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be considered as part of the loss, and it is equally immaterial that a part of this cost has been constributed upon an adjustment in the nature of general average by the cargo. If there had been no cargo the whole would have been chargeable upon the vessel as a part of the loss covered by the policy. It is difficult to see upon what principle it can be claimed that reducing the amount of the insurer's liability, by sharing it with another interest, would change the character of the claim so as to exonerate the insurer altogether. The point has been expressly ruled in accordance with the decision in Bradlie v. Maryland Ins. Co., supra; Sewall v. U. S. Ins. Co. 11 Pick. 90; in Ellicott v. Alliance Ins. Co. 14 Gray, 318; and, in England, in Kemp y. Halliday, 6 Best & S. 723; 2 Pars. Mar. Ins. 133.

A comparison with this state of the law, of the special stipulations of the policy, will show clearly the changes in the rights and obligations of the parties intended to be introduced by their contract. They are as follows:

First. The right of abandonment is made to depend upon the result, and not upon a calculation of probabilities. No right to abandon is admitted when the loss is not strictly and technically an actual total loss, unless, as it turns out, the expense of restoration exceeds one-half the value.

Second. The cost of repairs is to be adjusted for the purpose of determining such excess as if the loss were admitted to be partial; that is, by deducting one-third new for old. The language is that "the assured shall not have the right to abandon the vessel in any case unless the amount which the insurers would be liable to pay under an adjustment as of a partial loss shall exceed half the amount insured." If the loss in the present case was adjusted on the principle of a partial loss, there would be a deduction of one-third new for old from the cost of repairs, and to that would be added the vessel's proportion of the expense of raising and taking her into the port for repairs. If the whole amount exceeds half the amount insured, the loss by construction becomes total; otherwise, not. It will be observed that no deduction is made from the cost of raising and navigating the vessel into the port of repairs; for the deduction of one-third new for old in its nature is not applicable to anything but actual repairs.

Third. The amount of the loss as thus calculated must exceed, according to the terms of the policy, one-half the amount insured, which is the agreed value of the vessel, the insured being regarded as his own insurer for so much of her value as is not covered by the policies. By the law as it stood unaffected by the contract, the value, which measured the loss, was the actual value of the vessel at the time and place of the disaster.

In no other particular than these have the parties seen fit by their special contract to alter their rights and obligations as defined by the general law of insurance. There is consequently nothing in the special provisions of the policy to preclude the insured from recovering

for a constructive total loss, after abandonment, when the amount of the repairs, deducting one-third new for old, added to the expense chargeable to it of raising and taking the vessel to the port of repairs, exceeds one-half its agreed value. This conclusion is not inconsistent with the decisions in the cases of Greely v. Tremont Ins. Co. 9 Cush. 416; Orrok v. Insurance Co. 21 Pick. 456; Hall v. Insurance Co. Id. 472; Reynolds v. Insurance Co. 22 Pick. 191; Paddock v. Commercial Ins. Co. 104 Mass. 536, and others cited on behalf of the defendants. The point in those cases applicable to the present argument is that a general average loss cannot be added to the net cost of repairs, so that in case the aggregate amounts to more than half the value of the vessel, the loss may be converted from a partial loss to a constructive total loss; but in them all the rule is strictly confined to general average, technically defined, as accruing by a voluntary sacrifice made by the master in the management of the vessel in the prosecution of her navigation; and in all, the distinction between such losses and those consisting in the expense of raising a sunken vessel and taking her to the nearest port for repairs is maintained and affirmed, as established in the cases of Sewall v. U. S. Ins. Co. 11 Pick. 90, and Ellicott v. Alliance Ins. Co. 14 Gray, 318, which are never questioned.

