PINCKNEY PINE 1806-8; U. S. Senator, 1798-1801; minister to | most valuable, the long-leaved or yellow pine Spain, 1802-5; again in Congress, 1819-21; an ardent and eloquent Antifederalist. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 1746-1825; American statesman; b. Charleston, S. C.; became a barrister at Charleston, 1769; colonel of S. Carolina troops in the Revolution; aid to Washington, 1777; displayed great valor and skill in the S. campaigns, 1778-80; prisoner of war, 1780-82; brigadier general, 1783; major general of U. S. troops, 1797; assisted in framing U. S. Constitution; one of the special ministers to France, 1796-97, when he was ordered to leave that country. He was the author of the famous sentiment, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute"; Federalist candidate for Vice President, 1800. Pinckney, Thomas, 1750-1828; American statesman; b. Charleston, S. C.; brother of preceding; called to the bar in London; served with distinction in the Revolutionary army as aid of Gen. Lincoln; Governor of S. Carolina, 1787-89; U. S. Minister to England, 1792-94, and to Spain, 1794-96, when he negotiated the Treaty of San Ildefonso; was in Congress, 1799-1801; appointed major general, 1812, and served against the Creeks and Seminoles. Pin'dar, abt. 522-443 B.C.; greatest of Greek lyric poets; b. near Thebes; before the Persian War, 490, had gained a national reputation; though siding with the invaders, he praised the achievements of Athens in the war of libera tion, and was rewarded therefor, but fined by Thebes. He traveled far and wide, being employed by princes and states to write odes for great occasions. At the court of Hieron of Syracuse he stayed four years-473-77. He was a priest as well as a prophet, a favored guest of the Delphic god, and the last prophet of the old Doric creed. Of the fragments of his poetry that remain, his "Hymns of Victory," written in honor of victors in the four great national games of Greece, are greatly admired. Pindar, Peter. See WOLCOT, JOHN. Pine (Latin, pinus), most numerous genus among coniferous trees, distinguished by its foliage of needle-shaped leaves in clusters of two to five, surrounded at the base by a sheath of withered bud scales. The pines, with the exception of one species in the Canaries, are confined to America, Europe, and Asia, and are more abundant in the temperate and cooler portions of these. No trees are so useful in the arts of civilized life as these, as they not only furnish in abundance kinds of wood for which there is no proper substitute, but their other products are of great utility; the abundant juice of some species, which consists of a resin dissolved in a volatile oil, affords turpentine, rosin, tar, pitch, etc. In several species the nuts are edible. P. strobus, the common white pine, has its leaves in clusters of five. It extends from about 54° N. to the mountains of Georgia and from Nova Scotia to the Rocky Mountains, and in the N. reaches nearly to the Pacific. It is the tallest tree of the E. states, rising 120 to 150 ft. Of pines with three leaves in a sheath, there are four species; (P. australis), which for usefulness ranks next to the white pine. It is found S. of N. Carolina; often forms the entire growth on PINEAPPLE ada to Pennsylvania in dry localities; in New England it is incorrectly called Norway pine. The tree in favorable localities reaches 80 ft., with a trunk of uniform diameter. The pines of the Rocky Mountains and W. to the Pacific are more numerous than in the E. region. The awn-coned pine (P. aristata) is of alpine character, being found on the higher peaks of the Rocky Mountains, never below 9,000 ft. altitude, as a straggling bush, or as a tree of 40 or 50 ft., according to situation. The sugar pine (P. lambertiana), found from the Mexican border, along the mountains, to the Columbia River, is one of the grand trees of the Pacific region, in groves growing 200 ft. high and 10 ft. in diameter, and isolated specimens reaching 300 ft., with a diameter of 20 ft. The wood is preferred for inside work. Among prominent species with three leaves is the great hooked pine (P. coulteri), found in the mountains of California. Sabine's or nut pine (P. sabiniana) is found generally in California, and extends into Oregon, the seeds of which are used as food by the Indians. The W. yellow pine (P. ponderosa) is the most abundant and most widely distributed of the pines of California and Oregon, and often grows 100 ft. high; the wood is less valuable than that of the sugar pine. The New Mexico nut pine (P. edulis) is abundant in parts of New Mexico and Arizona; usual height, abt. 30 ft.; the cones, scarcely 2 in. long, contain large, edible seeds, which the Mexicans call pinones. See CONIFERS; FIRS. B PINGRÉ | external appearance to the cones of some pines. It is a biennial, with