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enforcement of law and order. He establishes individual training of air police and civil guards. He establishes organization of air police, and civil guards; equipment standards for police, air police, and civil guards; selection and utilization standards for the same, and recommends policies and procedures for joint action in police and prisonerof-war matters. I have a page and half more which simply outlines the duties of a provost marshal.

OFFICE OF THE AIR PROVOST MARSHAL

POSITION: THE AIR PROVOST MARSHAL (MILITARY)

General statement.-The Air provost marshal will, under the direction of the Inspector General, USAF, exercise supervision responsibility over all matters pertaining to the maintenance of military discipline enforcement of security and the security of the atomic-energy program in the USAF.

Duties and responsibilities.—Recommends plans, policies, and procedures for improvement of discipline, and enforcement of law and order. Establishes individual training of air police and civil guards; establishes organization of air police and civil guards. Establishes selection and utilization standards for air police and civil guards. Recommends policies and procedures for joint action in police and prisoner-of-war matters.

Coordinates in the establishment of policies, develops plans, and procedures for the USAF security enforcement program; acts as a focal point in the Air staff for establishing minimum standards for the physical protection of USAF installations and classified or vital matter contained therein; plans, directs, and supervises all activities of the security division.

Establishes procedures and enforces policy for the prevention of security violations and compromises of classified information and material to include atomicenergy information, enforces policy for the storage, handling, transmission, and classification of classified military information, develops personnel circulation control and interior systems, formulates and promulgates procedures pertaining to the security indoctrination of USAF personnel.

Makes recommendations, when necessary, for the removal of unfit, disloyal, and/or subversive military or civilian personnel. Recommends clearance action Maintains liaison

on persons whose investigative files are other than favorable. with Central Loyalty Security Board and issues clearance or denials for members of Central Loyalty Security Board and its local boards throughout the Air Force, and also for the management and administrative division of the Inspector General and the Office of the Air Provost Marshal.

Exercises staff supervision over the operation of USAF censorship and travel control of persons.

Is responsible for staff supervision of the effective protection of Air Force information and material in the possession of civilian contractors to the Air Force from loss or damage by the elements, sabotage, or other dangers arising within the United States.

Exercises staff supervision over all aspects of the confinement and retraining of USAF prisoners.

Prepares Air Force regulations, Air Force letters, lectures, Air ROTC material, training standards, articles, and other written guidance to advance modern penological concepts for the use of the Air Force.

Mr. BLANDFORD. The thing that bothers me is that in addition to that on page 8 you have a United States Air Force Security Service with a major general and a brigadier general. One of the duties of the provost marshal, according to what you read there, is security. Of course, I realize this other security service is a different proposition entirely.

General WETZEL. Completely and entirely different.

Mr. BLANDFORD. But it is difficult for me to comprehend the necessity for a major general in charge of the air police when the Navy has functioned for a long time without even a billet of that nature. They have their shore patrols and, as I say, I am sure they

would handle as many prisoners of war as the Air Force. I don't know whether you had that situation in the Pacific during the war or not, but it is again a job that on the surface, at least, seems to me to be heavily loaded with rank, and in making a comparison the only thing I can compare it with at this point is the Navy because the Army has a different situation on its hands entirely. General WETZEL. Why, if I may ask?

Mr. BLANDFORD. Because they are charged with prisoners of war. That is a large undertaking. I think this situation over in Korea has been evidence of that.

This doesn't seem to me that you need a major general to run what amounts to a series of shore-patrol activities.

General WETZEL. What does the Army have?

Mr. BLANDFORD. A major general, and the Navy a lieutenant colonel of the Marine Corps.

General WETZEL. You want to discuss this now or later? It is entirely different.

Mr. BLANDFORD. When you mentioned security I thought we ought to have something in the record because this will appear in the record. I understand what their job is.

General WETZEL. Yes. Air police in the United States Air Force involves more than just a couple of men on the downtown street at night in the local community to pick up airmen who may or may not have gotten into trouble.

We feel in the Air Force may this be off the record?

Mr. BLANDFORD. Yes.

(Off the record.)

Mr. VAN ZANDT. Is it not true that the air police do the job in the Air Force that the marines do for the Navy?

General WETZEL. That is substantially true.

Mr. BLANDFORD. There are two other general officers in the Office of Inspector General that are of interest. You have a Major General Bertrandias. The committee met Major General Bertrandias and Brigadier General O'Keefe also. I don't know anybody who will question the importance of flight safety, particularly when you are charged with responsibility for MATS and vast numbers of passengers you handle, but I want the record to show something in response to this question: Why the Air Force feels that these two positions require general officers when comparable job is done by a captain in the Navy?

