POTT'S DISEASE OF THE SPINE posure may greatly modify the color which a Decorating is chiefly accomplished by painting with a brush, the pigments being earthy or metallic, usually metallic oxides. Borax and other materials are used as fluxes, and some kind of oil is used to facilitate the laying on. The color when fired becomes glass, either in a solid mass of some thickness or in a mere film. Some colors are applied upon the body under the glaze, but few can bear the great heat necessary for firing the body. Some painting is done upon the unbaked but dried surface of the stanniferous enamel when ap: plied to the body; the color for this must also be very resistant. Other work is done upon the enamel after baking, and for this the low heat of the muffle is sufficient. Gold is applied with a brush, as powder, and is burnished after firing. Luster is generally metallic, the metal being very finely divided, so as to give its effect when laid on as a paint and fired without burnishing. Besides painting with the brush, some effects are produced by putting on the color in mass and letting it trickle down the surface until stopped and fixed by the heat of the kiln. Other similar effects are got by blowing color from a tube, or splashing or sprinkling it in drops. Sometimes an accidental form, as of a seeming cloud or mountain, produced by splashing or smearing, has given a suggestion for a design, which has then been carried out deliberately. Sometimes the decoration is in form as well as color, the one aiding the other, as when a vase is covered with a raised pattern, simulating basket work, which is then heightened with color and gold. See KERAMICS. POULTRY in extreme S. part of the great Schuylkill anthracite coal field, where shafts have been sunk in the valleys to a depth of 1,600 ft. to reach the underlying coal beds, while on the mountainsides the coal beds crop out; is the chief shipping point of the region. It was here that anthracite coal was first successfully used for smelting purposes, 1839, and the prize of $5,000 offered by wealthy Philadelphians to the individual who would succeed in smelting iron ore with anthracite coal was awarded to the Pottsville furnace. The industrial works include furnaces, rolling mills, stove and other foundries, several boiler, engine, and machine shops, pottery, bolt and nut factories, planing mills, spike mills, shirt and stocking factories, large breweries, extensive silk mill, and bridge works. Pop. (1900) 15,710. Pouched Rat. See GOPHER. Poughkeepsie (pō-kip'si), capital of Dutchess Co., N. Y.; on the Hudson; 75 m. N. of New York City and 69 m. S. of Albany; on line of Hudson on a noted cantilever bridge at an eleseveral railroads, one of which crosses the vation of 212 ft. Poughkeepsie was settled by the Dutch at the close of the seventeenth century. The New York Legislature met here, 1778, to accept the Articles of Confederation adopted by the thirteen states. Here, also, July 26, 1788, a state convention ratified the hillside sloping to the river, but largely on Federal Constitution. The city is partly on a table-land extending E. to Vassar College, 2 m. away. At the N. is College Hill, whose summit is 500 ft. above the town. The whole of this hill, excepting the reservoir grounds, was given to the city by one of its citizens for a public park; area nearly 100 acres. Poughkeepsie is distinguished for its institutions of learning, of which Vassar College, Riverview Military Academy, Eastman's Business College, and Putnam Hall are prominent. Pop. (1905) 25,379. Poul'try, domestic fowls, in a broad sense, including many breeds, as American, Asiatic, Mediterranean, Polish, Hamburg, French, English, Game, Game Bantam, Bantam, and Miscellaneous. The American class comprises the Pott's Disease' of the Spine. See SPINAL Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Javas, Domi CARIES. Potts'town, borough in Montgomery Co., Pa.; on Schuylkill River and canal; 18 m. ESE. of Reading; in an agricultural and mineral region; widely known for its manufactures, particularly of iron and steel. Besides the plant of the Pottstown Iron Company, which includes furnaces, rolling mill, steel works, and machine shops, and that of the Philadelphia Bridge Company, there are rolling mills, steel mill, nail factories, furnace for pig iron, boiler works, agricultural-implement works, cigar factories, carriage factories, planing mills, and other industrial works, including in the borough and its vicinity many creameries. Pop. (1900) 13,696. Potts'ville, capital of Schuylkill Co., Pa.; on Schuylkill River; 35 m. NW. of Reading; niques, and Jersey Blues. The Plymouth Rocks are subdivided into White, Buff, and Barred varieties, the Javas into Black, White and Mottled, and the Wyandottes into White, Golden, Silver, Buff, and Black. In the Asiatic class are included the Light Brahmas, Dark Brahmas, Partridge Cochins, Black Cochins, White Cochins, Buff Cochins, and Langshans. They are the largest of the gallinaceous fowls, the Light Brahmas leading in weight. All fowls of this class have feathered legs, and all have single combs, with the exception of the Light Brahmas and Dark Brahmas, which possess pea combs. To the Mediterranean class belong the Leghorns, Minorcas, Andalusians, and Black Spanish. The Leghorns are subdivided, according to the color of the plumage. The fowls of the Polish class are nonsitters and excellent layers; valued chiefly for their POULTRY beautiful plumage. The Hamburg class includes the Hamburgs and Red Caps; are beautiful in plumage; second to the Polish as ornamental fowls. The French class comprises the Houdans, Crèvecœurs, and La Flèches. The Houdan possesses a fifth toe on each foot. The Dorkings compose the English class; for