cal site accompanied by appropriate funds to restore the area, the educational benefits from such tours would be even more meaningful. "A picture is worth a thousand words" is an ancient proverb, but one with which modern educators would agree wholeheartedly. We realize that all education begins with our body senses and that we perceive and learn far more through our eyes than through any of our other senses. Thus, a completely restored Lincoln Home area would put visitors-children and adults-back in time-in a sense to relive the time and place of Lincoln's era in Springfield. This is important not only to accurately portray the Lincoln era from an historical and educational point of view, but also psychologically, visitors would feel personally closer to this part of their American heritage. As time goes by, the gap between the mid-1800's of Lincoln's era and the present widens. The Lincoln Home becomes more and more surrounded by modern America.

Every attempt should be made to make sure that the value of this heritage is not diminished as it is absorbed into modern America. Such official designation and care also would impress children and other visitors with how highly Mr. Lincoln is regarded by our country and its government.

All that I have said so far would not be important if it only concerned and benefitted children of our Springfield public schools.

But I believe it is safe to say that every schoolchild, not only in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana-where Lincoln lived-but throughout the United States has heard, read, or studied about Abraham Lincoln as a boy, man, and President. The figure of 1,825 I referred to before above does not include the children from Springfield parochial and private schools and those from Sangamon County schools who also regularly participate in these same tours. Obviously, it does not include the vast number of public, parochial, and private schoolchildren of all ages from the entire State who annually are brought to the Lincoln Home to enrich their eduactional experiences. Add to this the significant number of out-of-State children who make such schoolsponsored tours. (As a personal note, I still remember my impressions from my first visit to Lincoln's home as a seventh grader from a school in Missouri.) Further add to this total the adults from all over our country who include Springfield and its Lincoln shrines in their vacation-travel plans for their families-not to mention the international visitors, who because of their respect for Mr. Lincoln, are attracted to these same shrines, including his home.

The only home Mr. Lincoln owned is a symbolic part of America and as such it deserves recognition. Mr. Lincoln does not belong to Illinois. Mr. Lincoln belongs to the Nation. Because of this national and even worldwide respect and interest, certainly Lincoln's home is a symbolic part of America, and as such it deserves recognition as a national historical site and also deserves a complete restoration to enhance the educational benefits that can be derived by the myriad of children and adults who visit the home and its immediate surroundings. To both young and old, both near and far, Mr. Lincoln stands out as a symbol of justice in American history. To his memory and to the millions who regard him so highly, for our Government

not to designate his home as a national historical site would be an injustice.

Thank you.

Mr. JOHNSON (presiding). I want to thank you for a very fine statement and I know you are a fine educator. I think your statement really points up the thing that we are trying to get into the record. I think it will help us greatly when we consider this further in the legislative process.

Are there any other questions?

Mr. SKUBITZ. I want to commend you, Mr. Hoech. I think you and Mrs. Allen have really presented the case for this project. Mrs. Allen has said that Abraham Lincoln is the heritage of all the people. In the last paragraph of your statement you say, and correctly so, "Mr. Lincoln does not belong to Springfield. Mr. Lincoln does not belong to Illinois. He belongs to the Nation."

Springfield has acted as a trustee and preserved the Lincoln Home. You have kept it for the Nation. We should be here thanking you for the good job you have done, and as one member of the committee, I will do everything I can to see that that is carried out.

Mr. HOECH. We hope so, and thank you for your kind remarks.
Mr. TAYLOR (presiding). Thank you, Mr. Hoech.

We will now hear from Mr. Paul M. Angle.

STATEMENT OF PAUL M. ANGLE

Mr. ANGLE. Mr. Chairman, gentlemen of the subcommittee, since I am practically the only person who has appeared here without a title, perhaps I had better state briefly my personal qualifications in appearing before you.

In 1926 I became secretary of the Lincoln Centennial Association, later known as the Abraham Lincoln Association. Seven years later I was appointed head of the Illinois State Historical Library and held that position until 1945. From 1945 to 1965 I was director of the Chicago Historical Society, and I am now almost completely unemployed as a freelance writer. However, during this 45-year period I did publish a number of books, some of which dealt with the life of Abraham Lincoln.

I think it may not be amiss for me to review a little history since no one has done quite what I want to do this afternoon.

In 1931 the State of Illinois created what was called the Lincoln Memorial Commission. The commission consisted of five persons of whom I am the only survivor, not through any particular merit on my part but just because the celestial dice rolled that

way.

