the electric railway, which runs parallel to the car-building and repair works. Some of the lodging houses are located almost under the shadow of the car shops and along the main line of an important railroad system. The entire section is unhealthy. The atmosphere, on account of the proximity to the car shops and railroad, is filled with dust and dirt. The streets even along the electric line are unpaved; here and in the open lots mud and pools of stagnant water abound. On the main streets there are some brick pavements, boardwalks, and cinder paths, but on the side streets there are usually no facilities for walking. In the American section of the other town or city of the community there are two sections, where between two and three hundred Magyars live in cottages, each cottage usually containing two or three families. Several Armenian boarding houses are also located within the town. Moreover, a few of the educated immigrants of recent arrival live among the Americans, one, an educated Bulgarian, has a family and lives according to the American standard. The older immigrant races, the Germans and Irish, are indistinguishable in living arrangements and in other respects from the purely native stock. With these few exceptions, the immigrant population of the community lives in a section of its own, separated by the distance of four or five city blocks from each of the two regularly constituted towns. This section, as already noted, has been popularly dubbed "Hungary Hollow." It lies along the tracks of the railroad referred to above, and between the plants of the two steel companies and a short distance from the car shops and the corn products manufacturing establishment. Here the Bulgarians, Magyars, Servians, Roumanians, and Armenians live together, entirely apart from any American influences. CHAPTER III. ECONOMIC STATUS. Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-Comparison of occupations of recent immigrants with other occupations-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income— [Text Tables 587 to 607 and General Tables 328 to 337]. INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following tables show the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming. The exhibit is by race of individual: TABLE 587.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign born.] TABLE 588.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.] From the preceding tables it will be seen that of 46 females reporting complete data, the total number, or 26.1 per cent, who were employed abroad were working for wages, the largest proportion being shown by those who were employed in domestic service and as factory operatives, with 8.7 per cent for each, while 6.5 per cent were employed as farm laborers, 2.2 per cent in hand trades, and 73.9 per cent were without occupation. The following tables show the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual: TABLE 589.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] TABLE 590.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Per cent working for wages. Per cent working Per cent working Race of individual. 1.0 5.6 1.8 0.0 20.0 6.7 34. 1 16.5 48.2 Upon information secured from 683 males it may be seen that the largest proportion, or 44.5 per cent, were working for profit, 42.8 per cent were farmers working for profit and 1.8 per cent in occupations other than farming. Thirty-four and six-tenths per cent were working for wages, 16.8 per cent in hand trades, 9.4 per cent as farm laborers, 1.9 per cent as laborers, other than on the farm, and 6.4 per cent in other occupations. Of the total number 20.1 per cent were working without wages, 19.8 per cent as farm laborers, and 0.3 per cent in other occupations. Only 0.9 per cent were without occupation. Comparing the two races shown in the above table, it will be seen that of those working for wages practically the same proportions are shown by each race in each different occupation, except for those who were farm laborers and in hand trades. The Magyars show the larger proportion, or 20.6 per cent, while the Bulgarians show 5.6 per cent who were farm laborers, and of those employed in hand trades these races show approximately the same proportions reversed. Both races report that the largest proportion were employed as farm laborers working without wages, with 29.1 per cent as shown by the Magyar and 16.5 per cent as shown by the Bulgarian, while less than 1 per cent are shown otherwise employed without wages. The largest proportion working for profit were farmers, with 46.4 per cent and 33.1 per cent, respectively, for the Bulgarian and Magyar, less than 2 per cent in any other occupation being reported by either race. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation in the community of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied. TABLE 591.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] The above table shows that none of the Magyar women are in domestic service or engaged in trade, and none at school, while 82.7 per cent are at home and 17.3 per cent otherwise employed, the large proportion of those thus designated being at work in the corn products and enameling and stamping works. GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied. TABLE 592.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) by general nativity and [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all races.] |