seemed to have revived. The peddling of cocaine from Germany and Austria. As a result, the and opium, which had been stopped by the State habit is growing rapidly. Pharmaceutical Board in the spring of 1911, COCHIN-CHINA. A state of French Inafter a campaign lasting more than six months, do-China (q. v.). Area, 21,988 square miles. started again, so quietly, however, that no at- Population in 1906, 2,870,514. The delta regions tention was attracted to it until, on December are very fertile, and extensive irrigation and 20, a man arrested in Chinatown was found to drainage works are in progress. Area under have more than $500 worth of cocaine and $10 cultivation, 5,011,277 hectares (rice, 1,358,706 worth of opium on his person. An investiga- acres, yielding in 1909 1,500,000 tons). Livetion was started, and the federal officials re- stock: 11,243 horses, 241,744 buffaloes, 109,071 solved to start a campaign which would not end cattle, 709,380 swine, 3492 sheep and goats. until every drug vendor in the city was placed The fisheries products are valued at 2,800,000 under arrest. Indian newspapers declare that francs yearly. Saigon, the capital, has the largcocaine is being smuggled into India in large est trade in French Indo-China. The local budquantities. It is said to be introduced by means get balanced (1911) at 5,561,680 piasters. The of books, bicycle tires, and by other ingenious trade is included in that of French Indo-China. methods, and the drug is reported to come Governor (1911), J. M. Gourbeil. The coins of silver-standard countries are valued by their pure silver contents, at the average market price of silver. Not including Costa Rica. Gold standard adopted December 31, 1908; 121⁄2 Bolivianos equal the pound sterrling or Peruvian pound (4.866). The sovereign is the standard coin of India, but the rupee ($0.324 1-3) is the current coin at 15 to the sovereign. Customs. Seventy-five centigrams fine gold. ** Value in Mexico .498. COCKROFT COCKROFT, JAMES. An American publisher in 1910 was 288 with 55,656 ovens. In West 1909. BY-PRODUCTS OF COKE. For many years the valuable materials constituting the by-products in the manufacture of coke were absolutely wasted. This was due largely to the employment of the old beehive type of coke oven rather than a by-product oven. Experiments have been carried on for many years in Germany and other foreign countries for utilizing the byproducts of coke. In what is known as the beehive oven the coal is only partly consumed, or to speak more properly, the volatile combustible constituents, the gas, tar, and ammonia, everything indeed except the fixed carbon which is left behind as coke, is wasted. In the by In product ovens it is recovered and used. Germany little or no coke is now made except in retort or by-product ovens, and these are coming into use quite generally in the United States. The first ovens of this type were built in 1893 at Syracuse, N. Y. In 1910 there were The 4078 in operation in the United States. efficiency of the by-product ovens is shown by the fact that while the beehive ovens in 1910 produced 34,570,076 short tons of coke on a consumption of 53,559,285 short tons of coal, the retort ovens in the same year produced 7,138,734 short tons of coke on a consumption of 9,529,042 short tons of coal, or a saving of nearly 10 per cent. The total value of the by-products obtained from the manufacture of coke in retort ovens in 1910 was $8,479,557, or a little more than onethird of the value of the coke produced. These by-products include 27,692,858 cubic feet of surplus gas, valued at $3,017,908; 66,303,214_gallons of tar, valued at $1,599,453; 70,247,533 pounds of aluminum sulphate or its equivalent, valued at $1,841,062; 20,229,421 pounds of anhydrous ammonia, valued at $1,725,266, and 4,654,382 gallons of ammonia liquor, valued at $295,868. In addition to this there was a small quantity of light and secondary oil and small quantities of coke breeze recovered, with an estimated value of $400,000. The value of the recoverable or wasted contents of the coal made into coke in beehive ovens would, at the prices obtained in 1910, have been between $35,000,000 and $40,000,000. What was said to be the largest Koppers byproduct coke and gas-oven plant in the world was built in 1911 by the Indiana Steel Company for their Gary, Ind., works at a cost of $6,000,000. It consists of 560 ovens arranged in eight batteries of seventy ovens each, with a charge capacity of thirteen tons of coal per oven, and a coking period of eighteen hours. The daily consumption of the plant was 9500 short tons of coal, and the yield was 8000 tons of coke, with ammonia sulphate and tar as by-products. In these ovens 95,000,000 cubic feet of gas are produced daily, of which 50 per cent. is used in the steel works, and 50 per cent. in heating the ovens. This plant has a most modern electrical equipment for handling the coal and coke. The Koppers ovens were first introduced into the United States in 1907, after having been used considerably in Europe; 1411 had been built up to 1911. COLD STORAGE OF MEATS. See STOCKRAISING AND MEAT PRODUCTION. COLGATE UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning at Hamilton, N. Y., founded in 1819. The enrollment of students in 1910-11 was as follows: College, 403; theological semiThe faculty of the nary, 40; academy, 105. college numbered 30, of the theological seminary, 13, and of the academy, 10. There were no changes of importance in the faculties of these schools during the year. The college received the gift of a thoroughly equipped infirmary to be used for hospital purposes by the students of Colgate University. The amount of the productive funds is about $2,000,000. During the year a new dormitory building, which will house about 70 students, was completed. The library The president contains about 60,000 volumes. is Elmer Burritt Bryan. COLLEGES. See UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. COLLEGES, AGRICULTURAL. See AGRICUL TURAL EDUCATION. COLLIER, PRICE. