MR. PHILIP AINSWORTH MEANS, appointed to the directorship of the Museo Nacional de Arqueología in Lima, Peru, assumed office in November.

DR. ROBERT CUSHMAN MURPHY, for ten years a member of the staff of The Brooklyn Museum, and curator of the department of natural science since April, 1917, has resigned in order to accept the position of associate curator of ornithology in The American Museum of Natural History. In his new work the greater part of his time will be devoted to a study of marine birds. The work will include both the preparation of reports upon the museum's present collections and the carrying out of field investigations in the south Pacific.

DR. E. J. BUTLER, lately imperial mycologist of the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa (India), has been appointed director of the Imperial Bureau of Mycology, and can be addressed at 17, Kew Green, Kew, Surrey, England.

MR. CHARLES A. FORT, research chemist of the General Electric Co., of Pittsfield, Mass.,

has become chief chemist for the Forest Products Chemical Co., of Memphis, Tenn.

DR. HENRY H. RUSBY, dean of the school of pharmacy of Columbia University, will lead an exploration party which will leave in the early spring for the unexplored upper basin of the Amazon River. Among those accompanying him will be Professor Edward Kremers, of the University of Wisconsin, and Professor A. H. Gill, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who will investigate seed and volatile oils.

DR. LOUISE PEARCE, of the scientific staff of the Rockefeller Institute, has returned from several months' stay in the Belgian Congo, where she went in order to study the treatment of African sleeping sickness with Tryparsamide (sodium salt of N-Phenylglycinamide-parsonic acid) prepared at the Rockefeller Institute. While returning through Brussels she was decorated with the order of the Crown, and her companion, Miss Elizabeth D. Bowen, with the order of Leopold II., by the king of the Belgians.

DR. T. C. LYSTER of the Rockefeller Foundation has gone to Mexico to make some observation on the present epidemic of yellow fever and offer the asistance of the foundation in the campaign for the eradication of the disease. The president of Mexico has accepted this offer and Dr. Lyster will return later in January to begin the campaign, the plans for which were submitted by him and are now being considered by the department of public health.

DR. MARTIN H. FISCHER,. professor of physiology at the University of Cincinnati, has been granted a three months leave of absence, in order that he may accept an invitation to lecture on his researches in colloid chemistry at the Universities of Amsterdam and Utrecht. He is now in Holland.

DR. L. EMMETT HOLT, of Columbia University, has been appointed Lane medical lecturer for the year 1921. The lectures will be delivered at the medical school of Stanford University, San Francisco, during the week beginning November 28. on the general subject of growth and nutrition.

DR. ROBERT B. SoSMAN, of the Bureau of Standards, delivered on January 15 the address of the retiring president of the Philosophical Society of Washington on "The Distribution of Scientific Information."

DR. VERNON KELLOGG, permanent secretary of the National Research Council, is giving three lectures this month at Brown University on the Charles K. Colver Foundation. The subject of the lectures is "Human Life as the Biologist sees it." The dates are January 10, 17, and 24. The lectures will be published in book form by Houghton, Mifflin Com

pany.

PROFESSOR HERMANN J. JORDAN, 19 Frans Halsstraat, Utrecht, Holland. who is writing a book on comparative physiology, desires especially the papers of American physiologists and experimental zoologists, and would be grateful to authors who may favor him with their publications.

THE Technical High School at Brünn, Czecko-Slovakia, desires to raise a fund in

honor of Ernest Mach, who was born in that neighborhood. Professor Mach's researches in physics and psychology have given him worldwide reputation. The purpose of the fund is to award a prize for an essay, dealing with the subjects of his interest. Subscribers may send contributions directly to Dr. Emil Waelsch at the address given.

THE stated meeting of the New York Academy of Medicine, on January 6, was held in association with the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine and the Harvey Society as a tribute of appreciation to the life and services of Dr. Samuel James Meltzer. Memorial addresses were made by Drs. George B. Wallace, Phoebus A. Levene, William H. Howell, Graham Lusk, and William H. Welch.

1

DR. EDWARD J. NOLAN, librarian of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, died on January 7, 1921. Dr. Nolan was connected with the academy from 1862 until the time of his death, having served during the greater part of that time as recording secretary, librarian and editor of the publications of the academy. At the meeting of November 16, 1920, the academy designated him as recording secretary emeritus, in recognition of his long and faithful service to the institution.

ITALO GIGLIOLI, professor of agriculture at Portici and Pisa, known for his work in agricultural chemistry, has died at the age of sixty-eight years.

WE learn from Nature that Charles A. Sadler, who graduated from the University of Liverpool in 1905 and was the author of contributions on X-ray and other radiations, died on December 5.

THE annual general meeting of the American Philosophical Society will be held on April 21, 22 and 23, 1921, beginning at 2 P.M., on Thursday, April 21.

