APPLETON'S NEW PRACTICAL CYCLOPEDIA VOLUME V Moral World," in which he came forward as the founder of a system of religion and society according to reason. He finally became a spiritualist. O'wen, John, 1616-83; English theologian; | tem," and especially in his "Book of the New b. Stadham, Oxfordshire; received the living of Fordham, Essex, 1642, which he exchanged for a Presbyterian pastorate at Coggeshall, near by, 1646, where he introduced independent church government; 1649, became private chaplain to Oliver Cromwell; 1651, dean of Christ Church, Oxford; vice chancellor of the university, 1652-57; declined invitation to become president of Harvard, 1670. Though a zealous opponent of Arminianism, Presbyterianism, Episcopacy, and papacy, all parties held him in high esteem; published more than eighty theological works. Owen, Sir Richard, 1804-92; English anatomist; b. Lancaster; succeeded Sir Charles Bell as Hunterian professor in the Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; became superintendent of the Natural History Department of the British Museum, 1855, and retired, 1884; was Fullerian professor in the Royal Institution; succeeded Cuvier as the leading vertebrate paleontologist of the world; most important works, "Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Invertebrate Animals," "Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrate Animals," "Odontography," "On the Archetypes and Homologies of the Vertebrate System," "On the Nature of Limbs," "Palæontology." Owen, Robert, 1771-1858; English social reformer; b. Newtown, Wales; 1799, married the daughter of David Dale, from whom with others he had bought the village and cotton mills of New Lanark, Scotland. Here he introduced a system of reform which proved for a time highly successful. He removed, 1823, to the U. S., and tried to found a communist society of New Harmony, Ind.; but the scheme failed, and, 1827, he returned to Great Britain, where experiments of a similar nature, attended by a similar result, were made at Orbiston, Lanarkshire, and at Tytherley, Hampshire. In 1828 he went to Mexico on the invitation of the government to carry out his experiment there, but effected nothing. He revisited the U. S. several times. His ideas are clearly developed in his "Lectures on a New State of Society," "Essays on the Formation of Human Character," and "Outline of the Rational Sys Owens, John Edward, 1824-86; American comedian; b. Liverpool, England; removed to the U. S., 1834; made his début in Masonic Hall, Philadelphia, August 20, 1846; 1849, was manager of the Baltimore Museum; 1854, of the Charles Street Theater of Baltimore; 1859, of the Varieties Theater of New Orleans; 1852, made his first tour in England; greatest creation, "Solon Shingle." Owl, general name for the birds of prey of the order Striges, most of which are nocturnal in their habits, although a few, like the snowy and hawk owls, hunt by day. They have large AMERICAN BARN OWL. heads and large eyes, directed forward and surrounded by a circle of radiating feathers. The plumage is soft, flight noiseless, and sense of hearing acute. There are some 200 species. They range in size from the great eagle owl (Bubo maximus) of Europe and Asia, over 2 ft. long, to the little gnome owls (Glaucidium) OWL PARROT of S. America, some of which are less than 6 in. in length. As they feed principally on AMERICAN SCREECH OWL. OXFORD and S. of the equator. A few are natives of Europe (two or three) and N. America (fourteen or fifteen); among the latter are the common wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), violet wood sorrel (0. violacea), yellow wood sorrel (0. corniculata, var. stricta). Many species are cultivated in greenhouses for their fine foliage and pretty flowers. Oxalu'ria, morbid condition of the general system which favors the excessive excretion of oxalic acid by the kidneys. It is also known as the oxalic acid diathesis, and results from improper transformation of food or tissue elements in the processes of nutrition. It is allied to the condition which causes gout-i.e., an increase of uric acid in the system. 