RICHMOND

earl she married again twice. She endowed Christ's and St. John's colleges, Cambridge, and a professorship of divinity in each, and translated devotional works into English. The principal title of the Tudor, Stuart, and Brunswick dynasties to the English throne was derived through her descent from Edward III through John of Gaunt.

Richmond (ancient, Syenes and Sheen), town of Surrey, England; on the Thames, 10 m. SW. of St. Paul's, London. Only a gateway remains of the royal palace of Sheen, rebuilt by Edward III, who died there. In 1499 the palace was burned down, but was rebuilt by Henry VII, who changed the name to Richmond. Elizabeth was imprisoned here for a short time by Mary; she afterwards often resided here,

and died here. Under the Commonwealth the palace was partially destroyed, and in the eighteenth century was pulled down. In the neighborhood is Richmond Park, formed by Charles I, 1634; covers 2,253 acres, and is sur

rounded by a brick wall nearly 8 m. in length. From Richmond Hill and Richmond bridge (1774-77) striking views of the surrounding beautiful scenery can be obtained. Pop. (1901) 31,677.

Richmond, capital of Wayne Co., Ind.; on Whitewater River; 68 m. E. of Indianapolis; in an agricultural region 700 ft. above tide water; engaged in manufacturing and general trade; has natural gas; seat of Earlham College (Orthodox Friends), Morrison Public and County Law libraries; public buildings include county courthouse, State Asylum for the Insane, two orphans' homes, a home for friendless women, and city hospital. Pop. (1906) est. at 19,002.

Richmond, capital of Virginia and of Henrico Co.; on the James River; 127 m. NW. of the Atlantic; area, 5 sq. m.; with suburbs, about 16 sq. m.; built on series of hills, 172 to 249 ft. high; river here crossed by several bridges connecting city with Manchester, Spring Hill, and other suburbs. The city has an admirable system of parks and squares, the most noted being Capitol Square, twelve acres, on Shockol Hill, containing the Greco-composite state capitol (1796), in which are Houdon's marble statue of Washington, many portraits of governors, military officers, and other distinguished Virginians; and the two legislative halls. The State Library building, in which are preserved the parole signed by Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, the original Virginia bill of rights, and the Virginia ordinance of seces

sion, is located in the same square. The park surrounding the capitol has three fountains; Crawford's equestrian statue of Washington surrounded by bronze statues of Patrick Henry, John Marshall, Andrew Lewis, George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Nelson, by Crawford and Rogers; Foley's bronze statue of "Stonewall" Jackson; and Hart's marble statue of Henry Clay. In Hollywood Cemetery, where 12,000 Confederate soldiers lie, is a memorial of rough blocks of granite, forming a pyramid 90 ft. high, erected by the women of Richmond. Educational institutions are many and important. According to U. S. cen

RICHTER

sus, 1905, there were 281 "factory-system" manufacturing plants, with $31,952,847 capital, yielding annual products valued at $28,202,607, chiefly tobacco in various forms, foundry and machine-shop products, railway cars, carriages and wagons, and lumber. As a port of entry Richmond had imports of merchandise in fiscal year 1906-7, $872,193; exports, $18,474. the English on what is now the lower portion As early as 1609 a settlement was made by of the city. Col. William Byrd built a mill near the falls, 1679; the place was known as

Byrd's Warehouse till May, 1742, when it was incorporated as a town; 1779, the seat of gov

ernment of the commonwealth was removed from Williamsburg to Richmond; 1781, the city 1861, it was made the capital of the Confedwas taken and burned by Arnold. In June, erate States, and there the Confederate Congress met on July 20th following. During the Civil War the city was the objective point of the principal operations of the Union army in Virginia, and it was evacuated, April, 1865. Pop. (1906) 87,246.

