The foregoing table, which shows the range of annual family income for Magyar families whose heads were born abroad, discloses the fact that the great majority of families have a yearly income under $750, 36.4 per cent an annual family income under $500, and 13.6 per cent less than $300. All of the families have an annual income under $1,500, and 86.4 per cent a yearly income of less than $1,000.

WIVES AT WORK.

The extent to which the female members of the households contribute to the family support is indicated by the two tables next submitted. The first table shows that, of the 44 wives in households whose heads were foreign-born Magyars, only 2, or 4.5 per cent, were at work outside of the home. The average earnings of these women have not been computed owing to the small numbers involved.

TABLE 601.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings, approximate, of females 18 years of age or over, in the households studied, who were working for wages.

TABLE 602.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

The one Croatian female at work for wages reports earnings under $400. Of the three Magyar women, two earn under $200 and all three who are at work less than $300.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

The following tables indicate the tendency among the Magyar wives to seek employment or keep boarders or lodgers, according to the yearly earnings of their husbands. Seventy-three and seventenths per cent have employment or keep boarders or lodgers where the husbands' earnings are under $400, while only 52.9 per cent are at work or keep boarders or lodgers where the husbands' earnings are $400 but under $600, and 75 per cent are shown where the husbands' earnings are $600 or over.

TABLE 603.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For selection of families, see p. 272. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

TABLE 604.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[For selection of families, see p. 272. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 605.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

The table above shows that all of the Magyar families have an income from earnings of husband, and 63.6 per cent receive contributions to the family income in the form of payments of boarders or lodgers, while 9.1 per cent have children contributing to the family support, and 4.5 per cent receive an income from the earnings of

wives.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the source of family income in detail, each specified source being exclusive of other sources:

TABLE 606.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

The preceding table shows that only 22.7 per cent of the Magyar families whose heads were foreign-born receive their entire income from the earnings of husbands, while 47.7 per cent derive their income from the earnings of husbands plus the payments received from boarders or lodgers. A proportion of the families equivalent to 4.5 per cent are supported by the earnings of husbands and children.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 607.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

From the above table it is seen that 68 per cent of the total family income of the Magyar families is derived from the earnings of husbands, 26.6 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers, and only 2.1 per cent from the contributions of children, and 1.1 per cent from the earnings of wives, the two main sources of family support obviously being the earnings of the husbands and the income received from keeping boarders or lodgers.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-Methods of wage payments-Company houses-Com pany stores-Relations between the races-Welfare work-Women and children employed-The immigrant and organized labor-Reasons for employing immigrants-Races preferred by employers-Changes in industrial processes and organization-Progress of immigrants-[Text Tables 608 and 609 and General Table 338].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

Normally, work in the industries of this community continues steadily throughout the year. During 1908 and 1909 the car shops and steel companies constantly reduced their working forces until only a very small percentage of the number employed before the panic are now at work. The car shops at the time of the agent's visit were not doing much beyond overhauling and repairing their plants. The steel companies were working a small force, but were planning to shut down completely. The granite and steel ware plant was also operating with a small force. On the other hand, the depression brought an increasing volume of business to the company engaged in the manufacture of a cheap kind of sirup, and they are employing more labor than ever before.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over, in the households studied, employed away from home. TABLE 608.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all races.]

Only 5.6 per cent of the Bulgarians and 18.7 per cent of the Magyars were at work for twelve months preceding the time at which the data were collected. A somewhat larger proportion of the Bulgarians worked six months or over than of the Magyars, but a smaller proportion of the former than of the latter were at work nine months or over. No indication as to the relative industriousness of either race is afforded by the table for the reason that regularity of work offered was seriously interfered with by the industrial depression of 1907-8, especially in the case of the Bulgarians who were employed in the larger numbers in the iron and steel industry.