PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS

will be about the same. From the Gatun locks to San Pablo, nearly 16 m., the width will be about 1,000 ft. and the depth 45 ft. Farther up the lake will be decreased, and from Obispo to Las Cascades, where the Culebra cut begins, will be 300 ft. Between Las Cascades and Paraiso, 4.7 m., the most difficult work of the whole construction was encountered. Along this stretch the channel will be 200 ft. wide; from Paraiso to the San Pedro lock it will be 300 ft. Between San Pedro and Sosa Hill the width will increase from 500 to 1,000 ft. From the Sosa locks to deep water in Panama Bay, 4 m., the channel will have a bottom width of 500 ft. and a depth of 50 ft. below mean tide. A treaty between the U. S. and Great Britain, signed 1901, provides for the

neutralization of the canal and for its use on equal terms by vessels of all nations. Up to 1907 excavations proceeded slowly because the work was then being organized; during the year 1907 the progress was also relatively slow, but since January 1, 1908, the material has been handled with unexpected rapidity. During 1909 nearly 3,000,000 cu. yds. of material were excavated each month. At this rate the excavation work can be completed by the end of 1912. It is fully expected that the canal will be open for use in 1915.

Pan-American Con'gress, conference of representatives of the U. S. and the republics of Mexico, Central and S. America, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Brazil, held at Washington to discuss and recommend measures to regulate and improve the international relations, business intercourse, and means of direct communication between these countries. It was summoned in accordance with the provisions of an act of the U. S. Congress of May 24, 1888, and met at Washington, October 2, 1889, but in consequence of the invitation of the U. S. Govt. to the delegates of the congress to visit different parts of the U. S. before entering upon their labors, it adjourned to November 18, 1889, when it began its regular sittings. The idea of such a congress was not new. Henry Clay's scheme for a Panama congress comprised several features of the later plan, but was never carried out. To James G. Blaine more than to anyone else was due the assembling of such a body. Among the subjects discussed by the congress, without 'definite results, were the establishment of an international bank, the protection of copyrights and patent rights, the granting of subsidies to steamship companies, and the adoption of an extradition treaty. Among the measures which the congress voted to recommend for adoption were a uniform system of weights and measures, a uniform commercial coinage, and a common method of legalizing documents. Another important recommendation was that reciprocity treaties be adopted between the states. It adjourned April 19,

1890.

The Pan-American Congress of 1901-2 met in the city of Mexico, October, 1901. Various plans for bringing the American republics closer together were discussed, including the building of a railroad to connect N. and S. America, the adoption of a uniform coinage,

PANCREAS

and regular quarantine measures. It adjourned, January 31, 1902.

The third Pan-American Congress met at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in July and August, 1906. The principal topic discussed was the Calvo or Drago Doctrine, according to which debts due by S. American countries to European nations cannot be collected by armed intervention. The subject was referred to The Hague Peace Conference. The Pan-American railroad was also discussed, as well as the regulation of patents, the codification of laws, etc.

Panathenæ'a, most splendid of the Athenian festivals, celebrated in honor of Athena (MiAcnerva) Polias, protectress of the city. cording to tradition, it was instituted by Erichthonius under the title of Athenæa. The celebration was confined to Athens until the reign of Theseus, who united all the Attic tribes, and this, becoming their common festival, was called Panathenæa. The festival was divided into the lesser and the greater, the former taking place every year, the latter in the third year of each Olympiad.

Panay (pä-ni'), island of the Philippines; extreme NW. of the Visayan group; area, mainland, 4,752 sq. m., with dependent islands, 5,103; pop. (1903) 743,646, of whom 14,933 classed as wild; comprises provinces of Antique, Capiz, and Iloilo; capitals, San José de Buenavista, Capiz, Iloilo; inhabitants, Visayans, wild Mundos, and a few Negritos; has numerous mechanical industries, large unexploited mineral resources, valuable timber, and productions of cotton, corn, pepper, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, copra, and rice.

Panchatantra (păn chă-tăn tră), ancient Sanskrit collection of fables and tales, of ethico

didactic purpose. The form of the teaching

bears much resemblance to that of the Buddhists. The date of the extant form of the work is uncertain. The "Panchatantra," or perhaps rather the earlier but now lost original thereof, has been transmitted through translations, sometimes under the name of the "Fables of Pilpay," or "Fables of Bidpai," to almost all the peoples of Europe.

