ROOSEVELT ROOSEVELT nests, and a corresponding number of birds of | ing tour of the W. states he was elected for different ages and sizes. In Great Britain they ROOK. are considered by many an attractive feature in the landscape, and are therefore protected. Roosevelt (rôs'vělt), Theodore, 1858twenty-sixth President of the U. S.; b. New York City; son of Theodore Roosevelt, merchant and philanthropist; grandson of Archibald Bulloch, first president of Georgia in the Revolution; graduated at Harvard, 1880; began study of law, but abandoned it for politics; first elected to the state assembly, 1881; served on the Cities Committee in his second year, and became its chairman, 1884; was active in promoting the passage of the first New York civilservice laws; chairman of a committee that investigated abuses in New York City, and secured acts abolishing the fees in county offices, and depriving the aldermen of veto power over the mayor's appointments. He was a delegate at large to the Republican National Convention (1884), and favored the nomination of Edmunds, but in the campaign supported Blaine; unsuccessful candidate for the mayoralty, 1886; civil-service commissioner, 1889-95; president of New York City Board of Police Commissioners, 1895-97, and enforced the Sunday and liquor laws against much opposition. Appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, April, 1897, took part in the preparation for war against Spain; resigned, 1898, and raised a regiment of volunteer cavalry, popularly known as ROUGH RIDERS; became lieutenant colonel under Dr. Leonard Wood. Col. Wood was promoted brigadier general, July 8, 1898, and Lieut.-col. Roosevelt became colonel. In November, 1898, Col. Roosevelt was elected Governor of New York by the Republicans, receiving a plurality of 17,786 over Augustus Van Wyck, Democrat. As governor he reformed the administration of the canals, favored the enactment of a civil-service law, applied the merit system in county offices, and induced the legislature of 1899 to pass an act taxing as real estate the value of railroad and other franchises to use public streets. the term beginning March 4, 1901, receiving 292 electoral votes against 155 cast for Adlai E. Stevenson, Democrat. On the afternoon of the day Pres. McKinley died, September 14, 1901, he took the oath as President of the U. S. in a private residence in Buffalo, and on that occasion asserted his purpose to continue the policy of McKinley. Among the measures that became laws were the following: Chinese Exclusion Act, Panama Purchase Act, providing for the construction of the canal; act to repeal war-revenue taxation; act appropriating receipts from sale and disposal of certain public lands for the construction of irrigation works; act permanently organizing free delivery; acts to establish Department of Commerce and Labor, increase the efficiency of the army, and to regulate the immigration of aliens. At the presidential election of 1904 he received 336 electoral votes to Alton B. Parker's 140 (the Democratic candidate). Among congressional acts during his second administration were the passage, 1905, of the Railroad Rate Bill; prosecution of the sugar trust; the Standard Oil Company for restraint of trade while under the Interstate Commerce laws; also other trusts and various railroads; general arbitration treaties with sixteen American republics and seven European nations were made; also a commercial treaty with China. Acts were passed to raise the salaries of the Vice President, Speaker, Congressmen, Cabinet members, ministers abroad, and postal clerks and carriers; to reorganize the consular service on a merit basis; to establish a Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; for the inspection of meat; to prevent the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated, misbranded, poisonous, or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors; to provide for the construction of a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific; to impose penalties on railroads for injuries to employees; to admit Oklahoma as a state. On June 8, 1905, Pres. Roosevelt took the initiative in negotiations to bring about peace between Russia and Japan, and, these having been successful, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work for the fraternization of nations. In 1902 and 1906 he used his personal influence to avert a coal strike in Pennsylvania. In 1906 he visited Panama, this being the first time a President of the U. S. had passed beyond the jurisdiction of its