As the commission secretary I wrote the report in which its recommendations were summarized. Please forgive me for using the personal pronoun "I" fairly frequently, but I was intimately associated with many of the projects that I am going to describe and to avoid the personal pronoun would, I think, be a kind of affectation.

Now, I have no doubt that this commission was expected to propose a memorial of the same kind as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. Instead it recommended reconstruction of important Lincoln sites throughout the State. Such a program had already been started. The

rehabilitation of the Lincoln tomb was nearing completion and the reconstruction of the village of New Salem, where Lincoln lived for 6 formative years, was well under way. The commission set as future goals the complete rehabilitation of the Lincoln home and the restoration of the old statehouse where Lincoln had served as State legislator, where he had argued cases before the State supreme court, and where he had had an office after nomination for the Presidency.

These goals have since been attained and others as well. I recite these accomplishments to show that the State of Illinois has not been unmindful of the responsibilities imposed upon it by Lincoln's residence here and that the meeting of these responsibilities has cost millions of dollars.

Nor was this all. Even during the depression of the 1930's the Illinois Legislature appropriated approximately $100,000 for the purchase of original Lincoln manuscripts. The schoolchildren of Illinois, aided by Marshall Field III, contributed $50,000 for the purchase of an original copy of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. The Abraham Lincoln Association, supported by private contributions, sponsored Lincoln research and produced a number of valuable publications. The most important of these was the collected works of Abraham Lincoln. Almost a landmark in American historical documentary publishing, to defray the cost of research and editing the Abraham Lincoln Association spent its entire endowment. Even so, its funds had to be supplemented by a grant from the Carnegie Foundation.

I have spent a considerable segment of my life in Lincoln research and in trying to carry the fruits of that research to the reading public. In that endeavor I think I have been reasonably successful, although the writings of my old friends, Carl Sandburg, Allan Nevins, and Benjamin P. Thomas, have reached far wider audience. I am proud to say that all these men were essentially Illinoisans. Sandburg was born in the State and lived most of his life there. Through permission, Mr. Chairman, I may say that.

Mr. TAYLOR. I am proud that his health was good and that he lived a long life.

Mr. ANGLE. Allan Nevins was born in Illinois and graduated from its State university before he went east to become the country's foremost historian. Benjamin P. Thomas was a resident of Springfield when he wrote and published his Lincoln writings. But words, wonderful medium though they are, are not in themselves sufficient. No matter how widely read one may be, he cannot completely understand George Washington until he has visited Mount Vernon. I think the same statement may be made with reference to Thomas Jefferson and Monticello, Andrew Jackson and the Hermitage, and Theodore Roosevelt and his home in Oyster Bay. The Roosevelt home by all means illustrates the kind of man Teddy was. But this statement is true also of Abraham Lincoln.

Now, the homes of Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, and Roosevelt are all in their original surroundings, thus conveying an atmosphere complete authenticity. Not so the Lincoln home. It is important that this atmosphere be re-created before it is too late. The encroachments of commercialism and modernity are increasingly difficult to fend off. To those of us who are deeply concerned about this situation it seems

that they cannot be fended off unless the Federal Government takes over the Lincoln home and its surroundings, thus making them a national historic site.

I hope that you will agree.

Thank you.

Mr. TAYLOR. Thank you, Mr. Angle, for a very, very fine, persuasive statement. It will be included in the record in full. I believe you will do well as a freelance writer.

I see a good argument in your sentence "the homes of Washington, Jefferson, Jackson and Roosevelt are all in their original surroundings. Not so the Lincoln Home." So that is the reason we need the four blocks, to create original surroundings.

Mr. ANGLE. As I see it, sir, and so far as they can be created at this late date.

Mr. TAYLOR. Any questions?

Mr. SKUBITZ. Mr. Angle, you really can't understand Lincoln the man until you visit his home, can you?

Mr. ANGLE. I don't think so, and I was particularly impressed. It wasn't until just 2 or 3 years ago that I visited the home of Theodore Rooselevt. My God, there he was. You could almost tell what kind of person he was without reading anything of him.

Mr. SKUBITZ. It was the same of Thomas Jefferson, George Washington.

Mr. ANGLE. Animals on the floor, bear tusks around. Here was Teddy at perfection.

Mr. TAYLOR. I, too visited the home at Sagamor Hill. It is really characteristic of the life of that man.

Mr. ANGLE. Yes, it does.

Mr. TAYLOR. Carl Sandburg was a great citizen of your State. I might say that his home, which has become a historic site down at Flat Rock, N.C., is just as he left it.

You find books everywhere.

Mr. ANGLE. Is that so?