THE HONORABLE CHASE S. OSBORN, of Sault de Sainte Marie, Michigan, ex-governor of the state and former regent of the state university, has made a gift of $5,000 to the department of geology of the university, to provide

for an expedition by Professor William H. Hobbs to study the evolution of mountains and continents. Dr. Hobbs has been granted leave of absence for the academic year 19211922 and will sail from San Francisco in July on a trip which will take him around the world. Governor Osborn is cooperating to raise an endowment fund which will provide for future expeditions by the geological department.

PROFESSOR OTTO A. REINKING, professor of plant pathology of the college of agriculture, University of the Philippines. Los Baños, Laguna. Philippine Islands, returned to the Philippine Islands after an extended trip in Southern China, French Indo China, Siam, and the Federated Malay States. The trip was made possible through the cooperation of the division of crop physiology and breeding investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., with the University of the Philippines. The primary object of the trip was the study of citrus diseases in the various countries and the collection and study of the Siam seedless pummelo. Bud wood and plants of the famous Siam seedless pummelo were successfully introduced into the Philippines and also into the United States. Last year a similar trip was made by Professor Reinking for the United States and the Philippine governments. On this trip a study was made of the citrus diseases in Southern China and Formosa. Extensive collections were made.

WE learn from the British Medical Journal that a complete scheme for the establishment of a school of tropical medicine and research in Parel, Bombay, has been submitted for the sanction of the British Secretary of State. and it is hoped that it will be opened at an early date and afford opportunities for postgraduate instruction to students from all parts of the world. A medical college will be established in association with King Edward's Memorial Hospital in Parel, the foundation stone of which will be laid this month.

A PRIZE has been endowed in the name of Dr. Paul Legendre at the Société médicale des

hôpitaux de Paris to confer 3,000 francs every third year on the best work on the ethical and social aspects of the medical profession, published or presented during the preceding years, or for the best competing articles presented on a special topic. The first prize will be awarded in December, 1923, and a topic has been selected for this competition, namely, "A statistical and critical study of the French civilian and military medical and surgical rôle during the war, 1914-1918, and the resulting consequences for physicians and conclusions for the future."

PROFESSOR AND MRS. JEREMIAH W. JENKS have deeded property on the east shore of Cayuga Lake to Cornell University for the use of the department of biology. Boats, kept in the boathouse which comes with the property, will be available for collecting the specimens in which the end of the lake and the marshes near it abound.

THE Zoology department of the University of Texas is the recipient of a gift of $500 from Mr. H. A. Wroe, member of the board of regents for the study of the physiology of reproduction in the opossum under Professor Carl Hartman.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL
NEWS

A COLLEGE of engineering has been established at Cornell University to consist of the Sibley School of Mechanical Engineering, the School of Civil Engineering, and the School of Electrical Engineering. Professor Dexter S. Kimball has been appointed dean of the newly created engineering college and as directors of the work in the three schools, Herman Diederichs, mechanical engineering; Fred Asa Barnes, civil engineering, and Alexander M. Gray, electrical engineering have been appointed. Dean A. W. Smith, who has for many years had charge of Sibley College, and who is now acting president of the university, and Dean E. E. Haskell of the present college of civil engineering, have sabbatical leave next term, and retire from active service in June of this year.

THE resignation of Professor Russell H. Chittenden, of Yale University, from the chairmanship of the department of physiology, physiological chemistry and bacteriology has been accepted, and Professor Lafayette B. Mendel has been appointed his successor.

DR. H. B. LATIMER, who has been in charge of the courses in anatomy in the department of zoology of the University of Nebraska, has been granted a leave of absence for the current year to carry on research in anatomy at the University of Minnesota. His work is being taken by Mr. Daniel S. Brazda. Dr. E. B. Powers has also been added to the staff of the department taking the field of animal ecology.

DR. C. B. CLEVENGER has resigned an instructorship in the department of chemistry, University of Wisconsin, to accept a professorship of agricultural chemistry and head of the department of chemistry of the Manitoba Agricultural College.

DR. HENRY S. HOUGHTON, a graduate of Ohio State University and the Johns Hopkins Medical School, who has passed the last fifteen years in China, has been appointed director of the Peking Union Medical College.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE NATURAL AREAS AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

WITH the increasing activities in biological science there has been a correspondingly increased demand for the preservation of areas on which the fauna and flora may be found undisturbed by outside agencies. Workers in the various lines of ecology and genetics are particularly interested in these natural areas; the Ecological Society, several State Academies of Science, and other scientific organizations, are urging the reservation of areas suitable for study. Laboratory experiments under controlled conditions, however essential, can not replace field observation. In fact, the greater the amount of laboratory experimentation, the greater the need of natural areas— for laboratory work and field studies must go hand in hand and supplement each other; neither is sufficient unto itself.

The largest of our natural areas are in the National Parks and National Monuments. Efforts to secure the reservation of additional lands would fail of their purpose if, at the same time, the National Parks were not kept intact.

