perience in this field. Industry will rise to the occasion if given the continued opportunity to develop broad imaginative programs in weather modification. 4. Legal aspects We recognize the need for and encourage the passage of Federal laws designed to strengthen, encourage, and promote scientific field research and operational programs performed by professional level persons and groups. Such laws should afford protection to the public from unqualified cloud seeders acting without regard for the best interests of the community, and, at the same time, these laws should afford protection to legitimate operators by defining liability and by the provision that litigation be handled uniformly at the Federal level. The conflicting provisions of present State and local regulations now unjustly harass weather modification activities and only Federal action can resolve this problem. The Weather Control Research Association is greatly encouraged by the recent findings of the National Academy of Science and the National Science Foundation. We appreciate the effort in Congress to realize the values to be derived from weather modification and we stand ready to help if called upon. WEATHER CONTROL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION MEMBERS ARE DRAWN FROM THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS 1. Universities and nonprofit research institutes National Center for Atmospheric Research South Dakota Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Stanford Research Institute University of Nevada, Desert Research Institute University of Wyoming, Natural Resources Research Institute 2. Public utilities, power and water companies and districts Bear Valley Mutual Water Co. Buena Vista Water Storage District California Electric Power Co. California-Oregon Power Co. East Bay Municipal Utility District Fenescal Water Co. Irrigation Districts Association of California King's River Conservation District Los Angeles County Flood Control District Los Angeles Department of Water & Power Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Pacific Gas & Electric Co. San Bernardino Municipal Water District Southern California Edison Co. Washington Water and Power Co. Western Municipal Water District of Riverside County 3. Private meteorological firms Atmospherics, Inc. Eugene Bollay Associates Meteorology Research, Inc. North American Weather Consultants Wallace Howell Associates, Inc. Weather Modification Co., San Jose 4. Governmental agencies California Department of Water Resources California Division of Forestry Illinois State Water Survey U.S. Bureau of Reclamation U.S. Forestry Service U.S. National Park Service U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station U.S. Navy U.S. Weather Bureau 5. Foreign Bureau D'Amenagement de l'Est due Quebec Inc. -6. Other Bronson, Bronson, and McKinnon (Law) California Federation of Women's Clubs Kern County Land Co. Leeds; Hill & Jewitt, Inc. (Cons. Engr.) Senator CANNON. The first witness today is Dr. Leland J. Haworth, Director of the National Science Foundation. Senator Dominick? Senator DOMINICK. Mr. Chairman, I don't want to hold up this hearing, but I do want to say to my very good friends, Dr. Roberts and Dr. Chamberlain and my other Colorado constituents, that I am pleased they are here. I know that what they are going to present to the committee will be of immense value. I have to go to another -committee meeting about 10:30, so if I am not here when they start their presentation I hope that they will understand. I will be back as soon as I can. I just want to express my gratitude that they have come so far on such an important matter and their testimony will be a great help to us. Senator CANNON. Doctor, you may proceed. STATEMENT OF DR. LELAND J. HAWORTH, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION; ACCOMPANIED BY DR. ADRIAN CHAMBERLAIN, VICE PRESIDENT, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SPECIAL COMMISSION ON WEATHER MODIFICATION; DR. WALTER ORR ROBERTS, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH; DR. A. RICHARD KASSANDER, PROFESSOR OF METEOROLOGY, DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, UNIVERSITY CORP. FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH; DR. EDWARD TODD, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR (RESEARCH), NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION; DR. EARL DROESSLER, HEAD, ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES SECTION, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION; AND DR. HORACE R. BYERS, DEAN OF SCHOOL OF GEO-SCIENCES, TEXAS A. & M. UNIVERSITY Dr. HAWORTH. With your permission, I would like to introduce the others sitting with me. Senator CANNON. Fine. Dr. HAWORTH. On my left is Dr. Richard Kassander, of the University of Arizona, who is the chairman of the board of trustees, University Corp. for Atmospheric Research. He will be one of the wit nesses. Next is Dr. Adrian Chamberlain, Colorado State University, who was Chairman of the National Science Foundation Special Commis sion that prepared the report you mentioned. On my right is Dr. Walter Roberts, Director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Both Dr. Chamberlain and Dr. Roberts will be witnesses. Still further to the right is Dr. Earl Droessler, head of our Atmospheric Sciences Section. And further down is Dr. Edward Todd, who is the special assistant to the Associate Director for Research of the Foundation. The last two named will not formally testify. Also, in the audience is Dr. Horace R. Byers, dean of the School of Geosciences at Texas A. & M. University, who is Chairman of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee on Weather Modification, and was formerly chairman of the University Corp. for Atmospheric Research board. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee Senator CANNON. Would Dr. Byers raise his hand so we will have him identified, too? Dr. HAWORTH. That is Dr. Byers. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am happy to have the opportunity to speak to you this morning. In the next 20 minutes or so I will outline the development of the National Science Foundation's support of research in weather modification and allied fields, and conclude with some recommendations concerning the Federal weather modification program for the coming years. I will not dwell extensively upon a description of the current state of our ability to modify weather and climate. As you are aware, the Foundation has just released a report which you have already mentioned, entitled "Weather and Climate Modification" which was prepared at the request of the Foundation by a Special Commission appointed in June 1964 to examine the physical, biological, legal, social, and political aspects of the field. Dr. Adrian Chamberlain, vice president of Colorado State University, who served most capably as the Chairman of that Commission will speak to you later this morning. The Commission relied very heavily on the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Weather and Climate Modification for its analysis and evaluation of the current state of weather and climate modification from the point of view of the physical sciences. I understand that your committee will hear from representatives of that Panel later in the week. Following Dr. Chamberlain's remarks, Dr. Walter Orr Roberts, director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, will