66 Ox'en. See BOVIDE. Ox'enford, John, 1812-77; English author; b. London; published translations of the Autobiography of Goethe," the "Conversations of Eckermann with Goethe," the "Hellas" of Jacobs, "Illustrated Book of French 66 small rodents, they are of more service to the Songs," and Kuno Fischer's Essay on Lord farmer than any other bird. Owl Par'rot, or Kakapo', peculiar parrot (Stringops habroptilus) restricted to the forests of New Zealand, so called from its owllike appearance and nocturnal habits; is a little over 2 ft. in length, heavily built, of a sap-green color mottled with brown and yellow. The bird is flightless. Ox. See CATTLE; MUSK OX. Bacon and his Philosophy "; also produced several pieces for the stage. Oxenstjerna (õks'en-stĕr-nä), Axel (Count), 1583-1654; Swedish statesman; b. Fånö, Upland; studied theology and jurisprudence at Rostock, Jena, and Wittenberg, after his return to Sweden, 1602, employed by Charles IX in several important diplomatic negotiations, which he carried through with great sagacity and dignity. On the accession of Gustavus Oxalic Acid, acid discovered by Scheele, Adolphus, 1611, was made chancellor of Swe1776, or, as claimed by some, by Bergman; den, and as such negotiated the Peace of formula, H,C,O,,2H,O; chemical equivalent, Knäröd with Denmark in 1613 and of Stol126; occurs in vegetables, animals, and rarely bowa with Russia in 1617, and the armistice in minerals, as in the form of sesquioxalate of with Poland in 1629, and accompanied Gustairon in humboldtite; is a frequent constituent vus Adolphus during his campaigns in Gerof the juices of plants; name derived from its many, taking charge of all diplomatic affairs. giving to the leaves of the wood sorrel (Oxalis After the fall of Gustavus Adolphus at Lützen, acetosella) their very acid taste. In this and 1632, was empowered by the Swedish reprein the common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) it ocsentatives to continue the war, and chosen by curs combined with potash as binoxalate of the Protestant princes to head the league potash. Combined with lime, it gives solidity against the emperor. Concluded an alliance to many lichens, and is found in the roots of with Holland and France, and returned, 1636, rhubarb, valerian, and other plants. It is arto Sweden as chief of the government during tificially produced by the oxidation of sugar the minority of Gustavus Adolphus's daughter or of starch by nitric acid, and on a large Christina. When she became of age in 1644, scale in England, for calico printing, by heat- his influence decreased, and when she abdiing sawdust with a mixture of hydrate of pot-cated he retired altogether into private life. ash. Two salts of oxalic acid are of importance, the binoxalate of potash and oxalate of lime. The former, known as salt of sorrel, sometimes improperly called salt of lemons, is used to remove ink stains from linen. From its strong affinity for lime, the acid is an excellent test of the presence of lime in solutions. Oxalic acid is largely employed in calico printing for discharging colors; it is also used for cleaning the straw of bonnet makers and the leather of boot tops, and for removing stains of ink and iron rust from fabrics. Oxalic acid is a strong poison. Ox'alis, genus of dicotyledonous plants, commonly known as wood sorrel, and belonging to the geranium family. The species (205) are mostly natives of the subtropical regions N. The second part of "Historia Belli SuecoGermanici," of which Chemnitz wrote the first part, is generally ascribed to Oxenstjerna. Ox'eye, common name of Heliopsis lævis, a native plant of the composite family, which resembles the sunflower; is a perennial, 2 to 4 ft. high, and not rare on banks and in copses; though called lavis (smooth), its leaves are often rough. For the oxeye daisy, see DAISY. Ox'ford, Robert Harley (Earl of), 1661-1724; English statesman; b. London; raised a cavalry regiment for the Prince of Orange, 1688; entered Parliament, 1690, as an extreme Whig; became a Tory; was thrice speaker; chief Secretary of State, 1704; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1710; created Earl of Oxford and OXFORD Mortimer and Lord High Treasurer, 1711; supplanted Marlborough in the queen's favor, and consolidated his own popularity by the Peace of Utrecht, April, 1713, but was in turn supplanted by Bolingbroke, and dismissed, July 27, 1714. Regarded with distrust by George I, he was impeached of high treason by Parliament, 1715; committed to the Tower; acquitted, 1717; lived thenceforth in retirement; accumulated immense collections of books and manuscripts, which, as the "Harleian Collection" were acquired by the British Museum. Oxford, city of England, capital of Oxfordshire, on a gentle hill between the Cherwell and Isis or upper Thames, which here unite; 52 m. WNW. of London. Though irregularly built, with narrow, crooked streets and lanes, and few good thoroughfares, its appearance from a distance is picturesque and imposing. The cathedral is the chapel of Christ Church College, and St. Mary's is the university church. The city depends for support almost entirely on the university. The date of its foundation is unknown. It is mentioned as a seat of learning by Pope Martin II (abt. 882). Pop. (1901) 49,336. See OXFORD, UNIVERSITY OF. Oxford, Univer'sity