the table they are unrivaled. The chicks are difficult to raise, and the adults are not well adapted to the climate of the U. S. Of To the Game class belong the Malays, Sumatras, Black-breasted Reds, the various Duckwings—brown, white, pyle, and Indian. Game cocks intended for combats in the pit differ from the standard varieties in being bred without regard to color or form, as courage is more essential. The Game fowls are excellent for the table and have an abundance of "breast meat." The Game Bantam cocks should not exceed 22 oz. in weight nor hens 20 oz. The Black-breasted Reds are the favorites. Bantams other than Game are the Pekin (or Cochin, Booted, Japanese, white-crested White Polish, Rose-comb Black, Rose-comb White, Golden Sebright, and Silver Sebright. The miscellaneous class includes the Sultans, Silkies, Frizzles, Russians, and breeds that are considered oddities. There are six breeds of turkeys-buff, bronze, slate, white, black, and Narragansett. The leading breeds are the bronze and white. The bronze is the heaviest. There are three varieties of guinea fowls-pearl, white, and bronze. They find no sale in market, but on farms they are regarded as excellent layers and their flesh is considered delicate. Of aquatic fowls, geese are separated into the Toulouse, Embden, African, Canada, Egyptian, White China, and Brown China breeds, all rare except the first two. Of ducks, there are the Pekin, Aylesbury, Rouen, White Muscovy, Colored Muscovy, and Cayuga, all well-known breeds. The Call and East Indian are very small and are seldom kept on farms. The crested duck is bred more as a novelty than for practical purposes. It is doubtful if the Muscovy is really a duck; its period of incubation and habits approach more nearly those of the goose. Feeding.-Laying hens require food of a character entirely different from that suitable for nonproducers. An egg is composed of twelve and a half per cent of albumen, twenty one per cent of oil and fat, and ten per cent of mineral matter, the greater proportion of the egg being water. As grain is deficient in lime and is largely starch, it has a tendency to fatten rather than to supply the elements composing the egg. Digestion and assimilation are promoted when the food is varied, and egg production is increased when the ration is well balanced. The individual characteristics of the hens must be considered, as no two hens are alike even when of the same breed. Bulky food-such as chopped grass, clover, vegetable tops, cooked potatoes, and turnips-is essential, because grain is too concentrated. Pounded bones, meat, and milk should always be included in the ration, as they are highly nitrogenous and seldom fail to promote laying. During the winter season the first essential is warmth, which is promoted by shelter and POUND a liberal supply of grain. Ground food, scalded, is excellent as a morning meal, or the ground grain may be mixed with clover hay which has been cut very fine and scalded. The allowance of food should be light, and to induce the hens to exercise a small quantity of millet seed should be scattered in cut straw, leaves, or litter of any kind. No food should be given at noon. Late in the afternoon about one pound of chopped lean meat or ground bone may be allowed twenty hens, after which wheat or corn, or both, should be scattered over the ground in order that the hens may exercise in securing it. Troughs should not be used except when feeding moistened ground grain. During the summer months the hens can secure all food required on a range, as grass, seeds, and insects will be abundant. Water should be at all times where it can be procured easily by the fowls. No fixed allowance of food for a flock can be determined upon, especially when the food is varied. It will require about five pecks of corn, or its equivalent, to support a hen for a year. Turkeys and guinea fowls thrive best on a range, and are capable of securing the whole of their food during the greater portion of the year. A meal, composed of corn or wheat, given at night, will induce them to come up regularly to roost near the dwelling house. In winter they should have grain twice a day. Geese and ducks are partial to green foods, and if grass is abundant they will have no difficulty in securing food in summer. A meal of cooked turnips, thickened with bran, given twice a day in winter, with a supply of chopped clover hay, scalded, will keep them in good condition. Management.-Lice and disease are the chief drawbacks. If the poultry houses are kept clear of lice the fowls can then rid themselves of vermin by the use of the dust bath. Drenching the poultry house with an emulsion of kerosene is the most effective remedy. Large gray lice destroy many young chicks and turkeys; anointing the heads with a few drops of sweet oil is the remedy. Roup is the most prevalent disease, and exists in many forms, the symptoms being hoarse breathing, swelled eyes and heads, etc. There is no remedy for the disease, the most economical method being clean and disinfect the premises. to destroy the sick birds and thoroughly to Chicks should not be kept with adults until well laying the next season will thrive best when advanced in growth, and pullets intended for not with the young cockerels. The poultry house should be cleaned daily, and if the flock is confined in yards it will be an advantage cupied yard should be used for growing green to have two yards for each flock. The unocfood, the top soil being turned under; in this way the yards can be kept clean. BATION. See INCU Pound (Latin, pondus, a weight), measure of weight. The avoirdupois or commercial pound, or 16 oz., is equal to 7,000 gr.; the apothecaries' and the troy pound, of 12 oz., to 5,760 gr. POUND (Anglo-Saxon, pund, a fold), in law, a pen, pinfold, or inclosure of any kind author POUNDAGE ized by law and belonging to a town, city, or county, in which domestic animals that are wandering about, or trespassing, may be confined until claimed and taken out by the owner, in a lawful way. Pound'age. See TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE. Pound Sterling, denomination of money, originating from the pound weight of silver, which anciently was divided into 240 parts, called pence. These pence were designated esterling (of obscure origin, but probably derived from Easterling, the name given to Baltic and German traders in London), whence the name sterling," the legal description of the English current coin. The pound sterling is a money of account; the gold coin representing it, called a sovereign, is worth $4.8665 in U. S. coin. Poussin (pô-san'), Nicolas, 1594-1655; French painter; b. Villers, Normandy; went to Paris at eighteen to study; settled in Rome at thirty and attended the academy of Domenichino; endured great poverty until Cardinal Barberini commissioned him to paint two pictures, "The Death of Germanicus" and "The Capture of Jerusalem." In 1640 he returned to Paris, where he became court painter to Louis XIII; 1642 went back to Rome for his wife, but, as Louis XIII died about this time, Poussin remained in Rome. More than 200 prints have been engraved after his pictures. He had an immense influence in landscape painting. Pow'der. See EXPLOSIVES; GUNPOWDER. Pow'er, Tyrone, 1797-1841; Irish actor; b. county Waterford; removed to Wales in early life; made his début at the Cardiff Theater; played in the principal cities of England, including London; excelled in the delineation of Irish characters. During his last engagement at the Haymarket Theater his salary was advanced to £150 per week. He made successful tours in the U. S., 1833-35 and 1840-41, and was lost in the steamship President. Power, in law, an authority by which one is enabled to exercise the control of an owner over the property of another. The term is important in real estate law, where powers may be created by deed, will, or other instrument executed by the owner of the land, or they may result from legal proceedings, or be conferred upon officials by statute for the purpose of enforcing some public right or private remedy. Power of Attor'ney, a written instrument conferring upon one person the power to act for another. It is a deed, or sealed instrument, at common law; but modern statutes frequently dispense with the seal. It ordinarily contains the name of the principal, the name of the agent, a precise statement of the au POWER thority conferred, with a declaration that the principal ratifies and confirms all authorized acts of the agent, and the seal and signature of the principal. Often it gives to the agent the power to substitute a third person in his stead. A power of attorney may be revoked, unless the power is coupled with an interest. Power, Pol'yphase Transmis'sion of, system of transmission of alternating electrical currents. Power may be transmitted by the pumping of water, to be used for water motors. By using great pressure, a large amount of power may be transmitted by a small quantity of water; to carry this small quantity of water small pipes suffice. Similarly, a given amount of power may be transmitted over a small wire carrying a small electric current under high pressure. The fact that the use of high pressures involves more or less risk to life and property makes it expedient to transform the transmitted electrical power so that the inexpert user may be supplied with large current at low pressure. The advantage of alternating current for power transmission lies in the fact that the alternating-current machinery needed for the transformation of a given amount of power from small current and high pressure to large current and low pressure, or vice versa, is simpler and cheaper to construct and to operate than the machinery required to accomplish the same result with constant current, or direct current, as it is called. When the transmitted power is to be used solely for lighting, simple alternating current is entirely satisfactory. When the transmitted power is to be used wholly or in part for motive purposes, simple alternating current is not satisfactory, for the reason that a good self-starting motor using simple alternating current cannot at present be made. The employment of alternating current for motive purposes depends on the use of the so-called induction motor. This type of motor needs to be supplied with two or more independent alternating currents transmitted over three or more distinct wires. The use of two or more independent alternating currents in this way is called polyphase transmission. When two alternating currents are so used the arrangement is called a two-phase system; when three alternating currents are so used the arrangement is called a threephase system. The plant for long-distance transmission of power by polyphase currents consists of power station, transmission line, and receiving staprime mover, either water or steam, which tion. The power station is provided with a drives one or more polyphase alternators, and for exciting the field magnets of the alteralso one or more small direct-current dynamos nators. The alternators furnish large current at low pressure to the step-up transformers, which furnish small current at high pressure to the transmission lines. The step-up transformer may be a combination of single-phase transformers or it may be a two-phase threephase transformer. At the receiving station the high-pressure polyphase currents from the lines pass through the step-down transformers. These step-down transformers may supply cur |