PARIAH PARIS who discovered and named these straits, 1498, | gance it outranks them all. It lies in a basin had great difficulty in passing through them owing to their strong currents. Here he first saw the continent. Pariah (pä'ri-ă), one of the lowest class in India, which does not belong to any of the four castes. The pariahs have woolly hair and thick lips, and are found especially in the S. of India; they are supposed to represent the aboriginal race conquered by the Sudras. They are very degraded, are not allowed to approach within many feet of any Hindu, and have to some extent adopted a system of caste among themselves. Pari'etal Eye, vestigial organ peculiar to vertebrates. In the brain of all vertebrates there is a structure of unknown functions, called the pineal gland. In certain lizards it reached nearly to the surface of the head, retaining in its most complete development lens, retina, pigment, and traces of a nerve. So far as is known this eye is no longer functional, but in some of the fossil vertebrates a cavity exists in the skull in the right position and of proper size to accommodate a third eye with its appropriate muscles. Par'is, or Alexan'der, son of Priam, King of Troy, and Hecuba; carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta, thereby bringing on the war between the Greeks and Trojans; in art he is represented as a youthful and handsome man; wounded during the siege by a poisoned arrow, he died before the capture of the city. Paris (pä-re'), Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans (Comte de), claimant to the French throne; son of the Duc d'Orléans and grandson of King Louis Philippe, 1838-94; b. Paris; appeared with his mother in the Chamber of Deputies in Revolution of 1848, but his claims to the throne were not recognized; after traveling in Greece, Egypt, and the East, the prince and his brother, the Duc de Chartres, accompanied their uncle, the Prince de Joinville, to the U. S., August, 1861, and were attached to the personal staff of Gen. McClellan. They remained with the army for several months, serving with bravery and efficiency, especially in the battle of Gaines's Mill. In 1871 he was admitted to the National Assembly; in following year that body voted the restitution of the property of his family; 1873, he acknowledged the Comte de Chambord as the head of the royal house of France, but after the latter's death, 1883, the Comte de Paris united in his person the claims of both branches of the Bourbons, and was accepted by most of the legitimists as the successor of Chambord. He was again forced to leave France, 1886, by the Expulsion Act, and died in England. Author of "History of the Civil War in America." Par'is, Matthew of. See MATTHEW PARIS. Paris (French, pă-rē'), capital of France; on both sides of the Seine, 110 m. from the river's mouth; area, 30 sq. m.; pop. (1906) 2,763,393. In point of population it ranks next to London among European cities, and in ele between lines of heights, which reach 404 ft. on the N. and 190 ft. on the S. The Seine enters Paris on the W. and leaves it on the S., forming in its passage the islands of St.-Louis and La Cité. The climate is liable to changes at all seasons, but on the whole is healthful and agreeable; average temperature, 51° F. skating for a few days only each year, and The Seine seldom freezes; generally there is the snowfall is slight; average height of barometer 29.55 in. Paris is entirely surrounded by a fortified wall, which, with the first line of detached forts, was constructed, 1840-60. This line, comprising eighteen forts, is distant about 1,600 yds. from the city walls. The second line, built since the War of 187071, is several miles distant from the city, and consists of eighteen forts, placed on the various heights. The capital is now believed to be impregnable from a military point of view. A railway belt encircles the city. The boulevards exterieurs form a line of broad and continuous road on the site of the old octroi wall. The most famous and the oldest of the avenues are the boulevards interieurs, which extend from the Madeleine to the Place de la Bastile, N. of the Seine. The thoroughfare of the boulevards of Sebastopol and Strassburg stretches N. and S. between the Gare de l'Est and the Seine, and then by the Boulevard du Palais and Boulevard St.-Michel reaches the observatory, length 24 m. The Rue Royale, the Malesherbes and Hausmann boulevards, and the Avenue de l'Opera are among the finest quarters of the town. The Rue de la Paix, Rue Auber, Rue de Rivoli, and Rue 4 Septembre are remarkable for their shops. The Place de l'Etoile is the center of twelve avenues issuing from it like the spokes of a wheel. On the S. side the main thoroughfare is the Boulevard St.-Germain (the residence of the old nobility). The Quartier Breda continues to be the designation of the N. part of the Quartier de l'Opera and its vicinity, which comprises the Chaussee d'Antin, the headquarters of the moneyed aristocracy, and the select Faubourg Montmarte. The Quartier Latin (students' quarter), a nickname of the former Quartier St. Jacques, now forms part of that of the Panthéon, where are the Sorbonne, Val de Grace Church, and Jardin des Plantes. The old name of Quartier St. Antoine is still applied to the whole region of the Place de la Bastile. Here the working classes are in great force. The Seine is crossed by many handsome bridges, including Notre Dame, occupying the site of a Roman bridge; the Pont d'Austerlitz; the Pont St. Michel, rebuilt several times since the fourteenth century; the Pont Neuf, begun 1578; the Pont Royal, constructed, 1685-89; and the bridge and viaduct of Anteuil. The multitude of promenades, places, gardens, and squares constitute the greatest charm of Paris. Among the most celebrated of them are the Gardens of the Louvre, and the Place Napoleon with its garden, surrounded by the ornate inner façades of the new Louvre, except on one side, which opens on the immense pal PARIS try factory, and dye works. Next come the chemical factories, printing offices, cabinetmakers' workshops, tailoring establishments, and hat factories. Goods arriving by the Seine are chiefly building materials, timber, grain, coal, coke, charcoal, and wines; building materials and flour are brought by the Canal de l'Ourcq, and coal and coke from the N. of France, Belgium, and England by the Canal St.