ST. PETER'S CHURCH

anatomical collections, etc., and a botanical | garden with the largest palm house in Europe. The university, founded 1819, is attended by over 2,000 students. The mining school has an unsurpassed collection of minerals. Many special schools and gymnasia for girls are established, and a number of compulsory elementary schools were opened, 1873. A celebrated institution is the foundling hospital. The manufactures, imperial and private, comprise glass, porcelain, and malachite ware, Gobelin tapes try and embroidery, arms, surgical and optical

instruments, linen, woolen, cotton, and silk goods, paper, soap, tobacco, etc. A maritime canal from Cronstadt permits vessels drawing 18 to 20 ft. to reach the quays of the city. A system of fresh-water canals gives ready and inexpensive communication with the interior, and railways connect the city with Moscow, Warsaw, and Berlin. Pop. with suburbs (1905) 1,429,000.

St. Pe'ter's Church, basilica in Rome; consists of a Latin cross 613 ft. long and 450 ft. across the transept, surmounted by a dome 434 ft. above the pavement with a diameter of 195 ft.; façade, 368 ft. long and 145 ft. high; building begun under Pope Nicholas V, after a plan by Rosselini, 1450, but work was neglected for nearly half a century; under Julius II, Bramante prepared a new plan, which was subsequently followed out in the main. Raphael had charge of the building for some time; Michelangelo designed the dome and nearly completed its erection; façade is by Carlo Maderno; the colonnade by Bernini. The church was consecrated by Urban VIII, November 18, 1626, the thirteen hundredth anniversary of the day on which St. Sylvester consecrated the basilica which originally occupied the site.

St. Peter's Sand'stone, deposit of friable white and yellow sandstone occurring principally in Wisconsin, but coming to the surface in the adjacent portions of Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois; named from St. Peter's (now Minnesota) River, at the mouth of which it is well displayed; average thickness, from 80 to 100 ft., with a maximum of 212; is one of the minor divisions of the rocks deposited during the Cambrian period; rests on lower magnesian limestone, and is overlaid by Trenton limestone, Saint-Pierre (săn-pe-ar'), Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé de, 1658-1743; French philanthropist; b. Barfleur, Normandy; was a member of the French Academy, chaplain to the Bishop of Orleans, and Abbot of Tiron; attended the Congress of Utrecht, and published "Projet de Paix Perpétuelle." In his "Discours sur la Polysynodie" he severely judged

Louis XIV, and advocated constitutional government. He was expelled from the Academy, but expounded his views in the club de l'entresol, which became the nucleus of the future Academy of Moral and Political Sciences.

Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, 1737-1814; French author; b. Havre; passed through many vicissitudes; served as an engineer in the French and Russian armies, and, after adventures in Poland and Saxony, was for five years an engineer in the Isle of France,

St. Pierre (pē-ar'), former principal town and port of Martinique, French W. Indies; on roadstead protected by the island itself except a bay of the W. coast; had no harbor but a during hurricanes, when its exposed position made it dangerous; town was built partly on the beach and partly on picturesque hills; its world; town, with its inhabitants (about 20,botanical garden was one of the finest in the 000), was completely destroyed, May 7, 1902, by eruption of the volcano Mont Pelée.

St. Pierre and Miquelon (mē-ké-lõñ'), group of three islands and many islets at mouth of Gulf of St. Lawrence, near S. coast of Newfoundland, constituting a French colony; valuable only as a rendezvous for vessels engaged in the cod fisheries, of which some 1,500 annu

ally enter the port; area, 91 sq. m. Pop. (1908) 6,000; capital, St. Pierre.

St. Privat (pre-vä'), Bat'tle of. See GRAVELOTTE, BATTLE OF.

St. Quentin (kon-tăñ'), town of Aisne, France; on the Somme, 95 m. NE. of Paris; has extensive manufactures of cotton yarn, linen, tablecloths, lace, muslin, and gauze, besides large distilleries and soap works; contains an ancient Gothic church, and is surrounded by beautiful promenades occupying the site of its old fortifications. A battle took place here, August 10, 1557, between the army of Philip II of Spain, assisted by an English contingent, and the French, in which the French were defeated. During the Franco-German War, on January 19, 1871, the Germans under Von Goeben here defeated the French under Gen. Faidherbe. Pop. (1906) 52,778.

Saint-Saëns (-son'), Charles Camille, 1835

; French organist and composer; b. Paris; obtained second organ prize, 1849; first, 1851; composed his first symphony when sixteen; organist of the Madeleine, 1858-77; composed largely in almost every art form; among operas, "Le Timbre d'Argent," "Etienne Marcel," "Henry VIII," "Ascanio," and "Phryne "; sacred cantata, "Samson et Dalila "; popular symphonic poems for full orchestra, "Le Rouet d'Omphale," "Phaeton," "Danse Macabre," and

La Jeunesse d'Hercule."