Richmond Bor'ough. See NEW YORK (city). Richmond Campaign', popular name for the operations of the Union army for the capture of the Confederate seat of government in the Civil War. Although geographically near the NE. frontier, the city of Richmond, Va., was practically the military center of the Confederacy. The railroads extending from it to every part of the S. and SW. were well adapted for military purposes, and its defensive position was excellent. On two sides it was covered by the James; on the other sides the Chickahominy and swamps formed a natural defense. McClellan's Peninsular Campaign (1862) threatened but did not reach Richmond. Between 1862 and 1864 several expeditions, mostly of cavalry, were undertaken rather with the design of liberating the Union prisoners and destroying the public works than of permaMeantime the defenses of Richmond had been nently holding the city, but with little result. made too strong to be assailed in front, and the operations of Grant, although really directed against that city, took the form of the siege of Petersburg.

time with Petersburg, it was abandoned by the On the night of April 2-3, 1865, at the same Confederates. Ewell, who commanded the rear guard, ordered the bridges to be burned, the ironclads in the river blown up, and everything destroyed which could be of use to the enemy. Fire was set by his orders to four government flames spread rapidly. The Union army enwarehouses in the heart of the city, whence the tered in the morning. The conflagration could not be suppressed till toward evening. Fully one third of Richmond had been burned, comprising nearly all its business portion.

Richter (rich'tér), Gustav Karl Ludwig, 1823-84; German historical and portrait painter; b. Berlin; studied in Berlin and Paris; professor in Berlin Academy; member of Munich and Vienna academies; medals at the exhibitions in Brussels and Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876, and Munich, 1883; secondclass medals, Paris Salons, 1857 and 1859, and

RIESENGEBIRGE

1347, the establishment of a better form of government; proclaimed tribune of the "Holy Roman Republic"; forced the nobles to render him allegiance, and changed a condition of anarchy to one of order. He now seemed to aim at universal empire. The Roman populace grew tired of his magnificent processions and of his taxes; the papal legates declared him a traitor and a heretic, and seven months after his accession to power the nobles drove him from the city. He again appeared in the rôle of a political reformer at the court of Emperor Charles IV, who sent him as a prisoner to the pope at Avignon. Hoping to restore peace at Rome, where, during the reign of the nobles, things were worse than ever, Innocent VI sent Rienzi thither in the quality of a senator. In August, 1354, he made a sort of triumphal entry, but soon displayed the same fantastic arrogance, accompanied by caprice and cruelty. The nobles never acknowledged his government, the populace became infuriated by his arbitrary measures, and a crowd surrounded him on the stairs of the capitol and killed him.

Riesengebirge (rë'zén-gė-birkh'ė), German, "Giant Mountains," mountain range which, for a distance of about 50 m,, forms the boundary between Bohemia and Prussian Silesia; is continued on the W. by the Erzgebirge, and on the E. by the Sudeten; highest peak, Schneekoppe, 5,253 ft.

Rif, region of high mountains fronting on the Mediterranean, between Tetuan and Melilla, Morocco. The mountains are well wooded with wild olive and cork trees. Grain is grown in the rich valleys, and the natives, partly Berber and partly Arab tribes, are well-to-do and fine people physically, but so extremely fanat-. ical that their country has not been satisfactorily explored, though lying near Europe. They are frequently in trouble with the government, as they often refuse to pay taxes.

Ri'fle Bird, name applied by the early Australian settlers to the birds of paradise of the genus Ptilor his, on account of the fancied resemblance of their plumage to the colors of the rifle brigade. The plumage of the male is black with beautiful steely blue and green reflections. These are particularly brilliant on the lower part of the throat. The general color of the female is brown. P. paradisea is found in New S. Wales, and other species occur in other parts of Australia and in New Guinea.

Ri'fling of Ord'nance, system of grooves in the bore of a firearm designed to give rotary motion to the projectile. The adoption of oblong projectiles necessitated some device to keep them point first in the air, and this can be done only by giving to the projectile a motion of rotation about its longer axis sufficient to counteract the tendency to rotation about its shorter axis. The rifling consists of a number of spiral grooves separated by lands; into them fits the rotating device on the projectile, which compels it to rotate while it is being fired. The studded system of projectiles requires deeper grooves than the other systems, and the number of grooves must be the same as the number of rows of studs.