Pan'creas, or Sweet'bread, gland which in the human being is behind the stomach, extending across the abdominal cavity. It weighs from 2 to 6 oz. A small posterior part (lesser pancreas) is sometimes detached. The right extremity is called the head, the left the tail, and the rest the body. In the octopus the pancreas is a long, convoluted organ; in other mollusks it is either absent or rudimentary. Some insects have analogous organs. In the higher vertebrates there is sometimes but one duct (the canal of Wirsung), but there are very often two even in man. The minute structure and general aspect of the pancreas resemble those of the salivary glands. The secretion of the gland (pancreatic juice) is normally alkaline, viscid, and coagulable by heat. It is secreted in abundance only during digestion. It contains the principle pancreatin. Pancreatin should contain the four pancreatic

PANDA

PANTHEISM

when he became assistant librarian of the British Museum; 1837 was appointed keeper of the printed books; 1856 succeeded Sir Henry Ellis as principal librarian.

and a milk-curdling ferment. It is by far the most important and most useful of the digestive ferments, either when administered by the physician or when acting in the secretion of the pancreas of the individual, and is used for the purpose of peptonizing foods.

Pan'da. See AILURUS.

Pando'ra, in Greek legend, the first woman, sent by Zeus to mankind in vengeance for Prometheus's theft of the heavenly fire. Aphrodite gave her beauty, Hermes cunning, and each of the gods bestowed on her some fatal gift for the punishment of mankind. Again, it is said that the gods gave her a box full of blessings for mankind, but, prompted by curiosity, she opened the box, and all the blessings flew away except hope.

Pan'eas (modern, BANIAS). See CESAREA PHILIPPI.

Pangen'esis, theory of reproduction propounded by Darwin in his "Animals and Plants Under Domestication."

Pango Pango (păng'gō pang'go), or Pa'go Pa'go, harbor on the S. side of Tutuila Island, Samoa; belongs to the U. S.; considered the safest and best inlet in the Samoan group.

Panini (pä-nē'nē), Sanskrit grammarian, probably of the fourth century B.C. Of his celebrated grammar Max Müller says: "It is the perfection of a merely empirical analysis of language, unsurpassed, nay, even unapproached, by anything in the grammatical literature of other nations."

Panizzi (pä-nēt'sē), Sir Anthony, 1797-1879; English librarian; b. Brescello, Modena; having taken part in the Piedmontese revolution of 1821, fled to England, taught Italian at Liverpool, and was Prof. of the Italian Language

Panjab'. See PUNJAB.

Panno'nia, province of the Roman Empire; between the Danube and the Alps; bounded N. and E. by the Danube, S. by the Save, and W. by the mountains of Noricum; was made a Roman province in the reign of Augustus, and one hundred years later was divided into Upper and Lower Pannonia. Frequent rebellions compelled the Romans to build a large number of fortresses in the country, of which Vindobona, the present Vienna, was the most remarkable. During the decline of the Roman Empire Pannonia fell into the hands of the Huns, and from them it passed successively to the Ostrogoths, Longobards, and Slavs, till, in the ninth century, the Magyars settled on it and kept it.

Panop'olis, one of the most ancient cities of Egypt; on the E. side of the Nile; contained one of the principal sanctuaries for the priapian worship of Min (whom the Greeks identified with Pan); is now a thriving town named Akhmym.

Pan'sy. See VIOLET.

Pantellaria (pän-těl-lä-re'ä), small island between Africa and Sicily, in the Strait of Sicily; area, 58 sq. m.; anciently called Cosyra, was used by Roman emperors as a place of banishment for offenders.

Pan'theism, word first used by Toland at the beginning of the eighteenth century to designate absolute monism; the identification of the totality of being with God. Pantheism is absolute monism, maintaining that the entire phenomenal universe is the ever-changing existence form of the one single universal substance, which is God. Thus God is all, and all is God. God is absolute being, of which every finite thing is a differentiated and transient form. Pantheism in all its forms must either deny the moral personality of God or that of man, or both. Logically, pantheism does render both impossible. God comes to self-consciousness only in man; the consciousness of free personal self-determination in man is a delusion; moral responsibility is a prejudice; the supernatural is impossible, and religion is superstition. Yet such is the flexibility of the system that in one form it puts on a mystical guise, representing God as the all-person absorbing the world into Himself, and in an opposite form it puts on a purely naturalistic guise, representing the world as absorbing God, and the human race in its everculminating development as the only object of reverence or devotion. The intense individuality and the material science of the nineteenth century has reacted powerfully upon pantheism, substituting materialism for idealism, retiring God and elevating man, as is seen in the degeneration of pantheism into atheism.