Saints' (sants) Days, in the calendar of the Church, days set apart for the special com

memoration of any saint. In the Roman Cathand a considerable number of saints are comolic Church the number of saints is very great, memorated on each day of the year; but it is the custom to assign to particular countries, districts, or dioceses a certain number of saints for special commemoration. These saints' days constitute the calendar for that district. Any day not a saint's day in the local calendar, and not a festival nor a Sunday, is called a feria or vacant day; other days are either holy days of obligation, doubles, semidoubles,

SAINT-SIMON

SALA

end is a volcano, the Soufrière, formerly with two craters, one of which was occupied by a deep lake; its eruptions have twice devastated 1812, and the week of May 7, 1902, simultanea great part of the island: April 27 to May 1,

duction to the Scientific Labors of the Nineteenth Century," aiming at the reorganization of science and the reconstruction of society. With Augustin Thierry, his most devoted disciple, he published "The Reorganization of European Society." In "L'Industrie, ou Discussions Politiques, Morales et Philosophiques," Thierry, Saint-Aubin, and others assisted him. After a career remarkable for visionary schemes and struggles with adversity, he attempted to end his life, March, 1823; but the shot only destroyed one eye, and he survived to finish his Industrial Catechism" and "The New Christianity," his chief work. His socialistic doctrines became known as St. Simonism.

66

Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi (Duc de), 1675-1755; French writer of memoirs; after distinguishing himself in the army, left it 1702, but retained influence at court; strenuously opposed the Jesuits, and his suggestions for ending the Spanish War of Succession were partly adopted in the Peace of Utrecht. After Louis XIV's death, 1715, he aided the Duke of Orleans in obtaining the regency, and was a member of the council. In 1721 he negotiated at Madrid the marriage between the Infanta of Spain and Louis XV, but his opposition to Cardinal Dubois caused him to withdraw from public affairs. The first authentic and complete series of his "Mémoires," owing to his bold and pungent satires, appeared only, 1829-30.

Saint (sant) Thom'as, island of the W. Indies, in the Virgin group; 30 m. E. of Porto Rico; belonging to Denmark; area, about 35 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 11,012; formed by a mountain ridge attaining an elevation of 1,480 ft. Charlotte Amalie, the only town, is built along the shore of an excellent bay on the S. side. Several regular steam lines touch here. A treaty for the annexation of the island to the U. S., 1867, though approved by the people of the island, failed in the U. S. Senate, and an attempt by Denmark, 1902, to cede the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix to the U. S. was defeated in the Danish Landsthing.

St. Thomas, a city and railway center in Elgin Co., Ontario, Canada. Five railroads pass through the city, which has manufactures of carriages, flour, dressed lumber, car wheels, knitted goods, and cigars. Pop. 14,500.

St. Vin'cent, Earl of. See JERVIS, SIR JOHN. St. (sent) Vincent, island of the Windward Islands colony, British W. Indies; between St. Lucia and the Grenadines; area, 133 sq. m.; is mountainous, with fertile valleys, and half the

hold of the W. Indian Caribs, who were finally of Martinique. The island was the last strongconquered by the British, 1795-96, and transported to Ruatan in Bay of Honduras; a few returned, and now have a small reservation; Pop. (1908) estimated at 51,779; capital, KingsThe Grenadines, except Carriacou, are dependencies.

town.

St. Vincent, Cape. See CAPE ST. VINCENT. St. Vi'tus Dance, or Chore'a, disease characterized by irregular, involuntary, and often grotesque muscular action, without appreciable organic change in any tissue, and generally without pain or any known derangement of mental action or of sensation. It is most common in children after the second dentition and

before puberty; much more common in girls than in boys; sometimes attacks adults, though some cases once called adult chorea are now recognized as locomotor ataxia. Chorea is sometimes hereditary, sometimes epidemic. Many writers have classed the dancing mania (the original "St. Vitus's dance"), tarantism, and the excesses of certain religionists (dervishes, French prophets, "jumpers," and "convulsionists") as varieties of chorea. Stammering has been called a chorea of the vocal organs. The disease is sometimes associated with rheumatism and generally with anemia. The metallic tonics are useful, and so are systematic gymnastics, life in the open air, and a kind and unobtrusive discipline, which shall teach the young patient the power of the will over the movements of the body.

Sakhalin (sä-khä-lēn'), known as KARAFUTO by the Japanese and as TARAIKO by the natives, long, narrow island off the E. coast of Asia, stretching directly S. from the mouth of the Amur River; length, 670 m.; breadth from 15 to 80 m.; area, 29,336 sq. m.; is traversed by parallel mountain chains, thickly wooded, the highest peak being Ktönspal (La Martinière), near the center of the island, 4,860 ft. high; chief productions, coal of good quality, furs, and timber; climate and soil do not favor agriculture. At Dui on the W. coast, and Mauka Cove farther S., are government penal stations; the last is also a fishing center. After 1875, when Japan ceded her rights over the S. portion of the island, Sakhalin was altogether Russian till, by the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia ceded to Japan the S. half of the island. The pop. (1907) was abt. 18,000.