discuss some of the current opportunities for research progress in the atmospheric sciences and relate them to our needs for modification of the weather. He will also describe some of the activities of his laboratory which are directly related to weather modification objectives, especially with universities and other Government agencies such as the Bureau of Reclamation, ESSA, and NASA. Dr. A. Richard Kassander, chairman of the board of the University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, will comment on the university-based atmospheric science community and its contribution to weather modification studies. It was some 20 years ago that General Electric Co. scientists, Irving Langmuir and Vincent Schaefer, modified clouds by seeding them WEATHER MODIFICATION with dry ice pellets. Not long afterward Bernard Vonnegut, a coworker, demonstrated that a smoke of silver iodide crystals would accomplish the same results. This was the beginning of modern American weather and climate modification through cloud seeding. The 1946 demonstration that clouds might be modified and rain produced by scientific means arose out of World War II investigations of fog particles by Langmuir and Schaefer. The military possibilities of this discovery led the armed services to support a broad theoretical, laboratory and field program in cloud modification from 1947 to 1952, known as Project Cirrus. Civilian implications were investigated by the cloud physics project of the U.S. Weather Bureau and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics from 1948 until 1951. The Department of Defense followed the termination of Project Cirrus in 1952 with a 5-year cloud nucleation project. Whether or not the multi-million-dollar rainmaking activities of the late 1940's and early 1950's grew out of the obvious interest of the Federal Government in weather and climate modification research or from coincidental severe drought conditions in many parts of the Nation, large cloud seeding operations became a fact of life. Soon $3 to $5 million a year was being spent by water users, particularly in the West, for commercial cloud seeding, and about 10 percent of the land area of the United States had become the target of cloud-seeding attempts. There was also considerable activity in other countries. The drought that then held sway in many parts of the country, the claims of some of the rainmakers, and criticism from portions of the scientific community led the Congress to create an Advisory Committee on Weather Control to study and evaluate public and private experiments in weather modification. In its final report in 1957 the Advisory Committee on Weather Control found, on the basis of statistical evaluations, that cloud seeding in the mountainous areas of the western United States, of storms occurring during the cool, moist winter and spring months produced an average increased precipitation of 10 to 15 percent from seeded storms with a satisfactory degree of probability that the increase was not the result of natural variations in the amount of precipitation. On the basis of its physical evaluations the committee found that seeding from the ground with silver iodide is a valid technique for seeding clouds. The advisory committee then recommended that the development of weather modification must rest on a foundation of fundamental knowledge that can be obtained only through scientific research into all the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. The committee also recommended that encouragement be given the widest possible competent research in meteorology and related fields, such research to be undertaken by Government agencies, universities, industry, and other organizations; that the Government sponsor meteorological research more vigorously than before; that the administration of Governmentsponsored research provide freedom and latitude for choosing methods and goals with the emphasis to be put on sponsoring talented men as well as their specific projects; and that the National Science Foundation be designated to promote and support research in the needed fields and to coordinate research projects. These recommendations together with the 1957 report of the American Meteorological Society and the 1958 Third Report of the Committee on Meteorology of the National Academy of Sciences etuphasized the need for: fundamental knowledge; research; exper imentation; education and training in meteorology and related field-: information assembly and dissemination; and increased Federal sup port to universities for basic research in the atmospheric sciences. The result of these recommendations was the passage by the Congress of Public Law 85-510, signed by the President on July 11. 1958, which in pertinent part authorized and directed the Nation al Science Foundation to "initiate and support a program of study, research, and evaluation in the field of weather modification Beginning even before the issuance of its report, the conclusior of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control had come under direct attack by several elements of the scientific community, primarly the statisticians. The validity of its data was brought into question and the correctness of its conclusions was seriously questioned. By the time Public Law 85-510 was passed, about the only aspect of weather modification upon which general agreeme: t could be reached within the scientific community was that base research and a great deal of it was needed. The bright hopes sparked by the experimental research of Latg nur and Schaefer in 1946-47 had failed to bring forth the antipited results, and it now was necessary to put the infant art of closi mod fcation on a sound scientific basis. It was at this point that the National Science Foundation, in fiscal year 1959, began its task of lending credibility to a field of effort which had been plagued with. lack of technical and scientific understanding by approaching the leading meteorologists and other scientists in the United States of America and abroad to undertake scientific investigations when would open the doors to knowledge. The previous years of argi ments, adverse publicity, and sometimes downright quackery, si tuen their toll, and NSF found a reluctance on the part of estv's Fed researchers to enter the field and risk the possibility of beg eled a "ronmaker." In the years following, the NSF pursued a vigorous campaign for enlist new expabolities and talent from both the academe and pr fessor al community. These efforts were influential in the fort s tron of new neademie arrangements such as the Desert Resear Institute at the University of Nevada, the Department of At:am pheric Sciences at the Colorado State University, the Cloud P! y« Laboratory of the University of Washington, the Institute of A mospheric Sciences at the South Dakota School of Mines and T nology, the Annual Yellowstone Field Expeditions of the State Inversty of New York, the Langmuir Mountain Observatory o the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and the Show ers Protect Group of the Pennsylvania State University. From this ever increasing willingness of the academie commu to perform research in weather modification have emerged new ai valuable meteorological research talents. These were supplemet te by the talents of chemists, physicists, and mathematicians who were needed to round out the scientific team and find answers for many |