flag, and also visited Porto Rico. Immediately upon the inauguration of his successor, William H. Taft, he sailed for S. Africa, accompanied by eminent scientists, on a big-game hunting expedition, remaining in that country about a year. His published works comprise "Naval History of 1812," "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman," "Lives of Thomas H. Benton, Gouverneur Morris, and Cromwell," "Essays in Practical Politics," "Ranch Life and Hunting Trail," Early in 1900 was mentioned for Vice Presi- "The Winning of the West," "History of New dent of the U. S., but desiring a second term as York City,' " "The Wilderness Hunter," "Amergovernor, announced that under no circum- ican Ideals," "The Rough Riders," "The stances would he accept the higher office; at Strenuous Life," "Outdoor Pastimes of an the Philadelphia Convention, June 21st, was American Hunter," part author of "The Deer forced to accept, by a combination of New York Family." In 1908 he became contributing party leaders and W. delegates. After a speak-editor of the Outlook. ROOTS Roots (of plants). See BOTANY. Rope and Rope Mak'ing. The stouter forms of cordage, and especially of those whose circumference exceeds 1 in. are called rope; usually made of hemp, which is first hackled or combed out to remove the dust and tow, the hackle consisting of a strong board with long vertical steel prongs sharply pointed. FIG. 1.-A TWELVE-FLYER MACHINE, FOR FORMING THE STRANDS. A, heart; B, bobbins; C, top and tube; D, draw-off drum; E, bobbin for larger sizes; F, bobbin for smaller sizes. The size of the yarn varies according to the kind of rope for which it is intended. Forties -so called because forty yarns will just fill a half-inch tube-are for the finer kinds of rope; twenties, requiring twenty to fill the tube, are for cables, hawsers, etc. The bobbins containing the tarred yarn go to the laying ground, when the yarns are ready for hauling down, or making into strands. The laying ground, where the rope is laid up, occupies the entire length of the ropewalk. The yarns for the strands (Fig. 1), generally three in number, are led from the bobbins in the frame through holes bored on concentric circles in a metallic plate, thence through a tube adapted to the size of the strand, and attached to a hook on the end of a spindle in a movable machine like a car, called the former. There are a plate, a tube, and a hook for each strand, and the number of yarns to a strand is regulated by the size of the intended rope. When the machinery is put in motion, the former is drawn down the walk, and the yarns as they are hauled through the tubes are formed into left-handed strands. Closing the strands is the next step, for which two machines are used. The lower one-the layer-lays up or closes the rope, and is movable; the upper one, which keeps the proper twist in the strand while laying, is stationary. Each strand being secured to its proper spindle, the machinery is put in motion and the strands hardened. After hardening, the strands are placed together on a central spindle of the layer and closed, a top inserted between them preventing too rapid closing. The top is a wooden cone with grooves cut to hold the strands, while tails of soft rope attached to it, by being applied to the rope as it is made, still further prevent, by the additional friction, the too rapid closing of the strands. The layer makes two revolutions to ROPE AND ROPE MAKING one of the upper machine. The foregoing process gives right-handed tarred rope of three strands (plain laid). By not tarring the yarns white rope is produced. This is the strongest, though when exposed to the weather not the most durable, of all in common use. In the manufacture of manila rope hackling by hand is omitted, as unnecessary; the manila is oiled to enable the harsher fiber to pass the more readily through the preparation machines, and the yarns are not tarred; the remainder of the process is the same in both cases. The size of rope is designated by its circumference; when smaller than 1 in. it is known as "small stuff." Three ropes laid up together form a cable or hawser of nine strands. Wire rope may be made either of 49 coarse wires or 133 fine wires, put in 6 strands, and 7 or 14 hearts, and laid up right handed; strands are laid left handed (Fig. 2). To make a 7-in. fine wire rope, the bobbins of a 6-flyer machine are filled with No. 8 wire, Birmingham gauge, and for the heart a single wire is led from its bobbin up through the vertical shaft. This will form a 7-wire heart