some details of the operations in those plants were given.

A study of the separation of iron from aluminium by precipitation as Prussian Blue: G. O. BURR and HARRISON HALE. Precipitation of Prussian Blue from ferric salts with potassium ferrocyanide in the presence of aluminium was tried. Different concentrations of the salts and different strengths of free acid were used. It was found that the method was not applicable because of the formation of complex aluminium potassium ferrocyanides and the difficulty of filtering the Prussian Blue.

Fuel Symposium. A. C. Fieldner, chairman

Low temperature carbonization and its application to high oxygen coals: S. W. PARR. By low temperature carbonization is meant decomposition at a maximum temperature of 750°-800° C. This is not an arbitrary range but is a natural division below which substantially all condensible volatile products are discharged and the minimum amount of secondary decompositions occur. The main points of interest were fully summarized and described. In general, it is believed that all of the products of decomposition have a higher intrinsic value as delivered under low temperature conditions, chiefly because of the avoidance of excessive secondary decompositions. The solid residue is a smokeless fuel of from 5 to 15 per cent. volatile, free burning and of good texture, primarily adapted to use as a domestic or factory fuel. Whether suitable for metallurgical purposes or not has not been determined.

Carbonization of Canadian lignites: EDGAR STANSFIELD. This paper summarizes the results of an investigation on the carbonization of Canadian lignites carried out by the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines, and by the Lignite Utilization Board of Canada, at the Fuel Testing Station, of the Mines Branch, at Ottawa. The first series of experiments was carried out on 10 gram samples with exact temperature control, it showed the effect on the resulting carbonized material of widely differing conditions of carbonization: the results obtained have been used to control all larger scale work. The second series of experiments was carried out on samples of 1-3 kilograms. The experiments were similar to the above, but the tar, gas, ammonium sulphate, and water was also collected and studied. A weight balance sheet, thermal balance sheet and other results obtained in one set of experiments are given. The bearing of the

above results, and of the economic conditions in southern Saskatchewan, on the design of a commercial carbonizer for that district are discussed, and the evolution from this laboratory investigation to the successful operation of a semi-commercial carbonizer of new design is traced. This carbonizer treated some 200 pounds of dried lignite per hour; the experience gained with it has been used to design a plant now being built by the board, near Bienfait, Saskatchewan, to treat 200 tons of raw lignite per day.

By-product coke. Anthracite and Pittsburgh coal as fuel for heating houses: HENRY KRIESINGER.

By-product coking: F. W. SPERR, JR., and E. H. BIRD. The paper discusses the present growth of by-product coke manufacture due to the increased use of its products as fuels. This growth is even, to a considerable extent, becoming independent of the iron and steel industry. The fuel efficiency of the by-product coke oven and the beehive oven are compared. The primary products of the by-product coke oven are discussed with relation to their use as fuel. There have been a number of new applications of these products that are important from this standpoint. The gaseous fuels manufactured from coke are also described, together with the possibilities for their future use in systems for the complete gasification of coal. The economical relation of the Koppers' combination oven fired with producer or blast furnace gas is noted, and other recent technical developments which have contributed to fuel economy are cited.

The charcoal method of gasoline recovery: G. A. BURRELL, G. G. OBERFELL and C. L. VORESS.

Colloidal fuels, their preparation and properties: S. E. SHEPPARD. Reasons for name, and history of development-colloid chemistry and fuels-suspensoids and emulsoids-viscosity conditions and stability requirements-stabilizing by protective colloids-development of plastic inner friction and "plasma" structure-peptization processes in theory and practise-accessory testing methods and practical trials.

Gasoline losses due to incomplete combustion in motor vehicles: A. C. FIELDNER, G. W. Jones and A. A. STRAUB.

Enrichment of artificial gas with natural gas: JAMES B. GARNER. The project of enriching artificial gas with natural gas is one which is of wide spread interest because of its possibility of providing a supply of a clean domestic fuel gas, uniform in quality and of sufficient volume to meet

the requirements of the public. This is particularly so in regions where natural gas has been used. Gas is more convenient, more economical and safer to use than any other fuel. There are in nature three potential sources of raw materials adequate for the production of a future domestic supply of manufactured gas. These three potential sources are bituminous shale, oil and coal. Artificial gas, as produced on a commercial scale, consists of the following varieties: Shale gas, oil gas, producer gas, water gas, carburetted water gas, coal and coke oven gas. The manufacture of a domestic supply of water gas, enriched with natural gas, serves two purposes (1) It conserves in the highest possible manner our natural resources of coal, oil and gas and (2) it insures to the public an adequate supply at all times of a clean, uniform gas at the lowest possible cost. Natural gas companies should no longer be permitted to sell natural gas as such at ridiculously low rates but should be required to utilize it in the highest possible way, viz.: as a means of enriching artificial gas. Such use of this natural resource will insure to the public, for many years to come, a supply of gas at a cost otherwise impossible.