RIGGS

By the twist of the rifling is meant the angle made by the tangent to the rifle curve with the axis of the bore. The twist may be uniform or increasing. Uniform twist was the kind first employed. It has the advantage of simplicity, and the projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun with a steady flight. The disadvantage of the uniform twist is that the pressure on the rotating device is not uniform at all points in the bore. The increasing twist has, on account of objections, been adopted in the guns of larger caliber. With the increasing twist there is a gradual change from little or no twist at the beginning of the rifling to the maximum twist at or near the muzzle. When the grooves start almost parallel to the axis of the bore, the initial resistance to the starting of the projectile is reduced to a minimum. The object is to select such a rifle curve that its twist will increase as the powder pressure falls off, and thus keep constant the pressure on the rotating device.

Riga (re'gä), capital of government of Livonia, Russia; on the Dwina; 350 m. SW. of St. Petersburg. The fortifications of the city have been razed and the walls converted into promenades, which surround the old city, separating it from its suburbs. The former has narrow streets and mediæval houses, while the latter are laid out in broad streets with modern buildings. Among the public buildings the most notable are St. Peter's Church (1406), with a tower 460 ft. high; the governor's residence (1494-1515), the city hall, and the exchange. There are manufactures of cotton, woolen, linen, and iron goods, cigars, corks, spirits, oil, glass, paper, jute, etc., and the shipbuilding industry is very flourishing. Riga derives its greatest importance, however, from its commerce. average of 2,400 vessels, of over 1,000,000 tons, enter its harbor annually. The city was founded in beginning of the thirteenth century by Albert von Apeldern, Bishop of Livonia. He established the order of the Knights of the Sword, which within a few years was united to the order of the Teutonic Knights. The prosperity of Riga began when it became a member of the Hanseatic League. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus, 1621; incorporated with Russia, 1710. Nearly half the inhabitants are Germans and German-speaking Jews, the remainder being about equally divided between Russians and Letts. Pop. with suburbs (1897)

282,230.

An

Riga, Gulf of, inlet of the Baltic; 100 m. long, 80 m. broad; bounded by the Russian governments of Kurland, Livonia, and Esthonia; receives the Dwina; Oesel is a large island at its entrance.

Rig'don, Sidney. See MORMON, BOOK OF.

Riggs, Kate Douglas (WIGGIN), 1857American author; b. Philadelphia, Pa.; taught kindergarten methods in Santa Barbara (Cal.) College; founded in San Francisco the first free kindergarten W. of the Rocky Mountains; aided in organizing California Kindergarten Training School; married Samuel Bradley Wiggin, 1880, and removed to New York City; in 1895, after his death, married George Chris

RIGHT ASCENSION

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topher Riggs; resides in summer at Hollis, Me. Works include "Kindergarten Chimes,' "The Birds' Christmas Carol," "Children's Rights," "A Cathedral Courtship," "Timothy's Quest," "Penelope's English Experiences," The Kindergarten," Nine Love Songs and a Carol," "The Diary of a Goose Girl," "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm," "More Chronicles of Rebecca," "Rose o' the River." In connection with her sister, Nora A. Smith, she has published "The Story Hour," "Froebel's Gifts," "Froebel's Occupations," etc.

Right Ascen'sion, in astronomy, the angular distance between the first point of Aries and the point in which the circle, passing through a heavenly body and the poles of the heavens, intersects the celestial equator. It is always measured from W. to E., and corresponds to longitude on the earth, as declination corresponds to latitude. Right ascension is usually expressed in time, one hour corresponding to 15° on the celestial sphere.

Rights, Bill of. See BILL OF RIGHTS.

Rigi, or Righi (re'ge), mountain of Switzerland; canton of Schwytz; isolated between the lakes of Zug and Lucerne; rises 5,902 ft. above the sea, 4,500 ft. above the lake. Several carriage roads and two railways lead from the base of the mountain to the top, which offers a very extensive view.

