of about 1,000,000 Moors, largely farmers and traders, 1610; nation declined rapidly after his reign; succeeded by his son, Philip IV. PHILIP IV, 1605–65; b. Valladolid; succeeded, 1621; controlled by Duke of Olivarez; renewed war against the Dutch on expiration of truce, 1621; joined Emperor of Germany in league against Protestants; at war with France, 163559; made peace with all enemies, excepting France, by Treaty of Westphalia, 1648; lost Portugal by successful revolution and victory of Villaviciosa, 1665; also several colonies, islands, and cities; succeeded by his son, Charles II. PHILIP V, 1683-1745; b. Versailles; second son of Louis, dauphin of France; known in youth as Duc d'Anjou; claimed throne of France under will of Charles II, 1700; claim contested by Archduke Charles of Austria; "War of the Spanish Succession" followed; France supported Spain; England, Holland, Savoy, Portugal, and Prussia supported Austria. The war began, 1702; Philip lost heavily, but victories of Duc de Vendôme and Marshal Villars confirmed him on throne. Peace restored to Europe by Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; war renewed, 1717; Spanish fleet defeated by English in Mediterranean; peace renewed, 1720; Philip abdicated to his son Louis, 1724, but Louis's death soon after caused him to resume power; made alliance with France, under which his son, Don Carlos, conquered Sicily and Naples, 1733; succeeded by his son, Ferdinand VI. Philip, Marcus Julius (surnamed THE ARAB), d. 249 A.D.; Roman emperor; b. Bosra, Arabia; PHILIPPINE ISLANDS rose from being a common soldier to the highest rank in the army; gained the throne, 244, by the murder of Gordian; made peace with Persia; popular for a time by his liberality; defeated by Decius at Verona, and killed by his own troops. Philip'pi, ancient town of Macedonia; built, or at least enlarged, by Philip, from whom it received its name; became famous as the place where the battle was fought, 42 B.C., between Brutus and Cassius on the one side and Antony and Octavius on the other; Brutus and Cassius were totally routed. St. Paul founded a Christian church here. Philip'pians, Epis'tle to the, letter written by the apostle Paul when he was a Roman prisoner. The Philippian Church, to which he was especially attached, sent one of their number, Epaphroditus, to supply his wants. This epistle is a letter of thanks for the gift, but it goes beyond its primary purpose and gives information concerning himself, adding warnings and advices for their benefit. It is the warmest and most affectionate of all Paul's letters. Phil'ippine Islands, possession of the U. S., occupying the most N. part of the E. end of the geographical grand division known as the E. Archipelago, in E. Asia. Through the capital and chief emporium, Manila, they are the key to the commerce of the islands that border the steam routes between Japan and China and the Philippines, the Sulu Archipelago, the islands of the S. Pacific, the coasts of Borneo, Celebes Sea and Islands, Molucca and Gillolo passages, Banda and Arafura seas, the coasts of Papua, or New Guinea, and Australia to the SE. and S., and Indo China, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java, and India, and countries beyond to the SW. and W. They lie entirely within the . N. torrid zone. They received their present name from Ruiz Lopez de Villalobos, one of the early discoverers, in honor of the Prince of Asturias, afterwards King Philip of Spain. The archipelago is bounded on the N. by the China Sea, on the E. by the Pacific, on the S. by the Celebes Sea and Borneo, and on the W. by the China Sea. The nearest land on the N. is Formosa, a dependency of Japan, 93 m. NW. of Y'Ami, the most N. of the Batanes group; on the E. the Pelew Islands (German), 510 m. off Mindanao; on the S. Ariaga (de la Silla Island), the most N. of the Carcaralong group (Dutch), 37 m. S. of the Saranganis, off Mindanao; on the SW. the extreme E. point of Borneo, 24 m. SW. of Sibutu; on the S. Balambañgan, an island off the extreme N. coast of Borneo, 31 m. S. of Balabac; and on the W. Cochin China, 515 m. W. of Palawan. The nearest approach of the international dividing line between Asia and Oceania passes about 15° (900 nautical miles) E. of Batac Island, off the NE. coast of Samar, in about lat. 12° 40' N. The land surface within the limits defined is 127,853 sq. m.