Mr. TAYLOR. He worked on the third floor of his home as his study, so he climbed two flights of steep steps. Mrs. Sandburg, who was nearly 90 when she sold it, was still climbing those steps without any difficulty. He had an old finger punch typewriter sitting on an orange crate (set on end), and he put his knees on each side of it and sat there hour after hour and typed.

Mr. ANGLE. Well, that is very

Mr. TAYLOR. In back of him, he had a bulletin board and he had mementos and notes pinned all over it, notes to himself about this, that, and the next.

Mr. ANGLE. I never visited his home at North Carolina, but I have visited the house that he owned and occupied in Harbert, Mich., several time. He had exactly the same kind of setup.

I am glad to hear he carried it through to your State.

Mr. TAYLOR. Mrs. Sandburg donated all of the furnishings in the home to the Government, so we have it just as the great writer left it. Mr. ANGLE. That is fine.

Mr. TAYLOR. Thank you very much, Mr. Angl. (Mr. Angle's statement follows:)

STATEMENT OF PAUL M. ANGLE

Perhaps I should state my personal qualifications for appearing before the Sub-Committee.

In 1926 I became Secretary of the Lincoln Centennial Association, later known as the Abraham Lincoln Association. Seven years later I was appointed head of the Illinois State Historical Library and held that position until 1945. From 1945 to 1965 I was Director of the Chicago Historical Society. During these years I published a number of books, some of which dealt with the life of Abraham Lincoln.

In 1931 the State of Illinois created what was called the Lincoln Memorial Commission. The Commission consisted of five persons of whom I am the only survivor. As the Commission Secretary I wrote the report in which its recommendations were summarized. I have no doubt that this commission was expected to propose a memorial of the same kind as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. Instead it recommended reconstruction or restoration of important Lincoln sites throughout the state. Such a program had already been started. The rehabilitation of the Lincoln Tomb was nearing completion and the reconstruction of the Village of New Salem, where Lincoln lived for six formative years, was well under way. The Commission set as future goals the complete rehabilitation of the Lincoln Home and the restoration of the Old State House where Lincoln had served as State Legislator, where he had argued cases before the State Supreme Court, and where he had occupied an office after his nomination for the presidency. These goals have since been attained. I recite these accomplishments to show that the State of Illinois has not been unmindful of the responsibilities imposed upon it by Lincoln's residence and that the meeting of these responsibilities has cost millions of dollars.

Nor was this all. Even during the Depression of the 1930's the Illinois Legislature appropriated approximately $100,000 for the purchase of original Lincoln manuscripts. The school children of Illinois, aided by Marshall Field III, contributed $50,000 for the purchase of an original copy of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. The Abraham Lincoln Association, supported by private contributions, sponsored Lincoln research and produced a number of valuable publications. The most important of these was the Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. To defray the cost of research and editing the Abraham Lincoln Association spent its entire endowment. Even so, its funds had to be supplemented by a grant from the Carnegie Foundation.

I have spent a considerable segment of my life in Lincoln research and in trying to carry the fruits of that research to the reading public. In that endeavor I think I have been reasonably successful, although the writings of my old friends, Carl Sandburg, Allan Nevins, and Benjamin P. Thomas have reached a far wider audience. I am proud to say that all these men were essentially Illinoisans. Sandburg was born in the state and lived most of his life here. Allan Nevins was born in Illinois and graduated from its State University before he went east to become the country's foremost historian. Benjamin P. Thomas was a resident of Springfield when he wrote and published his Lincoln writings.

But words, wonderful medium though they are, are not in themselves sufficient. No matter how widely read one may be, he cannot completely understand George Washington until he has visited Mount Vernon. I think the same statement may be made with reference to Thomas Jefferson and Monticello, Andrew Jackson and the Hermitage, and Theodore Roosevelt and his home at Oyster Bay. This is true also of Abraham Lincoln.

The homes of Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, and Roosevelt are all in their original surroundings, thus conveying an atmosphere of complete authenticity. Not so the Lincoln Home. It is important that this atmosphere be recreated before it is too late. The encroachments of commercialism and modernity are increasingly difficult to fend off. To those of us who are deeply concerned about this situation, it seems that they cannot be fended off unless the Federal Government takes over the Lincoln Home and its surroundings, thus making them a National Historic Site. I hope that you will agree.

Mr. TAYLOR. Our next witness is the father of a very fine friend of mine, the publisher of a newspaper in Anderson, S.C., and incidentally, the publisher of a small paper which is in my congressional district, Mr. James Henry Young.