Sa'la, George Augustus Henry, 1828-95; English journalist and author; b. London; educated as an artist, but early devoted himself to literature; contributor to Dickens's Household Words and other periodicals, especially The Illustrated London News and The Cornhill Magazine; visited the U. S., 1863-64, as correspondent of The Daily Telegraph, and

SALAAM

SALE

is the first institution of its kind in Spain, and enjoys a high reputation all over Europe. Pop. (1900) 25,690.

Salaam' (Arabian, salām, " peace," "" safety "), Oriental salutation, of which there are various forms, mostly accompanied by the words meaning "Peace be with you! " and sometimes by an inclination of the body. Strict Mohammedans never give the salaam to an unbeliever.

Sal'adin (Arabian, SALA'H-UDDIN USAF), 1137-93; Sultan of Egypt and Syria; son of Ayub, a Kurd in the service of Noureddin, Sovereign of Syria; 1163, accompanied his uncle Shirkuh to Egypt, where he displayed great military capacity. On the death of Shirkuh, 1168, his authority as Noureddin's lieutenant devolved on Saladin. The death of Noureddin, 1173 or 1174, left him absolute master of Egypt. He conquered Syria in two expeditions, and by 1185 his empire extended from Tripoli in Africa to the Tigris, and from Yemen on the Arabian Sea to the Taurus, the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem being alone independent of him. He invaded the Holy Land, 1185; overthrew the Christian army at Tiberias, 1187, and took Acre, Acalon, and other towns; and October 2, 1187, Jerusalem surrendered to him after a siege of two weeks. In the third crusade he thwarted for two years (1189-91) every attempt to retake Acre, but it finally capitulated. Ascalon also fell, and the crusaders, 1192, advanced within a day's march of Jerusalem, but were induced by dissensions in their own ranks to retreat. Saladin divided his estates among his seventeen sons and his brother Malek-elAdil. His fame was deservedly great. Magnanimous and just, skillful and intrepid in war, judicious and far sighted in civil affairs, the founder of a vast and wisely administered empire comprising Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Arabia, he is the hero of Mussulman chivalry.

Salado, Rio (re'ō sä-lä'do), river in N. of Argentina; rising in the Andes of Salta and flowing with a general SE. course to the Paraná, it coincides nearly with the SW. side of the region called the Gran Chaco; length about 1,000 m.; is shallow and not navigable.

Salaman'ca, town of Spain; capital of the province of the same name; on the right bank of the Tormes, which is here crossed by a mag nificent bridge of twenty-seven arches. It is surrounded with old walls, but several portions within the walls have been in ruins since the occupation of the city by the French in 1812. The streets are mostly steep, narrow, crooked, and dark, but they are often lined with lofty edifices most interesting in architectural re

tailed amphibians; are small and of lizardlike Sal'amander, any one of numerous forms of form, and are terrestrial as distinguished from the aquatic newts; inhabit damp, shady places, and feed mostly on worms, slugs, snails, insects, etc. Salamandra maculosa is the common

COMMON EUROPEAN SALAMANDER.

spotted salamander of central and S. Europe. The black salamander (S. atra) is Alpine. The salamander has been popularly identified with the fabulous animal supposed to be able to live in or to extinguish fire. The salamander of Marco Polo was asbestos. The animal locally known in the S. parts of the U. S. by the name is a pocket gopher (Geomys tuza), a rodent.

Sal'amis (modern KULURI), island of Greece, in Gulf of Egina, near Attica, from which it is separated by a narrow channel; 10 m. W. of Athens; area, about 30 sq. m.; chief town, Kuluri, on the W. shore. On the E. shore are the ruins of the ancient city of Salamis. Salamis is said to have been made a kingdom by Telamon, father of Ajax. It was celebrated for the great naval victory of the Greeks under Themistocles over the fleet of Xerxes, 480 B.C. Salamis was also the name of an ancient city of Cyprus, on the E. coast, the most important in that island, ruins of which are still visible at Old Famagusta. Pop. abt. 4,000.

Sal Ammo'niac. See AMMONIA.

Salayer (sä-li'er), or Saleyer (så-lä'yär), Is'lands, group of about thirty small islands S. of Celebes, E. Indies; area, 265 sq. m.; pop. 80,000, consisting of Mohammedan Malays, ruled by native chiefs, but subject to the Netherlands. Cotton, coffee, sugar, pepper, and mustard are cultivated; also maize and botta (a kind of millet), but not rice, on account of timber, both sandal and teak, abounds. certain superstitious ideas of the natives. Fine

Sale, George, abt. 1690-1736; English Orientalist; b. probably Kent; became a lawyer; wrote the Oriental biography and criticism for Dr. Thomas Birch's translation of Bayle, entitled "A General Dictionary, Historical and Critical," and executed a still unrivaled trans