-greater than the combined areas of the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware (104,970 sq. m.), nearly twice as large as the five states of New England (66,425 sq. m.), and larger than the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS New England states, New York, and New Jersey (123,860 sq. m.). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS | gan; longest rivers of Mindanao, the Agusan, or Butuan, and Pulangui, or Grande de Mindanao, the latter navigable for about 70 m. Hot springs are numerous. Earthquakes are sometimes very destructive. Soil very fertile, especially in the plains and valleys, but not more than a third of the land surface is in cultivation, much of it being covered with dense forests of valuable timber, gum, and dye woods. Chief products, sugar, rice, coffee, indigo, hemp, maize, cotton, tobacco, yams, sweet potatoes. Nearly all tropical fruits are grown. Mineral products include gold, found in many places; lignite, copper, lead, silver, iron, sulphur, marble, kaolin, rock salt, manganese, gypsum, petroleum, natural gas. Pearl fish Industries include the manufacture of to Small The archipelago comprises about 3,141 islands and islets; largest islands, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Panay, Leyte, Cebu, Mindoro, Masbate, Negros, Bohol, Romblon; chief cities, Manila (capital), Bauan, Lipa, Laoag, Batangas, Argao, Cebu, Barili, Carcar, Sibonga, San Carlos, Tobaco, Janiuay, Miagas, all above 20,000; pop. (1908) 8,097,371, including uncivilized natives, Chinese, mestizos, offspring of Chinese and natives, and European and American. Natives, ethnologically arranged, comprise the Negritos, the earlier if not the aboriginal inhabitants; Indonesians, confined to Mindanao; Malayans (forty-seven race and tribal names), dominant races being the Vi-eries exist in the Sulu Archipelago. sayas, Tagalogs, the furthest advanced in civilization; Bicoles, Ilocanos, Pangasináns,, Pam-bacco, cigars, and cheroots (chiefly at and near pangos, Cagayanes, and Moros. Spanish is the Manila), cord, rope, thread, cotton goods, language common to all educated people, the sugar, copra, carriages, hats, umbrellas, mass speaking only the native dialect peculiar cement, ice, and liquors. Iron foundries and to their respective localities, but the use of machine shops, sawmills, stone cutting, woodEnglish is rapidly extending. Climate essen-working, and other mills are numerous. tially tropical, the normally high temperature oscillating between narrow limits. Nights often 10° to 20° cooler than the days; mean annual temperature at Manila, 80° F.; hottest season, March to June; greatest heat generally felt in May, maximum ranging 80°-100° in shade; coolest weather in December and January, temperature seldom rising in the day above 75°; year divided into the wet and dry seasons; the dry polar current from the NE. prevailing from October to April and the moist SW. monsoon for the rest of the year. From July to October, inclusive, rains are very heavy, and large tracts of lowlands are flooded. Mean annual rainfall at Manila, 75 in.; extremes of annual precipitation, 121 to 36 in. Typhoons occur between May and November, but are most frequent in July, August, and September; develop in the Pacific and sweep over the China Sea during the SW. monsoon. They affect the Philippines as far S. as Mindanao, The surface is mountainous, three ridges, partly submarine and partly submerged, connect with the Borneo and Celebes islands, and are continued N. through the Philippines; loftiest peaks yet known, volcano of Apo, in Mindanao, 10,312 ft.; Malindag, also in Mindanao, 8,560; Halion, in Mindoro, 8,850; Mayon, or Albay, in Luzon, 8,274. Extinct craters are numerous; active volcanoes include Bulusan and Mayon, in S. Luzon, the latter the most destructive in the archipelago. The plains are alluvial districts on the middle and lower courses and at the mouths of the rivers. The alluvial districts are of considerable extent, particularly in Luzon, whose broad, low plains N. of Manila, between the