With the growing development of the country, the pressure upon the National Parks is constantly increasing. There have been a number of attempts recently to open these parks to some form or other of commercial use. The latest dangers are: First, the inclusion of the parks in the Water Power Bill, thus permitting the commission to grant permits for constructing in the National Parks and National Monuments, reservoirs, irrigation ditches, power plants and power lines; Second, the Smith bill, H.R. 12, 466, turning over 8,000 acres in one of the most beautiful parts of the Yellowstone Park to Idaho irrigation interests; and third, an attempt by the city of Los Angeles to dam certain of the waters in the Yosemite. Any of these proposed uses would not only destroy specific areas of much beauty and scientific interest, but would serve as an entering wedge in opening the parks to all kinds of commercial uses which would eventually undermine the entire National Park system. It is important that scientists make their wishes in this matter known in no uncertain way. BARRINGTON MOORE

NEW YORK, N. Y.

PROFESSOR PAVLOV

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: Within the past few months Professor Pavlov came in for much comment on the pages of SCIENCE. Since most of the things that were brought to the attention of our scientific men were either based on mere hearsay or on second-hand information of the flimsiest sort, will you allow me the space to quote some direct news about Professor Pavlov.

H. G. Wells returned recently from a trip of inspection in Russia where he particularly investigated the condition of literary and scientific men. His extensive report has been just published by the New York Times.

Speaking of the various scientists with whom he conferred, Wells says:

1

Our blockade has cut them (the scientists) from all literature outside of Russia. They are without instruments. They are short of paper. The work they do has to go on in unheated laboratories. It is amazing that they do any work at all, yet they are getting work done.

Of Pavlov in particular he says:

Pavlov is carrying on research of astonishing scope and ingenuity on the mentality of animals. Pavlov continues his marvelous researches in an old coat and with his study piled up with the potatoes and carrots he grows in his spare time.

It is gratifying to be assured that Professor Pavlov is raising potatoes only as a pastime and still gives the best of his genius to scientific investigation. S. MORGULIS

A QUESTION OF BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: Regarding the inquiry of Dr. Willey, Coues says on page 50, in "Fur-bearing Animals":

From this country [Mackenzie River region], many accounts have reached me, from various officers of the Hudson's Bay Company, through the liberality of the Smithsonian Institution, which placed in my hands all the matter represented in its archives upon the mammals of the far north. Messrs. Kennicott, Macfarlane, Ross and Lockhart have each recorded their experiences. . . .'

...

Therefore the following quotation from Dall's "Alaska and its Resources," p. 349, may be of interest.

Woiwodsky was succeeded by Fúruhelm as Chief Director of the colonies. The Kadiák was wrecked near Spruce Island. Robert Kennicott passed the winter at Fort Yukon, where Mr. Lockhart was in command.

In the annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1861, p. 60, it is stated that "Mr. Ross, chief factor of the Mackenzie River district, has had the cooperation of the gentlemen resident at the different posts in his district," among those mentioned is Mr. James Lockhart. He is mentioned in subsequent reports of the Smithsonian Institution, but always as James; never as J. G.

In the "Biography of Baird," on p. 378,

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: The Smithsonian Institution published in 1904, the collected "Researches in Helminthology and Parasitology" (1844-1891) by Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D. The issue was gratis, and is now out of print.

The writer has been applied to by a number of research laboratories in comparative pathology for reprints-he would be glad to know of any one to whom complimentary copies were presented, who would be disposed to donate any such, for use among those engaged in similar lines of investigation.

JOSEPH LEIDY, JR.

1319 LOCUST ST., PHILADELPHIA

SPECIAL ARTICLES

A SIMPLE DEVICE FOR GIVING ANESTHETICS

So often in giving anesthetics to an animal through the trachea cannula the student either covers the intake opening with several layers of gauze, or plugs the opening with absorbent cotton. To these he applies the anesthetic. When these substances are moistened, the air passages which exist between the fibers in the dry condition are almost wholly obliterated, and the animal is more likely to become asphyxiated than anesthetized. To prevent this almost universal failing I have devised a simple trachea cannula, adapted to both normal and artificial respiration and an appliance for anesthetization, which slips over the intake opening of the cannula.

The cannula consists of a metal T-tube, Fig. 1, C. In the long part a small tube extending the full length is soldered. At one end, I, all of the opening into the larger portion of this double-barreled tube is closed with solder. thus leaving only the smaller tube open, sm. This end is attached to the arti

S

G

T

FIG. 1. A, anesthetic cone; B, circular base; C, cannula; D and E, intake and outlet tubes; G, gauze; H, hole into intake tube; I, end for attachment to artificial respiration apparatus; 0, opening; S, wire screen; sm, small tube; T, trachea end of cannula.

The device for the administration of the anesthetic is made from a small hemispherical tea strainer (Fig. 1, A). The opening of the strainer is soldered to a circular metal plate (B) with a hole (H) in the center, and a metal tube (E) soldered on the lower surface. This tube is large enough to easily slip over the side tube (D) of the cannula. One or two layers of gauze (G) are spread over the wire screens (S) of the strainer and fastened by passing a string or rubber band around the lower margin. The gauze, which can be readily replaced, is thus held away from the intake opening and permits of free passage of air and the thorough vaporization and mixing of the anesthetic with good air. In this manner a few drops of the anesthetic at a time are sufficient to keep the animal in complete anesthesia.