leaves which form a crown of foliage, from the center of which rises a stem 2 or 3 ft. high, on the upper portion of which, the flowers are crowded in the form of a conical spike. The pineapple in cultivation rarely produces seeds, but in ripening the whole flower cluster becomes enormously enlarged, and when quite ripe fleshy and succulent, being pervaded by a very saccharine, highly flavored juice. The unripe fruit is acrid, and its juice in tropical countries is used as a vermifuge. Pine Chaf'er, any one of various beetles whose larvæ commit great ravages in pine forests, eating away the new material between the bark and the wood. These insects are Pissodes strobi, Tomicus pini, T. xylographus, and several species of Hylurgus. Pine'finch, or Gold'finch (Spinus pinus), bird of the family Fringillida; near relative of the common goldfinch of the U. S. (S. tristis); occurs more or less abundantly throughout N. America; attains a length of about 4 in.; is brownish-olive above, and beneath whitish, streaked with dusky. Pine Gros'beak. See GROSBEAK. Pines, Isle of (Spanish, ISLA DE PINOS), island of the W. Indies; in the Caribbean Sea; 35 m. S. of W. end of Cuba; area, 840 sq. m.; capital, Nueva Gerona; forms municipal district of Havana province; has numerous bays, mountain chain 1,600 ft. high, and marble quarries; chief products, silver, quicksilver, iron, sulphur, rock crystal, tortoise shell, naval stores, pine, mahogany, cedar, and other woods. Discovered, 1494, by Columbus, it was long a resort for pirates. After SpanishAmerican War many Americans acquired valuable interests there. Disputes arose as to its ownership; Cuba claimed it as an integral part of her territory, the Americans that it was ceded to the U. S. with Porto Rico; the U. S. Supreme Court decided, 1907, in favor of Cuba. Pop. (1899) 3,199. Pines, Isle of, island in the S. Pacific, belonging to France; 30 m. from the SE. end of New Caledonia; area abt. 58 sq. m. It was discovered, 1774, by Capt. Cook; selected, 1872, for a penal station. Pop. abt. 600. Pine Snake, serpent (Pituophis melanoleucus), 6 ft. long, 2 in. thick, of a shining white color, with dark-brown spots; named from having its home in the pineries of E. N. America, from New Jersey to the S.; also sometimes called the "bull snake," from the loud bellowing sound it produces. Pingré (păň-gra'), Alexandre Gui, 1711-96; French astronomer; b. Paris; published L'État du ciel, a valuable nautical calendar, 1754-57; and after verifying La Caille's table of modern eclipses in the "Art de vérifier les dates," PINEAPPLE. A. Cluster of fruits. B. Single flower. C. computed the similar phenomena that had oc Section of flower. Pine'apple (Ananassa sativa), tropical fruit, so called from the resemblance in form and curred in the ten centuries preceding his time. He made scientific voyages, 1760-76, and published "Cométographie, ou traité historique des comètes," and other works. Pink'eye. See INFLUENZA. Pink'ney, William, 1764-1822; American statesman; b. Annapolis, Md.; son of an English loyalist; admitted to the bar, 1786; member of state convention that ratified U. S. Constitution, 1788; U. S. commissioner in England under the Jay Treaty, 1796-1804; Attorney-general of Maryland, 1805; minister extraordinary, with Monroe, to Great Britain, 1806; minister resident there, 1807-11; U. S. Attorney-general, 1811-14; volunteer officer in War of 1812; in Congress, 1815-16; appointed minister to Russia, and special envoy to Naples, 1816; resigned, 1818; U. S. Senator, 1820-22. Pink'root, root of a showy herb of the U. S. (Spigelia marilandica), found from New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas; infusion used as PINKROOT. thelmia is a similar plant of S. America. They belong to the Loganiacea. Pin'nated Grouse. See PRAIRIE HEN. Pinnip'edes, suborder of carnivorous mammals containing the seals, sea lions, walruses, and their relatives; so called from the fact that the feet are so modified as to form paddles for swimming, the toes being united by a web or fold of skin. Pin'ocle. See PENUCHLE. Pinto (pên'tō). See SERPA PINTO. Pinturicchio (pen-tô-rēk'kē-ō), Bernardino di Betti, 1454-1513; Italian painter; b. Perugia; was intimately associated with Perugino in study and work. Among his most famous productions are "The Discovery of the True Cross," in a chapel of the Church of Ara Cœli in Rome, and ten frescoes in the Cathedral of Siena. Pin'worm (Oxyuris vermicularis), parasitic worm sometimes inhabiting the human rectum, This worm is especially in young children. white and filamentous; the male in. long, the female rather less than in. The parasites are troublesome principally by their numbers, and the treatment is to evacuate them by the use of enemata, consisting of soap and water or salt and water, repeated every two or three days until the symptoms