coast mountain ranges, are very productive. The islands are well supplied with rivers, small streams, and lakes. Laguna de Bay (Bay Lake), which nearly bisects Luzon, 25 by 21 m., has as its outlet the Pasig River, 12 m. long, which enters Manila Bay through the city. Largest river, the Cagayan, or Rio Grande, in Luzon, 200 m.; other important rivers of Luzon, the Abra, Agno, and Pampan ships for the coasting trade are built to some extent. In some villages of Luzon and Panay almost every family has a hand loom, and cotton and sailcloths, quilts, coverlets, etc., are produced in considerable quantities. Cotton rugs of handsome designs are made in some of the islands, and fabrics of hemp, silk, and pina, the fiber of the pineapple leaf, are also produced. Chief ports, Manila and Aparri, on Luzon; Iloilo, on Panay, and Cebu, on Island of Cebu. Chief exports, hemp, sugar, copra, tobacco, cigars, gums, and resins; imports mainly from the U. S., French India, Great Britain, China, British India, and Germany; exports, chiefly to the U. S. and Great Britain; value of imports for fiscal year 1908, $30,918,357; exports, $32,816,567; exports to U. S., $10,323,233; imports, $5,079,487. The dominant religion is the Roman Catholic. An independent Filipino church exists in Luzon. The Moros are Mohammedans, and there are pagan tribes. Manila has a university and a medical school connected with it; also a number of colleges under the various religious orders. English is taught in all the public schools (over 3,000) of the islands. A training school for teachers and industrial and trade schools have been established since American occupation. The islands were discovered by the Portuguese navigator Magellan, 1521. Spain sent a number of expeditions to take possession of the islands, but all failed until 1565, when Philip II sent Miguel de Legaspi, who secured a foothold in Cebu, and later removed to Luzon, where Manila was founded, 1581. The coasts were gradually brought under the dominion of Spain, but the interior of the larger islands and some of the smaller ones were never subjected to her authority. For a long time the islands were attacked frequently by the Portuguese, who were jealous of the growing power of Spain in the Orient, and later by the Dutch, who wished to add the Philippines to their E. empire. None of these attacks, however, were of a formidable character, and Spain's most serious troubles with external enemies in the PHILIPPINS Philippines were the invasion of the Chinese pirate Li Ma Hong, 1754, when he attacked the Spanish with a powerful fleet of nearly 100 war junks, but was finally defeated; and, 1762, when England captured Manila and held it, with the surrounding country, for two years, when, peace having been restored between the two countries, the territory was returned to Spain. The more civilized natives, including the half-breeds, were long greatly discontented with the government given them by Spain, and there were revolts from time to time, the most serious of which began August, 1896, and continued, with one slight interruption, until the end of the Spanish rule, brought about by the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, by an American squadron under Commodore (later admiral) Dewey. A treaty of peace between the U. S. and Spain was signed December 10, 1898, and ratified by the Queen Regent of Spain March 17, 1899, and with the payment of $20,000,000, to which $100,000 was added for the islands of Cagayan and Sibutu, omitted in the treaty, the Philippines became a U. S. possession. The capture of Aguinaldo, March 23, 1901, was practically the end of the armed revolution, chiefly of the Tagals, against the American occupancy, which had been carried on with ever-decreasing success during 1899-1900. In March, 1900, Pres. McKinley appointed a commission, which arrived in Manila June 3d, to organize the civil government of the islands. On June 21st a proclamation of amnesty was issued, and in the following months many Filipinos took advantage of its provisions. On July 4, 1901, the military government was discontinued, excepting in such provinces as remained in insurrection, and William H. Taft, president of the commission, appointed civil