Neither are the cases last named unopposed by any decision of the supreme court of the United States. On the contrary, as has already appeared, they are in exact harmony with the principles affirmed and applied in Bradlie v. Maryland Ins. Co. 12 Pet. 378; and there is no conflict between that and the case of McAndrews v. Thatcher, 3 Wall. 347. In that case the contest was between the owners of the ship and of the cargo as to the liability of the latter to contribute towards expenses alleged to have been incurred after the accidental stranding of the vessel for the joint benefit. The judgment of the court against the claim of the plaintiffs for the contribution was upon the ground that "there was no community of interest remaining between the ship and the cargo, when the master, as declared in the statement of the case, abandoned the ship and left her in charge of the agent of the underwriter, after the consignees of the ship had declined to authorize the master to incur any further expense." As elsewhere stated in the opinion in that case, the settled rule is (page 367) "that when a vessel is accidentally stranded in the course of her voyage, and by labor and expense she is set afloat, and completes her voyage with the cargo on board, the expense incurred for that object, as it produced benefit to all, so it shall be a charge upon all, according to the rates [rules?] apportioning general average." And again, (page 371,) it is stated to be a case of general average contribution between ship and cargo, "provided the ship and cargo were exposed to a common peril, and the whole adventure was saved by the master in his capacity as agent of all the interests, and by one continuous series of measures." But even

as regards such expenses, which, in case the whole adventure is saved, would be apportioned according to the rules of general average among all the interests benefited, in case of abandonment of the ship, justified by the actual result, they are thrown upon the underwriter as part of the loss, with the right to compel contribution at his own risk. 2 Pars. Mar. Ins. 289. And Mr. Parsons adds, (page 291:)

"This rule has been held applicable, even if it would give to the insured the power of making his loss partial or total at his pleasure. By an American rule, as we see more fully elsewhere, a loss of more than one-half may be made a constructive total loss by abandonment. Now, if an insured loses by jettison of his goods sixty per cent., and is entitled to receive half of this by way of contribution in general average, and the circumstances are such that he can receive this if he will, the rule above mentioned would give him the right to choose between recovering his contribution and claiming a partial loss of thirty per cent., and transferring this claim to the insurers and abandoning his salvage of forty per cent., demanding of them as for a total loss.”

And he adds, notwithstanding the objection of its apparent inequality, that the cases cited show that this rule may perhaps be considered as now an established part of the law of marine insurance, with all the consequences that may result from it.

Where, as in the present case, the expenses of relieving the stranded vessel and taking her into port for repairs are incurred after abandonment, and by the underwriters, they are incidental to the restoration of the vessel, and necessarily go into the account which determines whether the cost of restoration exceeds half the value of the vessel, and consequently whether the owners were justified in abandoning and claiming for a total loss; and although, in such cases, when cargo as well as ship are saved by the expenditure in raising the vessel and taking her into a port of safety, the expenses are to be ratably shared by the interests benefited, upon the principles of general average, it is a case rather of a claim by a stranger to the cargo for salvage for its rescue, than of a general average loss, to be adjusted between ship and cargo for sacrifices made by the master of the former in the performance of his general duty to both.

And in this view a distinct defense is based on the suing and laboring clause. The argument is that the expenses of recovering the property from peril authorized by that clause are agreed to be borne by the parties, the insurers and insured, in proportion to their respective interests, for which share each is bound to the other absolutely, whether the result be successful or not; and that the construction of the abandonment clause, which justifies the plaintiff's claim, deprives the suing and laboring clause of its true significance. The language of the clause in question is that, "in case of loss or misfortune, it shall be lawful and necessary to and for the assured, etc.,

to make all reasonable exertions in and about the defense, safeguard, and recovery of the said vessel, etc., without prejudice to this insurance, etc., and in case of neglect or refusal on the part of the insured, etc., then the said insurers may and are hereby authorized to interpose

and recover the said vessel, or after recovery to cause the same to be repaired, or both, for account of the insured, to the expenditures and amount whereof the said insurance company will contribute according to the proportion the sum insured bears to the valuation aforesaid, and the surplus, if any, paid to or incurred by said insurers,-with the premium note, if unpaid,-shall be a lien upon and shall be recoverable against the said vessel, etc.; but in case this insurance shall be against total loss only, and no claim for the same be sustained, then the whole of said expenditures and amount paid or incurred by said insurers shall be a lien, and recoverable as aforesaid," etc.