are relieved. Pinzon (pen-thon'), Martin Alonzo, d. 1493; Spanish navigator; b. Palos; aided Columbus with the expedition, commanding the Pinta; in preparing for his first voyage, 1492; sailed parted company with Columbus on the coast of Cuba, November, 1492; was the first to discover Haiti, where he rejoined the admiral, January, 1493. During the return voyage he was again separated by a storm, February 14th, reaching Bayona, a port of Galicia. Thence he sent an account of the discovery to the Spanish sovereigns, who, however, gave all the honor to Columbus. PINZON PIQUET Pinzon, Vicente Yañez, abt. 1460-1524; Span- | have pouches in which the eggs of the female ish navigator; b. Palos; brother of Martin; commanded the Niña under Columbus, 1492; made an expedition to S. America, 1500, and discovered the mouth of the Amazon; was associated with Juan Diaz de Solis in an exploration of the Gulf of Honduras, 1506, and of the E. coast of S. America, 1508. Piozzi (pē-ōt'sē), Hester Lynch Salusbury, 1741-1821; English authoress; daughter of John Salusbury, of Bodville, Carnarvonshire, and distinguished for her beauty and accomplishments; married Henry Thrale, 1763, a wealthy brewer of London, who was a member of Parliament. She gathered around her a brilliant circle, including Dr. Johnson, who lived with them for sixteen years. Mr. Thrale died in 1781, and in 1784 she married Piozzi, a Florentine music master. This alliance was keenly resented by her friends, and Johnson Anecdotes entirely gave up her society. Her of Dr. Johnson" appeared in 1786; "Letters to and from Dr. Johnson," 1788; she also wrote a few poems and an autobiography. Pipe, bowl and connecting tube of baked clay, stone, wood, or other material, used in smoking tobacco. Clay pipes, with slender stems of 6 in. to a foot or more in length, have been largely supplied to commerce from potteries devoted to this manufacture. The clay is a peculiarly white and adhesive variety. They are largely manufactured in England, Holland, and of a finer quality in France. On the American continent pipes have been in use from very remote periods. They are found in the ancient mounds of the W., elaborately carved in stone into fanciful shapes, often resembling various animals of the country. The finest material now used for pipe bowls is meerschaum; they are also carved from brier and other roots and woods, and in Germany many are made of porcelain. The most elaborate pipes are those of the Asiatics, especially the hookahs of the Persians and Turks. Pipe'fish, a family of marine lophobranchiate fishes (Syngnathida). The form is much SERRATED PIPEFISH. elongated with little flesh, the body is almost covered with partially ossified plates, the head and snout are long and tubular, and the males are hatched. They attain a length of 2 or 3 ft., live upon small marine animals and the eggs of other fishes, and have great affection for their young, which often return to the egg pouch of the male parent for protection. Not all the pipefishes belong to this family, that name being often given also to the fishes forming the family Fistularida, also called pipemouths and flutemouths. Pipe Line. See PETROLEUM. Pipera'ceæ, pepper family; dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with naked, usually small, and often imperfect flowers which are commonly spicate; stamens usually two ovules' one or few in each carpel; seeds with to six; ovary superior, simple, or compound; small endosperm and large perisperm; embryo very small. There are 1,025 known species, nearly all tropical. Many possess properties which have given them economic value, as Piper nigrum, a climbing shrubby species of the E. Indies, whose dried fruits constitute the black pepper of commerce. Other products are cubebs, obtained from P. cubeba of the E. Indies, and betel leaves used from P. betel. Pipette', chemical laboratory instrument of glass used for sucking up quantities of liquids by the application of mouth suction; has a long stem with a contracted orifice for introduction into deep or narrow-mouthed vessels, with a bulbous or elongated expanded portion above to contain the liquid. Sometimes pipettes are graduated, so that known quantities of liquids may be taken up. Pip'it. See TITLARK. Pip'pi. See GIULIO ROMANO. Piqua (pik'wä), city in Miami Co., Ohio; on the Miami River, 28 m. N. by W. of Dayton. It is the second largest linseed-oil center in the U. S., and contains linseed-oil works, strawboard mills, bent-wood works, rolling mills, tin-plate works, stove foundry, corrugated iron works, woolen mills, hosiery and wagon works, and school-furniture factories. Pop. (1906) est. at 13,564. Piquet (pē-kět'), game of cards in which the ace, king, queen, knave, ten, nine, eight, and seven of each suit are employed, ranking in the After shuffling and dealing, two order given. by