Rig'or Mor'tis (Latin, "stiffness of death"), the condition of muscular rigidity developing shortly after death. In persons who die suddenly, as by accident or by heart disease, and in whom the muscles are well developed, rigor mortis may be postponed for many hourstwelve or twenty-four-and may then persist for two or three days. Reversely, when death is the result of exhaustive disease, the muscles are flabby, rigor mortis develops speedilywithin an hour-and is of brief duration. As soon as rigor mortis passes off, the relaxed body begins to decompose. Rigor mortis is believed to be due to the separation and coagulation of the albuminoid substance in the fluid of the muscle, following the cessation of nutrition.

Rime. See RHYME.

Rimini (re'me-nē), ancient Ariminum, town of Forli, Italy; at mouth of the Marecchia in the Adriatic; 30 m. SE. of Forli; contains one of the largest and finest theaters in Italy, and celebrated antiquities, including a bridge of fine white marble at the junction of the Via Flaminia and Via Emilia. The remarkable Church of San Francesco was built by Pandolfo Malatesta, whose family ruled here from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. The town after 1528 was included as papal territory in the so-called legation of Ravenna, until, 1860, it was united to the Kingdom of Italy. Pop. (1901) 43,203.

Rin'derpest, Cat'tle Plague, or Steppe Mur'rain, contagious eruptive fever among cattle, endemic or nearly so in Russia, and occasionally sweeping most destructively throughout |

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Rine'hart, William Henry, 1825-74; American sculptor; b. Carroll Co., Md.; resided in Florence, Italy, 1855-58; returned for a time to Baltimore, and then settled in Rome; best works, a Nymph," "Woman of Samaria," "Indian Maiden," "Rebecca," 66 Endymion," Atalanta," "Hero," "Leander," "Antigone," Clytie," and "Latona." He completed the bronze doors of the U. S. Capitol, begun by Crawford.

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Ring, ornament worn on the finger, frequently invested with symbolical meaning. From

RINGS SYMBOLIC OF CHRISTIAN FAITH.

the remotest antiquity the finger ring (usually connected with a seal) was an emblem of an authority which could be delegated by the sim

FORTVNIVS)

EARLY SEAL RING.

ple process of delivering it to an agent. The cases of Pharaoh and Ahasuerus are instances in point. Precious stones of great value were employed in rings by the Hebrews and Persians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. They have long been in almost universal use in Christendom as tokens of marriage or betrothal, and are often engraved with mottoes. The "fisherman's ring is an indispensable article of the papal chancery, and the custom has been imitated by the bishops of some Christian churches. Magical virtues have often been ascribed to rings both by pagan and Christian nations, and traditions of poison concealed in rings have played a large part in the criminal annals of the Middle Ages.

RING WITH KEY.

RITUALIST

established the first paper mill in America; discovered for himself the method of fluxions when in his nineteenth year; undertook clockmaking as a profession, 1751; afterwards made a large orrery for the Univ. of Pennsylvania; in connection with Mason and Dixon was employed, 1763, to determine the initial point of their survey, which he did with instruments of his own construction; fixed the N., S., and W. boundaries of Pennsylvania; appointed by American Philosophical Society to observe the transit of Venus, June 3, 1769; calculated the elements of the (future) transit of December 8, 1874, and observed the transits of Mercury of 1769 and 1782. In 1770 he settled at Philadelphia, where he engaged in the manufacture of clocks and mathematical instruments; elected to the provincial legislature, 1776; member of convention which formed the state constitution, 1776; state treasurer, 1777-89; director U. S. Mint,

1792-95.