of, one of the two great est seats of learning in Great Britain. It grew out of the gradual union of the schools originally attached to monasteries and other religious houses. The first known application to it of the word university (universitas) OCcurs in a statute of the third year of King John (1201). The first charter recognizing the university as a corporate body, and conferring additional privileges on it, was granted by Henry III, 1244. The government of the university is vested in three bodies: The Hebdomadal Council, which has sole power of initiation; the Congregation, which has power of rejection and amendment; and the Convocation, which has power of rejection alone. The following are the separate colleges with reputed dates of foundation: University, 872(?); Balliol, 1262; Merton, 1270; Exeter, 1314; Oriel, 1326; Queen's, 1340; New, 1386; Lincoln, 1427; All Souls, 1437; Magdalen, 1456; Brasenose, 1509; Corpus Christi, 1516; Christ Church, 1532; Trinity, 1554; St. John's, 1555; Jesus, 1571; Wadham, 1613; Pembroke, 1624; Worcester, 1714; and Hartford, 1874. Many colleges and universities in various parts of the kingdom and in the colonies are affiliated with Oxford Univ. Women are admitted to the examinations for the B.A. degree, but here at present their privileges cease. The study of ancient literature, history, and philosophy-literæ humaniores-is the study most encouraged at Oxford; the degree is usually acquired in the classical schools. There are also schools in modern history, civil law, and theology, in which the examinations are usually attended by men who have passed through the classical schools. There are also colleges of mathematics, natural science, etc. Attached to each college are fellowships and scholarships, awarded in most cases by open competition. Instruction is conducted mainly by the college tutors; lectures are also deliv OXYGEN ered by the university professors. The highest officer in the university is the chancellor ; the election is determined by the members in convocation, and the office is held for life. For the last two hundred years it has been the custom to elect some distinguished nobleman who has been educated at Oxford. There is no stipend attached to this office. By the will of Cecil Rhodes a scholarship fund amounting to about $10,000,000 was established. See RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS. Oxford Move'ment. See TRACTARIANISM, Ox Gall, bile of the domestic ox; used in scouring wool, since into its complicated comgives it a soapy quality. When properly reposition there enters abundance of soda, which fined from its coagulable and coloring matters it is used by artists in mixing colors, which it often improves in tint, while it fixes them and makes them flow better. It is also used in some kinds of artists's varnish and in cleans ing ivory tablets. Ox'ides. See OXYGEN. Ox'pecker. See BEEFEATER. Ox'us, Amoo', Amu, or Amoo Darya (där'yä), river of W. Asia; rises on the Belur Tagh, nearly 15,000 ft. above the sea; receives many affluents from the mountains of Turkestan and the Hindu Kush; flows through Turkestan, and falls into the Aral Sea; length, 1,610 m. According to the treaty of peace concluded, river became the permanent boundary line beJuly, 1873, between Russia and Khiva, this tween Khiva and Bokhara. Ox'ygen, most abundant of all elementary substances; symbol 0; atomic weight, 16; composes eight ninths of the water on the globe, nearly one fourth of the atmosphere, and a large part of the earth's crust, principally in the form of oxides of the metallic elements; discovered by Priestley in England, 1774, and almost simultaneously by Schede in Sweden, and called by them respectively dephlogisticated air and empyreal air. The name oxygen was first used by Lavoisier, because he erroneously thought it essential to the constitution of an acid. Oxygen may be obtained by several methods, which depend on different physical as well as chemical principles. It may be mechanically separated from the nitrogen of the atmosphere by employing the principle of osmose in dialysis. It may be obtained from water by electrolysis; from several of its compounds by the dissociating action of heat; from other higher oxides of metals by heat alone, or by the joint action of heat and some substance which will unite with a lower oxide, thus leaving a part of the oxy COMBUSTION OF IRON IN OXYGEN. OXYGENATED WATER gen free. Oxygen is colorless, tasteless, and inodorous. The product of the union of oxygen with another element is called an oxide. Thus when lead is heated in contact with the air it combines with oxygen, forming lead oxide, PbO; charcoal, or carbon, burns, forming carbon dioxide, CO,; phosphorus burns, forming phosphorous pentoxide, P,O,. When pure it manifests the most energetic affinities. A combustible body-charred wood, a candle, etc.