two, to each of the two players, until each holds twelve cards, the rest are laid on the table, and constitute a talon of eight cards. Next, the nondealer discards from one to five of his poorest cards and draws as many more from the talon. The opponent next discards. The first player now reckons points, as follows: For carte blanche (twelve plain cards), 10 points; for point (the hand fullest of any one suit, or, if both hands are alike, the best hand of the two high suits, calling aces 11, face cards each 10, and counting pips on the plain cards) the highest hand scores the number of cards in his fullest suit; for sequence (the greatest number of consecutive cards in any suit, or, if both hands are alike in this respect, the one whose highest sequence begins with the PIRACY PISA, COUNCIL OF and arsenals were destroyed by Sulla. Pop. If (1907) 71,505. higher card; but no two cards make a sequence) the better hand scores, as follows: the best sequence is three cards, count 3; for four cards, 4; for five, 15; for six, 16; for seven, 17, etc. Sometimes all sequences are scored. For the quatorze, of four equal honor cards, the highest scores 14, or, if there are no sets of four, the highest set of three equal honor cards counts 3, etc. The first player now plays a card. The opponent now scores his carte blanche if he has any, adds what other points he has, and then follows suit. Each player counts 1 for each lead; and if the second player takes a trick he counts 1 for that. The one who takes the larger number of tricks counts 10 for cards; if he takes all, he counts 40 more for capot. If the first hand makes 29 by preliminary scores and 1 by first lead, he counts 30 more by pique; but if his first score comes up to 30 before his lead, he scores 60 more by repique: 100 or 101 points make the game. Pi'racy, robbery on the high seas; depredations committed by persons without authority of any state. The essential element of piracy is the intention of preying indiscriminately on the human race, rather than a desire to inflict damage on some particular nationality. As the high seas are not under the jurisdiction of any state, piracy is justiciable in any court. A pirate is a sea rover who preys on the vessels and goods of any nation that he falls in with, or makes descents on the land for a similar purpose of plunder. A privateer exceeding its commission might not be accounted a piratical vessel, but one with a commission from two opposite belligerents would be piratical, since the only motive for such a double commission is plunder of both parties and of vessels bound to the ports of either. The vessel of a part of a state, organized for rebellion and independence, has been held to be piratical, because, although it may have received a commission from the rebel government, it carries a flag unknown to international law, and offers no guaranty of legal belligerent behavior; but the better opinion is that as such a vessel does not scour the sea for the purpose of plunder, and wages war with but one nation, it wants two important characteristics of piracy. As a rule, the search of one vessel by a public ship of another state is a war right only, but search on suspicion of piracy exists in time of peace. The usual penalty for piracy is the confiscation of the piratical ship and hanging of its crew. This shows the wide difference between piracy and privateering, since the penalty for the latter is at most imprisonment. See PRIVATEER. Pira'us, town of Greece, on peninsula of same name; 5 m. WSW. of Athens. Of the three ancient ports of Athens, the Piræus alone has always remained in use. The modern town has sprung up since 1834. About 700 vessels enter annually. The railway to Athens was the first constructed in Greece, 1869. Themistocles supplanted Phalerum by the Piræus, and surrounded the peninsula with a line of fortifications. Subsequently it was connected with Athens by the celebrated long walls; but the fortifications His son 1720-78; Italian engraver; b. Venice; most Piron (pē-rōn'), Alexis, 1689-1773; French dramatist and poet; b. Dijon; removed to Paris and wrote for minor theaters; produced an excellent comedy, "La Métromanie"; proposed as a member of the Academy, but rejected by Louis XV. Pisa (pē'ză), capital of province of Pisa, Pop. (1901) 61,321. Pisa, Coun'cil of, council called to heal the schism which had distracted the Roman Catholic Church since 1378; summoned by fourteen cardinals (seven in each obedience) of the two rival popes; met in Pisa, 1409; deposed Gregory XII of the Roman line and Benedict XIII of the Avignon line, declaring them both to be schismatics, heretics, perjurers, and vow breakers. Peter Philargi was elected pope and took the name of Alexander V. Proposed reforms were deferred to a general council to meet, 1412. The Church then had three rival popes. |