General WETZEL. Let me explain, if you would like, the responsibilities of the Inspector General. His mission is to report upon the state of readiness, efficiency, and economy of the Air Force, to make recommendations pertinent thereto, and to provide an effective Air Force facility for inspection, security, investigation, and aircraft accident prevention activities. These functions are grouped into two broad categories of effort, one being that of security and investigation, the other of inspection involving every phase of Air Force interest.

A deputy inspector general is assigned to each of these two broad inspector general areas of responsibility: General Bertrandias is assigned as deputy inspector general for inspection in California. Under his direct supervision are the directors of readiness and materiel inspection, procurement inspection, and flight-safety research.

The two positions now that you have in mind, one I have just described, Major General Bertrandias. His responsibility is not only flight safety but under him he has a brigadier, O'Keefe, director of flight-safety research. Under the Deputy Inspector General for Security are the Directors of Special Investigations and Air Provost Marshal.

DIRECTORATE: FLIGHT SAFETY RESEARCH

DIVISION: OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

Statement of functions.-Develops policies, standards, and procedures governing the Air Force aircraft accident prevention program, and monitors the conduct thereof throughout the USAF. Conducts continuing research into design and engineering phases of aircraft development and procurement to assure that maximum safety is incorporated into Air Force equipment, and conducts research into the physiological and psychological factors pertaining to accident prevention. Participates in examinations of new aircraft models by engineering evaluation boards. Evaluates initial reports of aircraft accidents and determines responsibilities of Hq USAF and commands in the investigations of such accidents. Conducts investigations of selected aircraft accidents, accident trends, and Air Force facilities related to flying operations. Analyzes reports of aircraft accidents, records of flying time, accident statistical data, and reports of unsatisfactory conditions, materiel, and procedures; compiles statistics therefrom, and conducts statistical research to determine or predict trends in causes of aircraft accidents. Prepares and disseminates educational and informational material and statistical studies and reports pertinent to general and specific matters affecting flying safety. Recommends pertinent changes in USAF policies, standards, procedures, or material to promote the flying safety objective and follows up each recommendation to a satisfactory conclusion. Responsible for approving all ground controlled approach, instrument-landing systems, and instrument letdown procedures. Supervises flight-safety competition and safety educational programs. Is official custodian of all aircraft-accident reports and individual flight records, and furnishes any information therefrom to interested Government agencies and research organizations engaged in studies pertaining to aircraft-accident prevention.

Mission.-The mission of the Directorate of Flight Safety Research is to exercise staff supervision over all matters pertaining to the prevention of aircraft accidents in the United States Air Force. The objective of this mission is maximum conservation of lives, aircrew experience, and aircraft to insure the highest

state of combat effectiveness.

The USAF flight safety concept is to achieve maximum accident prevention through the application of scientific investigative and engineering techniques in the correction of design and maintenance of material, and through proper selection and education of personnel. These problems are approached through systematic research including engineering accident investigations and analyses, psychological and physiological research into human factors, analysis of accident histories, education of personnel, and close observation of all Air Force operations. Particular emphasis is placed on applying these techniques at the earliest possible time to the latest items of equipment, and in the earliest phases of training.

Through active liaison and guidance in the field, Flight Safety Research has established a close relationship with the major Air Force commands down through base levels. By working with and through operating organizations the directorate has gained wide acceptance of its recommendations. A greatly increased emphasis on operational efficiency in the commands is attested by numerous favorable comments received from major commanders.

OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL, USAF

NORTON AIR FORCE BASE, CALIF.

Mission.-Office of the Inspector General, USAF, Norton AFB; exercises staff supervision over inspection activities of the Air Force, and is responsible for the aircraft accident prevention program. Is responsible for direct supervision over the Directorates of Flight Safety Research, Procurement and Supply Inspection, Technical Inspection, and Readiness Inspections.

Mr. BLANDFORD. Do you have any figures available on the amount of passengers carried by the Air Force compared to the amount of passengers carried by the Navy? Do you happen to have anything like that?

General WETZEL. I am quite sure we do not. By the Air Force you don't just mean MATS?

Mr. BLANDFORD. The number of hours flown by the Air Force are considerably greater than the number of hours flown by the Navy. I am trying to justify these two positions on the basis of the activities of the Air Force in relationship to flying in comparison with the Navy where they have a captain doing this sort of work.