governor June 22d, entered on his duties, not the least onerous of which was the separation of Church and State. In 1904 he was succeeded by Luke E. Wright, and he, 1906, by James F. Smith. A general election for delegates to the first Philippine Assembly was held July 30, 1907, and the Assembly began its sessions October 16th, following, Mr. Taft (then Secretary of War) being present at the opening ceremonies. Phil'ippins, or Starover'ski, name of a sect of Russian origin settled since 1700 in E. Prussia and Lithuania. They reject oaths and the priesthood, refuse to do military service, rebaptize all converts from other sects, and have a celibate eldership. They cling persistently to the ancient liturgy of the Russian Church, which has been officially discountenanced for more than two hundred years. Philippop'olis, capital of E. Rumelia, Bulgaria; on five granite hills near the Maritza (Xebrus) River; 86 m. WNW. of Adrianople; founded by Philip of Macedon; was capital of province of Thrace under the Romans; nearly destroyed by earthquake, 1818; scene of Turkish defeat by Russians, 1878; is in best Turkish rice district; has manufactures of silk, cotton, leather, tobacco; center of large trade in attar of roses, grain, tobacco, wool, and wine. Pop. (1900) 42,849. PHILLIPS Philippoteaux (fé-le-po-to'), Henri Emmanuel Félix, 1815-84; French painter; b. Paris; pupil of Léon Coguiet, with whom he worked on the painting of "The Battle of Mount Tabor" for the Versailles Museum; adopted historical line; later painted several remarkable panoramas; of most important works there are in the S. Kensington Museum “Before the Battle of Fontenoy" and the "English Squares at Waterloo"; at Versailles, "The Chevalier Bayard defending the Bridge at Garigliano," "The Siege of Antwerp in 1832," and the "Battle of Montebello," 1859; at Luxembourg, "Louis XV on the Field of Fontenoy"; in Gallery of Marseilles, "The Last Banquet of the Girondins." Phil'ips, Ambrose, abt. 1671-1749; English poet; b. Leicestershire; settled in London as a writer; associate of Steele, Addison, and their circle; wrote six "Pastorals," which appeared in Tonson's "Poetical Miscellany," 1709, along with others by Pope; produced on the stage three tragedies, "The Distressed Mother," "The Briton," and "Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester "; began, 1718, the publication of a serial paper, The Free Thinker, which attained great popularity; held important offices in Ireland. Philis'tines, ancient people of Palestine, occupying a limited territory on the S. portion of the coast, bounded by the hilly regions of Dan, Ephraim, and Judah, and extending SW. to the confines of Egypt. The Hebrews were ing the time of the later judges and the kings, engaged in a perpetual conflict with them duragainst whom they generally maintained their independence. In the time of the Maccabees Philistia was subject to Syria. The leading Philistine cities were Gaza, Ashdod or Azotus. Ascalon, Goth, and Ekron. The religion of the Philistines resembled that of the Phoni cians, their principal deities being Dagon, Baal-zebub, and the goddess Derceto. Phil'lips, Stephen, 1866- ; English poet and dramatist; b. Somerton, near Oxford; was for six years connected with a theatrical company, playing in the provinces and in Ireland; works include "Marpessa,' 99 66 Eremus," "Christ in Hades," "6 Poems," and the plays Paolo and Francesca," 99 66 Herod," "Ulysses," Nero," and "Faust." 99 66 66 Phillips, Wendell, 1811-84; American orator; b. Boston, Mass.; son of John Phillips, first mayor of Boston; admitted to the bar, 1834; became an abolitionist of the Garrisonian school, 1836, and, 1839, relinquished law practice from unwillingness to observe the oath of fealty to the Federal Constitution. From that time till 1861 he was a prominent leader and the most popular orator of the abolitionists. In 1870 he was the temperance and labor reform candidate for Governor of Massachusetts, receiving nearly 20,000 votes. He long advocated woman suffrage, prohibitory liquor laws, and prison reform, and opposed capital punishment; delivered numerous popular lectures in most of the N. states, the more notable being those on "The Lost Arts" and "Tous |