Rit'ualist, strictly speaking, one who has made the rites and usages of the Church a matter of study; but the term is commonly used to designate a party in the Anglican Church which seeks to minimize the effect of the Reformation, which is regarded by them as a "deformation," and, in order to show sympathy with the ante-Reformation Church, and to make prominent doctrines which they regard as "Catholic," has revived rites and practices which have their origin in the mediaval days. The Ritualists style themselves simply Catholics, but are popularly known as the High Church party. The Church Association was formed for their prosecution, culminating in the celebrated trial of the Bishop of Lincoln for alleged ritualistic practices, which terminated in a practical victory for the bishop and his sympathizers. From the Church of England, ritualism extended to her daughter in the U. S., and has occupied the attention of more than one general convention. In 1871 a canon forbidding certain practices was adopted which proved practically inoperative. There has not been found to any extent that development of ritual which tends to the inculcation of Roman Catholic doctrine.

Rit'ual Law, law governing the ritual or sacred offices of the Church. The term is applied broadly to include the rules governing the offices and the manner of celebrating religious services in the church of any denomination, but usually and more specifically to such laws relating to an established church.

In Great Britain there is a common law of the Church, which is a part of the general common law, and is binding as well in the temporal as in the ecclesiastical courts. It is a part of the canon law, and rests for its authority on immemorial usage. The ritual laws or rules of a church organization or body in the U. S. have no force as public laws, and cannot be enforced except by exercising the discipline provided for their enforcement by the rules of each particular organization. A person disciplined has a right to appeal to the courts of the law to enforce his legal rights in the organization and protect him from any discipline or punishment which violates either the law of

RIVER

the land or his rights under the regulations of the church organization to which he belongs. collection of sacred writings of the Egyptians which were placed on the walls of tombs and Pyramids, on sarcophagi, and on various articles of funereal furniture, or on papyri which were deposited with the mummies. The gen eral view made Thoth the author of this as of other sacred writings. A text of the twentysixth dynasty contains 165 chapters. In a complete compilation the number would be much greater.

Ritual of the Dead, or Book of the Dead,

funeral ritual, since the acts prescribed are only The book, as a whole, is not properly in part to be done to or for the dead. Aside from certain ceremonial observances and direc tions, the book is concerned with the journey of the dead through Amenti, the W. region of the departed; with the speeches and prayers which he is to address to the gods and other beings whom he will meet in the course of his migrations; with the magical formulas which are calculated to deliver him from the ills and dangers that threaten; with the formulas which were placed on amulets to insure the safety of his bodily members; with the hymns to be sung in honor of the great gods; and with the scenes of the judgment in the hall of Osiris when the heart of the deceased is weighed in the scales over against the symbol of truth and justice, and where the "negative confession" that the deceased has not committed certain reprehensible or heinous acts of irreligion or of immorality is repeated to the forty-two assessors,

Riu Kiu (ry-o' ky-o') Islands (formerly called LIUKIU, or LOOCHOO), group in the N. Pacific Ocean, extending SW. from Kiushiu, Japan, toward Formosa, the most important of which belong to the prefecture of Okinawa, Japan; length about 80 m.; average breadth, 12 to 15 m.; pop. abt. 455,000. Okinawa-shima, or Great Liukiu, the largest of the islands, is about 65 m. in length by 15 m. in average breadth. Oshima is the only other island of considerable size; there are some fifty-three smaller islands. Capital, Shiuri, in Okinawa. The climate is agreeable and the soil fertile. China conquered these islands at an early date, but never enforced her claim, and Japan formally annexed them, 1879.

Riv'er, large stream by which the water gathered from a catchment area or basin, bearing with it the waste of the land surface, is led to lower ground, usually to the sea. All those streams which unite in a single trunk constitute a river system. As the volume of a typical river is supplied only by the rainfall over its basin, those streams and rivers near the seacoast whose volume is dependent on the inflow of the tide are tidal rivers; those, like the lower Delaware or Hudson, whose volume depends on the submergence of their lower valleys beneath sea level are estuaries or fiords; while those strips of salt water included between the mainland and adjacent linear sand bars, as Indian and Banana "rivers" on the Florida coast, are lagoons, not rivers.

A new river begins its life either on the surface of a newly raised land area, or on an old