-Denis. By the Seine, Paris dispatches manure, pyrites, and refined sugars. To the traffic of the river should be added that of the canals, especially of La Villette, on the canals St.-Denis and Ourcq. The city was a fishing village, on what is now called the Ile de la Cité; was inhabited by the Gallic tribe of the Parisii, and was known to the Romans as Lutetia. The first historic mention of Paris occurs in 52 B.C., when Cæsar says in his "Commentaries," "Labienus leaves for Lutetia with four legions. This is the fortress of the Parisii, situated on an island in the river Seine." At the end of the fourth century Lutetia had become the seat of a bishop, and was called Paris, from the name of the little nation whose capital it was. In 506 Paris became the residence of Clovis, and later Charlemagne sometimes visited it, though in his time it ceased to be the capital. In 885-886 30,000 Normans encamped in front of the Ile de la Cité, which was besieged, but in vain, during thirteen months. In 987 Hugh Capet, the first of the dynasty, made Paris the capital of his kingdom, and his successors resided there. During the reign of Philip Augustus, 1120-1223, the city's growth was great. The streets were then first paved with stone, three colleges were founded, and soon 20,000 students flocked to the city from all parts of France and foreign countries. This was the foundation of the university. Under Louis IX, 1215-70, was founded a theological college, which became the celebrated Sorbonne. Philip the Fair added greatly to the importance of the city by making it the seat of the highest court in the kingdom-the Parlement, which he organized in the opening years of the fourteenth century. During the reign of Charles IX, 1560-74, religious and civil wars checked the development of the city, and Henry III in the closing years of his reign found himself excluded from his own capital, which fell completely under the control of the League. Both he and his successor, Henry IV, were obliged to lay siege to it, the second siege lasting four years, and bringing terrible sufferings on the inhabitants, 1590-94. During the minority of Louis XIV the city sustained another siege, and suffered from frequent riots in the streets. (See FRONDE.) The centralizing policy of Louis XI and his opposition to the residence of the nobility on their estates drew to Paris the most brilliant and distinguished men of France. From his time the history of the city becomes in a sense the history of France, and for an account of the principal events see that title. Paris suffered severely from the excesses of the revolution, whose worst crimes were committed within its limits. It was the scene of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and it suffered from siege in Parish, in English ecclesiastical law, a certain extent of territory committed to the spiritual charge of one parson, vicar, or other ecclesiastic. In the U. S., from the first settlement of the country, associations and bodies corporate or organized for ecclesiastical purposes have been generally called parishes. In New England it was at first a territorial designation; but as religious denominations multiplied it gradually came to be applied exclusively to the body of persons forming a single In Louisiana the word parish congregation. designates what in the other states is called a county. Park, Mungo, 1771-1806; Scottish traveler; b. Fowlshiels; under auspices of the African Association, London, was the pioneer in modern exploration of Africa; journeyed up the Gambia, 1795, suffering extreme hardships, and being a prisoner for some time in the hands of a Moorish king; escaping July 1, 1796, reached the upper Niger, at Segu, and followed the river toward Timbuktu as far as Silla, where he was compelled to turn back; after seven months' illness and great hardships, reached the mouth of the Gambia, having been nineteen months in the interior. The British Govt. sent him, 1805, to descend the Niger from the upper river and trace its entire course. The party sailed down the river some 1,500 m., when they were attacked by natives, and Park and all his company perished. Park, in the usual sense of the term, a considerable extent of ground laid out and maintained as a public pleasure ground. In the course of its development first comes the glade and meadow with woods and waters where the hunter seeks his game. Inclosed by wall or fence this becomes the chace, and is still mainly devoted to the preservation of game. Finally the desire for open-air pleasures felt by the home dweller asserts itself, and walks and resting places are made for the quiet enjoyment of outdoor features. In this way at last came the gentleman's country place of today. Notwithstanding this increasing desire for the peaceful enjoyment of woods and waters, paths and resting places, there still remained the green or common. This continued to exist, but beside it grew up the park mod |