The commercial realization of low temperature carbonization: DR. HARRY A. CURTIS. The carbocoal process for converting bituminous coal into a uniform, smokeless fuel resembling anthracite was developed by the International Coal Products Corporation at its experimental plant in Irvington, N. J. Both small apparatus and commercial size units have been in use there for the past four years, and there has been an opportunity to compare the results obtained in laboratory tests with those of plant operation. In the carbocoal process the crushed coal is carbonized first at a low temperature (900° F.), the resulting semi-coke is then ground and briquetted with pitch. The briquets are finally carbonized at somewhat below cokeoven temperature (1800° F.). The resulting fuel, carbocoal, is hard, dense, smokeless, and freeburning. More than a hundred coals, including a wide range of bituminous coals and lignites, have been tried in the process, and apparently any coal can be used successfully. Construction of the commercial plant at Clinchfield, Va., was begun during the war as a government war project. It was finally completed and put into operation in June, 1920. Its capacity is between five and six hundred tons of raw coal per day. (Lantern slides showing construction of commercial plant, yields of by-products, etc.)

Fuel conservation, present and future: HORACE C. PORTER.

Some factors affecting the sulfur content of coke and gas in the carbonization of coal: ALFRED R. POWELL.

The distribution of the forms of sulfur in the coal bed: H. F. YANCEY and THOMAS FRASER. A study has been made of the quantitative distribution of the forms of sulfur, namely pyritic and organic sulfur, in coal as it occurs in the various sections or benches of the seam. About 120 samples were collected at twenty working places in three mines, one operating in the number six seam in southern Illinois, one in the number nine and the other in the number twelve bed in western Kentucky. At each face the seam was divided into from four to eight benches and was represented by a corresponding number of samples. Some of the samples were taken at places in the bed which showed the coal intergrown and interbedded with lenses, bands, and cat-faces of pyrite. The purpose of the work was to determine if a relation exists between pyritic and organic sulfur, and in case segregations or concentrations of organic sulfur were found to exist, to associate such occurrences with other impurities or specific recognizable conditions. The data secured indicate no definite and absolute relationship between quantitative amounts of pyritic and organic sulfur in a given bed or sample. Samples taken at five faces in one mine indicate, in the majority of instances, that an increase in pyritic sulfur is accompanied by a decrease in organic sulfur. This is not uniformly true and the data do not warrant any such generalization, except to say that high pyritic sulfur and visible segregations of iron pyrite are not indicative of high organic sulfur content. CHARLES L. PARSONS,

in turn derived from "ergo," to work. It is one of those superb, rotund words which dazzle and hypnotize the uplifter and eventually come to express the peculiar spirit or tendency of a whole period.

These words, which for want of a better term I may call "highbrow," and the conceptions they embody, are so interesting that I will dwell on them for a moment. During the late Victorian period the most high-brow word was "progress." It disappeared and gave place to organization with the World War when we realized that the evolution of our race since the Neolithic Age was not nearly as substantial as we had imagined. Neither the Greeks nor the people of the Middle Ages seem to have had either of these words or their conceptions, though the Greeks, at least, did a fair amount of progressing and organizing. The Medieval high-brow words were "chivalry" and "honor," the latter persisting down to the present day in Continental Europe in the German students' duelling code, as a living fossil, or what biologists would call a "relict." Schopenhauer remarked that the duel and venereal diseases were the only contributions to culture the race had made since the classical period, overlooking the fact that the Greeks and the Japanese had their own high-brow words and institutions. Gilbert Murray3 has shown that the word "aidos," which the Achæan chiefs

2 Zwei Dinge sind es hauptsächlich, welche den gesellschaftlichen Zustand der neuen Zeit von dem des Altertherms, zum Nachtheil des ersteren unterscheiden, indem sie demselben einen ernsten, finstern, sinistern Anstrich gegeben haben, von welchem frei das Alterthum heiter und unbefangen,

wie der Morgen des Lebens, dastebt. Sie sind: das ritterliche Ehrenprincip und die venerische Krankheit-par nobile fratrum! Schopenhauer, "Parerga und Paralipomena," Ed. Frauenstädt, Vol. 5, 1888, p. 413.