for. the strands. Next the bobbins of a 12-flyer machine are filled with the same size wire, placing the heart as in the illustration. Then all the wires are passed up through holes past the top, arranged through the grooves of the top, twisted together by hand, spliced in a piece of rope, and passed five or six times around the draw-off drum. Friction straps attached to the bobbins preserve an equal tension on the wires. Putting the machine in motion, the 7-wire heart is drawn up the shaft, and at the same time the 12 single wires are wrapped about it as the disk revolves, each separate bobbin turning on its own center in an opposite direction, so as to avoid twisting the wire. As the strand is formed it is reeled on a bobbin. Having filled 7 bobbins, 6 are placed in a machine, as in the illustration, and 1 in the rear for a heart. The heart, on motion being given to the machinery, is drawn through, and the 6 strands wrapped about it, giving 1 central and 6 outer strands of 19 wires each. In making strands for wire rigging it is the practice to substitute hemp for the single wire of the heart, and to make a hemp heart for the rope. When flexibility is required, annealed wire is used and hemp hearts supplant the wire ones, and a hemp heart takes the place of the central strand or wire heart. In this case there will be 18 wires to each of the 6 strands, making a total of 108 wires in all, instead of 133 as before. So if a twine heart in each strand be substituted for the wire, there would be a ROQUEFORT ROSARIO wire heart in the rope of 6 wires, laid up in 6 | Forum, and was director of these at the time strands of 6 wires each; total, 42 wires, instead of 49, as above stated. Steel wire is about 56 per cent stronger than iron wire and 65 per cent stronger than annealed iron wire. Roquefort (rok-for'), small town of Aveyron, France; 10 m. SW. of Millau; on mountain 4,800 ft. high; famous for the cheese bearing its name, and made from ewe milk. the Rora'ima, Mount, highest of a number of isolated sandstone plateau-topped mountains discovered by Robert Schomburgkon boundary line he surveyed between Venezuela and British Guiana; is 9,000 ft. high, and its upper 2,000 ft. was long supposed to be a perpendicular wall. Everard im Thurn, December, 1884, found on one face a narrow ledge that afforded a pathway to the summit. The soft sandstone of the plateau at the top had been carved by denudation into many remarkable forms. There are no trees, and the general character of the plants is dwarfish and almost alpine. Ro'ric Fig'ures, certain curious images rendered manifest on breathing on polished solid surfaces previously exposed to contact with or close proximity of the objects thus represented, and usually at the same time acted on by light, heat, or electricity. The singularity of these phenomena is, that they consist usually in the production at the first of a sort of latent or invisible image, which may afterwards be developed somewhat in the manner of photography. Möser, of Königsberg, first distinctly called attention to these figures (1842); his statement being to the effect that generally, when two bodies are sufficiently near, they impress their images on each other. Mr. R. Hunt placed on a copper plate, too hot to be handled, coins and medals of gold, silver, bronze, and copper, and allowed the whole to cool; removing the objects, exposing the plate to the vapor of mercury, and wiping off any nonadherent mercury, he found that the coins had made distinct impressions on the surface. Karsten laid a medal on a glass plate, resting on one of metal, and allowed a few sparks from an electrical machine to fall on the medal; the image on the glass is brought out by vapor of mercury, iodine, or the breath. Ro'sa, Francisco Martinez de la. See MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, FRANCISCO. a Rosa, Pietro, abt. 1815-91; Italian archæologist; b. Rome; educated as an architect, but, 1848, became almost exclusively interested in archæological researches in Rome and its vicinity. One of his early undertakings was large-scale map of Latium, with the ancient sites determined, but the constant succession of new discoveries, overturning old theories, kept this work in hand and unfinished for many years. Meantime he was busied on the tombs of the Appian Way and their theoretical restoration. In 1861 the French Govt. charged him with the study of the camp of the Pretorian Guard at Albano, and of the buildings on the Palatine Hill. In 1872 and later he conducted important researches