It was further agreed, in the clause first quoted, that the acts of the insured or insurers in recovering, saving, and preserving the property insured, in case of disaster, shall be without prejudice to the rights of either, and shall be considered as done for the common benefit. There is nothing, therefore, in the suing and laboring clause which, according to the express agreement of the parties, can be construed. as affecting the right of the assured to abandon. In pursuance of the terms by which that right is defined and limited, the very object of the suing and laboring clause was to enable each party to do what was best for both, without prejudice to either; and it contains no obligation on the part of one to refund any expenditure made by the other, except according to their respective interests. That is to say, if the loss is partial only, then the expenses incurred are to be borne by each in proportion to the interests covered by the policy, and those at the risk of the owners. But if the loss, under the terms of the policy, is a total loss, whether actual or constructive, any expenditures made by either constitute a part of the loss, and as by the abandonment the whole interest in the subject of the insurance vests in the insurer, the whole expense falls upon him, without recourse upon tie insured. An abandonment, either accepted or justified by the event, executes in full the contract between the parties as of its date, so that no new rights can be acquired by either against the other without further assent. Expenses incurred after that by the insurer are contracts upon his own account alone and for his own interest.

The conclusion is, therefore, that the several plaintiffs are entitled to recover, according to their claim for a total loss, the whole amount of the insurance, less any set-off for unpaid premium. Judgment will be entered accordingly.

GROSS v. ST. PAUL F. & M. INS. Co.

(Oircuit Court, D. Minnesota. October 24, 1884.)

1. FIRE INSURANCE-POLICY-EXAMINATION OF INSURED UNDER OATH.

A stipulation in a policy of insurance that "the assured shall, if required, submit to an examination or examinations under oath by any person appointed by the company, and subscribe thereto, when reduced to writing, and a refusal to answer any such questions or sign such examination shall cause a forfeiture of all claim under the policy," is valid.

2. SAME-INCONSISTENT DEFENSES-ELECTION - SPECIAL VERDICT

VERDICT-JUDGMENT.

GENERAL

A defense that the fire by which the insured property was destroyed was of an incendiary character and plaintiff implicated therein, may be joined in the answer with a defense that the policy contained a condition that plaintiff should submit to an examination under oath, and that such examination had been demanded and refused; and where the jury, in answer to special questions, find that plaintiff has refused to submit to such examination when demanded, and plaintiff has not moved to compel defendant to elect as to which defense it will rely upon, judgment may be entered in favor of the defendant notwithstanding a general verdict against it.

On Motion for Judgment.

BREWER, J. This was an action on a policy of insurance. The answer alleged, as a separate defense, that the policy contained the following stipulation:

"The assured shall, if required, submit to an examination or examinations under oath by any person appointed by the company, and subscribe thereto, when reduced to writing, and a refusal to answer any such questions or sign such examination shall cause a forfeiture of all claim under this policy." -And also that the company demanded and the plaintiff refused to submit to such an examination. The policy, when produced on the trial, contained the stipulation, and the jury, in answer to special questions submitted, found that there was a demand and refusal as alleged. Upon this the company moved for judgment notwithstanding the general verdict against it. Plaintiff insists that this defense must be disregarded because inconsistent with another specially pleaded, to the effect that the fire was of an incendiary character and the plaintiff implicated therein. That defense, counsel argues, was that no liability ever existed; this admits that one existed, but claims that it has become discharged by subsequent action of the plaintiff. Both cannot be true. But, if inconsistent, no motion was made to compel defendant to elect. Conway v. Wharton, 13 Minn. 160, (Gil. 145.) And why should defendant be now compelled to stand upon that defense which the jury have found against it? But they were not inconsistent. The facts alleged in each may have been true. The plaintiff may have burned the property, and he may also have refused to submit to an examination. The defendant may set up all the defenses it claims, and if it fails to prove one, may rely on another. In an action to charge an indorser on a note, the defendant may plead no notice and the statute of limitations. Both, as facts, may be true, and

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