3The Rise of the Greek Epic," 2d Ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1911, pp. 103-112.

of the Homeric age so solemnly uttered, was applied to a peculiar kind of chivalry, and the "bushido" of the Japanese was another similar though independent invention. All of these conceptions-progress, organization, chivalry, aidos, bushido -seem to start among the intellectual aristocracy and all imply a certain "noblesseoblige," for there is no fun in continually exhorting others to progress unless you can keep up with the procession, or of organizing others unless you yearn to be organized yourself, just as there is no fun in getting up a duelling or bushido code unless you are willing to fight duels or commit harakiri whenever it is required by the rules of the game.

Of course, the vogue of "organization was abnormally stimulated by the mobilization of armies and resources for the World War. We acquired the organizing habit with a vengeance and have not since had time to reflect that there may be things in the world that it would be a profanation to organize-courtship, e.g.-or not worth organizing a vacuum, e.g.-or things that can not be organized, or if organizable, better left as they are scientific research, perhaps.

There are at least three different types of organization. One of them we find ready to hand in individual animals and plants, in our own bodies and in animal colonies and societies, i.e., in complexes which organize themselves both onto- and phylogenetically. This is a self-contained type of organization, requiring much time and energy for its consummation and though very intricate and profound still sufficiently plastic and adaptable to trade with time and the environment and to resist a considerable amont of thwarting and meddling. For obvious reasons this type appears to us to be so admirable that it influences all our conceptions of organi

zation. If the Greeks had coined a word for organization-the nearest word, orgánosis, seems not to appear till the twelfth century-they would probably have applied it to a second type of cases, in which an agent organizes a complex as an engine for accomplishing certain results. In this sense Mr. Ford would be an organizer of motor cars and in such a sense theologians might speak of the Deity as organizing the universe. This is organization imposed on inorganic or at any rate alien materials. At the present day the word is not used in this sense, since the notion of life in the materials to be organized seems to be so essential. There is, however, a third type, which is intermediate between the two preceding, one in which certain elements of a living complex are permitted or delegated or arrogate to themselves the right to organize the remaining elements, as is seen in innumerable human organizations from a state, church or army to a band of robbers. This type of organization, can often be swiftly accomplished, especially if reinforced by the first type, but is necessarily more or less of an artefact and prone to easy and unexpected disintegration. We have this type in mind when we speak of the organization of scientific research, or investigation. It is evident, moreover, that the organization of research up to the present time has developed according to the first type, through a natural division of labor and inclination among investigators and by means of such cooperative liaison agencies as learned societies and publications. Even the most pessimistic among us must be lost in admiration at the results thus accomplished during the past few centuries. But the organizers feel that we have been moving too slowly and have been wasting too much time and effort and they also feel, apparently, that natural, or organic organization of research, like that

of the past, affords too little scope for the expression of those instincts of self-assertion and domination, which are so evidently associated with the accumulation of hormones in the older males of all mammals. These hormones commonly produce such an obfuscation of the intellect that even our mature biologists seldom realize that they are headed for the fate of the old rogue elephants and bulls, which, when they try to do too much organizing, are promptly and unceremoniously butted out of the herd by the youngsters.

The phrase "organization of research" is nonsense if we take "research" in its abstract sense, for an abstraction, of course, is one of the things that can not be organized. All we can mean by the term is the organization of the actual processes of research, or investigation, and since these processes are essentially nothing but the living, functioning investigators themselves, organization of research can mean only the organization of the investigators. It would seem desirable, therefore, before attempting such organization to make a behavioristic study of these creatureseither to catch and closely observe a number of them or to steal on them unawares while they are in the full ardor of research

in other words to investigate the investigators. Unfortunately no one has made such a study, which should, of course, precede the making of a card catalogue of the various species, subspecies, varieties, mutations and aberrations of investigators and the enumeration of their genes and chromosomes. And as the investigators themselves seem to be so busy that they have no time to scrutinize their own behavior, or if they do, are either too proud or too bashful to tell us what they find, I am compelled, for the sake of my argument, to attempt such a study and hence to make a brief excursion into psychology. As this