-if it have but a spark of fire, instantly kindles into flame when immersed in oxygen. The gradual combination of a metal with the oxygen of the air is known as rusting. It has been liquefied by the application of great pressure and cold. It is magnetic-more so than any other gaseous substance. Its density, air being unity, is 1.10561. In such affections as asthma, pulmonary emphysema, croup, diphtheria, dyspnoea from heart disease, etc., inhalations of oxygen are often useful. In some other diseases experience has shown that benefit has followed inhalations of oxygen. Oxygena'ted Wa'ter. See HYDROGEN PEROX IDE. Oxyhæmoglobin (õks-i-hěm-o-glō'bin), combination of hemoglobin, the coloring matter of the blood, with oxygen. This compound readily renders up its oxygen to the tissues when reduced hemoglobin results, which in turn becomes oxyhæmoglobin after the blood is aërated in the lungs. The bright-red color of arterial blood is due to this compound, while the darker color of venous blood is due to reduced hemoglobin. Oxyhy'drogen Blow'pipe, apparatus invented, 1801, by Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, for producing a very high temperature by burning hydrogen and oxygen together; now extensively used for melting platinum and for producing the calcium light, by rendering a piece of lime intensely hot. Oyama (ō-yä'mä), Prince, 1844- ; Japanese military officer; b. Kagoshima; member of the Satsuma clan; aided, 1868, in rescuing the emperor from the aggressions of the Shogunate and restoring him to the throne, for which he was made major general; served as military attaché on the French side during FrancoPrussian War; on return entered Ministry of War and assisted in reorganizing army; commanded brigade in Satsuma rebellion, 1877; promoted for loyalty and, 1880, became Minister of War, but took field in war with China, 1894-95, as commander of second army, and captured Kinchow, Talienwan, Port Arthur, and Wei-hai-Wei. He was now created marquis and given special rank of field marshal with Yamagata; in war with Russia, 1904-5, was commander in chief in Manchuria and defeated Russians at Liau-yang, the Shahs, and Mukden; received order of merit, resigned as chief of general staff, created prince-all 1906. His wife, Stematz Yamakana, was graduated at Vassar. O'yer and Ter'miner ("to hear and determine"), name of the commission by virtue of which judges in England take cognizance of and try criminal offenses. The words were OYSTER CATCHER used in the commission when it was written in Norman French. Courts for the trial of criminal causes in some of the U. S. are designated courts of oyer and terminer. son. 66 Oys'ter, a mollusc allied to the mussels, etc. It belongs to the genus Ostrea, family Ostreida, which have a shell one half or valve of which is larger than the other. There are be free, attached to rocks, etc., or imbedded about seventy recent species. The shell may in the mud, is closed by a single muscle. The oyster has no mouth, but a fringe which collects the food along the entire shell opening. The fry or fertilized ova of the oyster are termed spat," and are largely produced from May to September, the spawning seaThe European species is hermaphroditic; in the American species the sexes are separate. The embryo consists of a little body enclosed in a small but perfect shell. At first it swims about; then becomes attached. In three years it attains its full growth. In the U. S. the oyster beds of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, Georgia, and Long Island are celebrated; in England the Gravesend beds and those along the coasts of Essex and Kent; in France those of Rochelle, Rochefort, Ré, OléThe most comron, Cancale, and Granville. mon American species is 0. virginiana, found along the Atlantic coast of N. America. The most favorable locality for oyster beds is one where the currents are not too strong, and where the sea bed is shelving and covered by mud and gravel. Oysters are collected by dredging. The U. S., Great Britain, and France are the chief seats of the oyster industry. Large quantities of American oysters are now exported to Europe, the American species being generally larger than the European. In Europe oyster fishery has become oyster culture, the young oysters being collected upon tiles or hurdles and laid down in artificial ponds. The pearl oyster (Meleagrina margaritifera) of the Indian and Pacific oceans belongs to a different family. The value of the U. S. oyster crop of 1909 was nearly $20,000,000; Great Britain coming next with a crop value of about $6,000,000; France with $5,000,000. |