General LEE. I don't know the figures, but I do not think we should forget we are also talking about a man who investigates combat aircraft, too. We are not talking just about the inspection of safety of passengers as such in passenger aircraft. This man's responsibilities go way over into the field of the safety of our combat aircraft which is just as important as the safety of aircraft to serve passengers. General WETZEL. You get into that when you talk about the director of technical inspection.

Mr. BLANDFORD. Yes.

General WETZEL. That is his responsibility.

Mr. BLANDFORD. When he is within this deputy office?

General WETZEL. Correct.

General LEE. I was afraid counsel was thinking he didn't cover that area.

Mr. BLANDFORD. I think it would be rather difficult to actually make a hard and fast comparison with the Navy, particularly on their combat aircraft. A good deal of that is done by their Bureau of Aeronautics plus some of the materiel people. We will get into that later to see how many people are involved in this business of making sure the combat aircraft or any aircraft are technically sound.

The Office of the Judge Advocate General. If I am not mistaken that is occupied by a permanent major general by law but the law is silent with respect to Assistant Judge Advocate Generals. Far be it from me to get into an argument with the American Bar Association, but it has intrigued me that the Air Force has a major general and three brigadier generals who are assistant Judge Advocate Generals. The Army has the similar setup with a major general, and I think by law they have three assistant Judge Advocate Generals, and how the American Bar Association has kept the Navy from, or has not been able to persuade the Navy, to have more than one officer in their Judge Advocate General's office, I don't know. They have only one flag officer there.

Mr. GAVIN. Are you trying to encourage them?

Mr. BLANDFORD. I don't think they need encouragement.

Mr. VAN ZANDT. These assistant Judge Advocate Generals sit on boards or do they actually perform as an assistant?

Mr. BLANDFORD. As I understand it, these titles are a little misleading at this point. Two of these brigadier generals have now left Washington.

General WETZEL. That is true.

Mr. BLANDFORD. And have become judge advocates for either the entire Far Eastern Command or the European Command.

General WETZEL. Both. General Johnson, who is listed on your page, is the Assistant Judge Advocate General for Civil Law. He has been reassigned to the Far East Air Forces and he will be the judge advocate there on that staff.

ASSISTANT JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL (CIVIL LAW)

Supervises the preparation of and passes on the propriety of all legal opinions prepared by the patents; litigation, tax, and contracts; claims; legislative drafting; military affairs and legal assistance; and special assignments branches of the Office of The Judge Advocate General, USAF.

Exercises supervisory and operational responsibility over proceedings before civil courts in which the USAF is an interested party, concerning the legal matters under the jurisdiction of the mentioned branches.

Exercises supervisory and operation responsibility over tax negotiations with Federal, State, and local officials concerning the USĂF.

Mr. VAN ZANDT. Will that vacancy be filled?

General WETZEL. By a colonel and not a general officer.

Mr. VAN ZANDT. Is he more than one-half?

General WETZEL. One-half?

Mr. VAN ZANDT. Just civil law?

General WETZEL. Yes. General Kuhfeld will remain in Washington. He is Assistant Judge Advocate General for Military Justice.

ASSISTANT JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL (MILITARY JUSTICE)

Exercises supervisory and operational responsibility for the rendition of the legal opinions of the boards of review and the Military Justice Branch on courtmartial cases, and executes formal concurrence on each holding of legal sufficiency as required by law and Executive order.

Exercises general administrative control over the personnel and the activities of the boards of review and the Military Justice Branch, and has the responsibility for the general supervision of the administration of military justice within all echelons of the United States Air Force.

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General Kidner, the fourth man, is en route to the United States. Air Forces in Europe where he will be the judge advocate.

ASSISTANT JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL, APPELLATE SERVICES AND TRAINING

Exercises general supervision over Appellate Government Counsel Division; Appellate Defense Counsel Division; Educational Division; New Trial Division; and Clemency and Habeas Corpus. Maintained liaison with United States Court of Military Appeals.

Mr. BLANDFORD. Just an interesting

General WETZEL. His position will be filled by a colonel. There are four judge advocate generals in the Air Force.

Mr. BLANDFORD. It compares exactly with the Army, and the Navy has only one flag officer. That is the point I am making. General WETZEL. And he is also the legislative and liaison. Mr. BLANDFORD. He is a busy man.

General WETZEL. Yes, he is a busy man.

Mr. BLANDFORD. In defense of the Air Force and Army, it might be pointed out the Navy has some civilians who are CAF-16's. They are drawing comparable pay, we will say, of a major general. If you are talking about money, I think probably it costs as much to run the Judge Advocate's Office in the Navy as it does in the Air Force and Army. They have done some things with civilians that you people have used specialists in the military service for.

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