in the Roman of the discovery of the Basilica Julia. LIMA), 1586-1617; only canonized saint of Rosa, Saint (commonly called ST. ROSE OF American birth; b. Lima, Peru; parents wealthy Spaniards; but their fortune having been swept away, Rosa supported them by her labor, while following her bent for asceticism; assumed the habit of the third order of St. Dominic, and lived a recluse; canonized 1671; day, August 30th. Rosa, Salvator, 1615-73; Italian painter; b. near Naples; early life explored the wildest regions of Calabria, associating with banditti, in the interest of his art, which he afterwards practiced in Naples, Florence, and Rome, gaining fame also as a poet, musician, and actor. Among his most celebrated works are the "Cat"Saul and the Witch of iline Conspiracy," Endor," "Attilus Regulus," and altarpieces. He is best known as a landscape painter, delighting in gloomy effects, powerful contrasts of light and shade, and romantic forms. also excelled as an engraver. He tremity of the Pennine Alps; on frontier line Rosa, Mon'te, mountain group at the E. exis, after Mont Blanc, the loftiest mountain of between Italy and the Swiss canton of Valais; the Alps, the highest peak being 15,150 ft. above the sea. All the summits of Monte Rosa are composed of gneiss and white mica slate, and all have been ascended. Rosa'ceæ, family of polypetalous dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, and herbs, comprising over 1,000 species, mostly of temperate regions. The rose, apple, pear, quince, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, almond, blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, etc., belong to this family. It divides into marked suborders, of which the following are the principal: (1) Amygdaleæ, or the almond family, with a single simple and free pistil, becoming a stone fruit, such as that of peach, plum, and cherry. (2) Rosacea proper, with dry or berrylike fruits, from numerous or few (seldom single) free pistils, and stipules joined with the petiole. To this belong the small fruits above mentioned and a great variety of useful and ornamental plants, both herbs and shrubs. (3) Pomeæ, the apple family, with two or more pistils combined with each other and with a fleshy calyx tube, which forms the edible fruit. Ros'amond (Lombard queen). See ALBOIN. Rosamond (commonly called FAIR ROSAMOND), d. 1177; favorite of King Henry II of England; daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford; lived at Woodstock, where Henry frequently visited her, and bore to him William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, and Geoffrey, who was nominated Bishop of Lincoln. Rosa'rio, city of province of Santa Fé, Argentina; on W. side of delta of the Paraná, 214 m. by the river above Buenos Aires. Urquiza, in his struggle against the supremacy of Buenos Aires, made it the chief port of the confederated provinces (1854), and since then it has grown rapidly. It is the second city of the republic in size and importance, and is con ROSARY nected with the interior by a network of railways; transatlantic steamers ascend regularly to this point. Almost exclusively a commercial place, it is chiefly remarkable for its great elevators and storehouses. Pop. (1907) 150,000. Ro'sary, (1) a series of prayers prescribed by the Roman Catholic Church. The greater rosary is a synonym for the whole series, and is made up of three lesser rosaries. Each of the three lesser rosaries contains five decades or mysteries. Each decade contains one meditation on one of the fifteen mysteries of the faith, one Pater Noster, or repetition of the Lord's Prayer, ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria Patri. (2) The chaplet or string of beads used in the repetition of the rosary. The Pater Nosters are marked by large beads, and the Ave Marias by smaller ones. The beads are of various materials, and are blessed by the pope or by some duly authorized ecclesiastic. The beads serve as counters during the recitation. There are various forms of rosaries; that generally used has fifty-five beads-namely, five decades of Ave Maria beads and five Pater Noster beads. The Confraternity of the Rosary was founded at Cologne, 1475. Rosary Sun'day, first Sunday in October; a feast instituted by Gregory XIII for the Confraternity of the Rosary, and made of universal observance after the victory of the Emperor Charles VI over the Turks, in gratitude to the Blessed Virgin. An impetus was given to the devotion of the rosary by Leo XIII, who enjoined its daily use in public during October. Roses are blessed and distributed as souvenirs, and the rosary is recited continually during the day. Roscelin (ros-el-an'), French theologian and principal founder of Nominalism; b. Soissons in middle of eleventh century; was attached to the Cathedral of Chartres; lived at Compiègne as canon; while there greatly startled people by his tritheistic conception of the Trinity. He could not understand how God could be a person without being an individual, and thus he dissolved the Trinity into three Gods. A synod was convened at Soissons, 1092, to consider the matter, and Roscelin was condemned and recanted, but continued, nevertheless, after his return to Compiègne, to propagate his tritheistic doctrines. He afterwards settled as a teacher at Tours, and later at Locmenach, near Vannes, in Brittany, and to this last period of his life belongs his controversy with Abelard. After that time (1121) Roscelin disappears from history. Roscius (rosh'i-us), Quintus, d. 62 B.C.; celebrated Roman actor; contemporary of Sulla and Cicero, who in his youth received instruction from him, and subsequently defended him in a civil lawsuit in an oration still extant. He was especially great in comedy, and carried his art to the highest degree of perfection which the Roman stage ever witnessed, accumulating an immense fortune. Cicero speaks often of him, and always with enthusiasm for his art and respect for his character. Ros'coe, William, 1753-1831; English historian; b. near Liverpool; admitted to the 66 ROSE bar 1774; took an active part in the agitation for the abolition of the slave trade; published A General View of the African Slave Trade " and "An Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection of the Negroes in the Island of St. Domingo." In 1796 he published "The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," translated into French, 66 German, and Italian, and, 1805, "The History of the Life and Pontificate of Leo X." In a Illustrations, Historsupplementary volume, ical and Critical, of the Life of Lorenzo de' Medici," he replied to various criticisms. In 1806 he was elected to Parliament. Rose, flowering plant of the genus Rosa and family Rosacea, which consists of shrubs, usually prickly, natives of the N. hemisphere. There are more than a thousand recorded spespecies are the Michigan prairie rose (R. setigcies. The most widely distributed N. American era), with high-climbing branches-a native of the W. and S. states from Michigan to Louisiana and Georgia; the swamp rose (R. carolina), with stems 4 to 8 ft. high-a frequent inhabitant of low swampy ground from Canada to Florida and W. to the Mississippi; the dwarf wild rose (R. lucida), with stems 1 or 2 ft. high-common through Canada and the U. S., E. of the Rocky Mountains. The sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa), native of Europe, has escaped from cultivation, and become widely naturalized in the Atlantic states. The Cherokee rose (R. sinica), a native of China, has been naturalized in the S. states for over one hundred years, where it is also cultivated as a hedge plant. R. bracteata, a native of China and N. India, has also become naturalized in some of the Gulf states, where it is employed as a hedge plant, especially in deep rich soils. A convenient classification divides garden roses into two sets-the first of summer or once-blooming, the second of autumnal or everblooming. To the first section belong the Provence roses, or cabbage roses, double forms of R. centifolia, favorite garden plants from the time of the Romans, and of which the pompon roses are dwarf varieties; also moss roses, descendants from an accidental bud variation of ROSE ACACIA the Provence rose, with the glands and bristles | of the calyx and peduncle developed into a mossy substance. China roses are remarkable for vigor of growth, splendid blooms, and hardiness. Scotch roses are of dwarf stature and great hardiness, producing an early and abundant crop of red, white, and yellow flowAustrian briers give the best yellow rose for general cultivation. Queen-of-the-Prairie and Baltimore Belle are the most generally cultivated of the descendants of the prairie rose. To the summer roses also belong the sweetbrier (R. rubiginosa), of which many varieties are in cultivation. ers. To the second section belong Chinese roses, descendants of R. indica and R. semperflorens, now barely cultivated; tea roses, descendants of R. indica, and two varieties of this species with sweet-scented flowers, the blush-tea and the yellow-tea. From the intermingling of these two varieties has sprung the whole race of tea-scented roses. Musk roses are occasionally cultivated. Noisette roses, with flowers in clusters, were originated by M. Noisette, of Charleston, S. C., by crossing the China rose with the musk rose, the offspring being again crossed with the tea-scented roses. Bourbon roses are hybrids produced by crossing the China rose with some other rose of E. origin naturalized in the Isle of Bourbon. M. Laffroy, of Bellevue, near Paris, in 1840 produced the hybrid perpetual rose, which has as a basis some hardy once-blooming rose, often the hybrid China, with which has been mingled the blood of the ever-blooming China rose, tea rose, or Bourbon rose, or a combination of all three. Roses should be cultivated in situations fully exposed to the sun, in deep strong loam well drained and heavily manured. Indeed, too much rich food can hardly be given them to develop their greatest beauties. The soil in which they grow should be constantly stirred and kept free from other plants, and especially from the roots of neighboring trees, while a careful watch must be kept for the many insects which feed on their leaves and petals. Strong-growing roses must be pruned slightly, that they may not be stimulated to excessive growth at the expense of the flowers; weakgrowing roses must be pruned severely, to encourage more vigorous growth. ROSECRANS has large, very showy, inodorous flowers of a deep rose color in drooping loose racemes; common in cultivation. Rose Ap'ples. See EUGENIA. Rose'bery, Archibald Philip Primrose (fifth Earl of), 1847- ; British statesman; b. London; succeeded to title on death of his grandfather, the fourth earl, 1868; president of Social Science Congress, Glasgow, 1874; elected lord rector of Univ. of Aberdeen, 1878; lord rector of Univ. of Edinburgh, 1880; Under Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1881; Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Gladstone's government, January to June, 1886; appointed to same post, 1892; became Prime Minister on Gladstone's retirement, 1894, but gave place to Lord Salisbury, June 29, 1895; relinquished leadership of the Liberal party, October, 1896; lord rector of Glasgow Univ., 1899. Rose Bug, common beetle, Macrodactylus sub- the bushes and under them seems to ROSE BUG. Rose of Jer'icho, popular name of Anastatica hierochuntina; a prostrate, branching annual, of the cruciferous family, inhabiting the deserts of Egypt and Palestine. After death the softer green parts disappear, leaving the woody framework; this rolls into a ball in drying, is uprooted by the winds, and rolls away. When wetted the branches expand, so that the plant seems to revive; hence its name, derived from the Greek anastasis, resurrection. Rosecrans (rō'zě-krǎnz), William Starke, 1819-98; U. S. army officer; b. Kingston, Ohio; graduated at West Point and entered ROSE, in heraldry, a conventionally drawn the engineer corps; Assistant Prof. of Engiflower, having always five petals, and usually neering and Natural and Experimental Philosalso five smaller inner petals and five green ophy at West Point, 1843-47; engaged in forpoints of leaves showing on the outer rim. The tification work till 1854; resigned and became rose gules was the badge of the Plantagenets, civil engineer and architect in Cincinnati; of the house of Lancaster, and the rose argent brigadier general U. S. army, 1861; active in of that of York. The Tudor rose is a combina-operations in W. Virginia; succeeded McClellan tion of the two, adopted after the marriage of in command of that department; major genHenry VII to Elizabeth of York; this is someeral U. S. Volunteers, 1862, and placed in comtimes a white rose charged upon a red one, mand of the Army of the Mississippi, and won and sometimes a single rose quartered red and the victories of Iuka (September 19th) and white. The rose was sometimes surrounded Corinth (October 3d, 4th). In October he was with rays, as of the sun, and termed rose en made commander of the Army of the Cumbersoleil. As a mark of cadency, the rose has land, and fought against Gen. Bragg the battle been used as the difference of the seventh son. of Murfreesborough, or Stone River, December 26, 1862, to January 2, 1863; defeated by Bragg at Chickamauga, September 19th, 20th, and relieved from command. In January, 1864, he was placed in command of the Department Rose Aca'cia, ornamental shrub, the Robinia hispida, of the Leguminosa, growing wild in the mountains of the S. parts of the U. S.; |