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Contemporary History. COLLINGWOOD, FRANCIS. An American engineer, died August 20, 1911. He was born in Elmira, N. Y., and was educated in the academy of that city and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1855. From 1865 to 1869 he was city engineer and from the latter year to 1883 he was assistant engineer of the East River Bridge construction. From 1895 to the time of his death he was expert examiner in the New York Civil Service. From 1895 to 1904 he was lecturer on foundations at New York University. He was a member of many engineering societies in the United States and Europe. A COLLINS, Sir RICHARD HENN, Baron. British jurist, died January 3, 1911. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1842 and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, studying afterwards at Cambridge. He was called to the bar in 1867 and became queen's counsel in 1883. His chief legal interests were in the law of business and he participated in many famous lawsuits relating to railway litigation, municipal law, and complicated business matters in general. In 1861 he was raised to the bench in place of Sir James Stephen, who resigned. In 1897 he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal and in 1901 he was appointed Master of the Rolls. Perhaps the most notable case in which Lord Collins was concerned was the celebrated Beck case, in which Adolf Beck was wrongly convicted and sentenced for a series of frauds. Eight years later he was rearrested on similar charges and by a succession of accidents his innocence was proved. A commitee was appointed to examine and report upon this miscarriage of justice, and Lord Collins was appointed chairman. The disclosures in the Beck case in some measure led to the introduction of Lord Loreburn's act constituting the Court of Criminal Appeals. On the death of Lord Davey in 1907, Collins was made Lord of Appeal in Ordinary under the title of Baron Collins of Kensington. He gave many judgments both in the House and in Privy Council. He resigned this appointment in October, 1910. He was an arbitrater of the Venezuelan boundary question in 1897 and from 1901 to 1907 was chairman of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. He was joint editor of Smith's Leading Cases. United States Commissioner of Agriculture and AREA, POPULATION, ETC. The area is variously estimated at from 435,100 to 465,700 sq. miles. In 1910 the population was estimated at 4,320,000, exclusive of some 60,000 uncivilized Indians, but great uncertainty exists as to the actual number of inhabitants, and in 1911 an executive decree provided for the taking of a general census. Municipal populations also are known with little exactness. The population of Bogotá, sometimes estimated at 150,000, has recently been placed at 101,496; Medellín, 54,946; Barranquilla, 43,849; Cartagena, 30,000. Primary instruction is free, but not compulsory. There are several normal schools and a few establishments for professional education. The total number of pupils and students in the republic in 1910 is reported at 239,987, attending 3877 institutions. The state religion is Roman Catholicism. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and mining are the chief industries. The products include bananas, coffee, tobacco, cacao, sugar-cane, cotton, rubber, and cereals. The estimated number of cattle is about 4,000,000. The mineral resources of the country, especially in Antioquia, are very great. There are rich deposits of copper, lead, zinc, mercury, iron, platinum, salt, and other minerals. The famous emerald mines of Muzo, seventy-five miles north of Bogotá, are leased by the government to an English syndicate. Manufactures are comparatively unimportant, though various articles of common use, as shoes, matches, sugar, liqour, etc., are produced in some of the larger towns. COMMERCE. Value of imports and exports, in United States money: 1907 1908 1909 1910 13,791,442 14,998,744 16,040,198 17,625,153 COLMAN, NORMAN JAY. An American agriculturist, died November 3, 1911. He was born in Richfield Springs, N. Y., in 1827. He Imp. ..$12,088,563 $13,513,892 $12,117,927 $17,025.637 was educated in the district schools, and in Exp. 1847 he removed to Kentucky where for several years he engaged in teaching. He graduated from the Louisville Law School in 1851 and practiced law in Indiana until 1852 when he removed to St. Louis. He became interested in agriculture and established Colman's Rural World, which he edited until the time of his death. He served in the Civil War as lieutenant-colonel of the 85th enrolled Missouri militia. In 1855-56 he was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. He was a candidate for lieutenant-governor in 1868, but was defeated. He was, however, elected for the term 1875 to 1877. From 1885 to 1889 he was The figures for 1909 are in correction of $10,561,047 for imports and $15,513,346 for exports, previously given out by the Colombian statistical officer. The leading imports include flour, cotton textiles, petroleum, sugar, and lard. Coffee exported in 1909, $6.339,119; bananas, $1,117,787; animals and hides, $1,553,082; Panama hats, $825,646; tobacco, $428,129; vegetable ivory, $407.795; rubber, 383,544; cacao, $236,076. Precious metals exported in 1909 and 1910 respectively: Gold in bars, $2,150.804 and $2,293,569; gold dust, $901,329 and $1,076,691; silver in bars, $176,127 and $407,660; platinum, $154,401 and $260,633. Over half of the total reach the opposing sides until too late to avert exports go to the United States. Barranquilla the battle. is the chief port, with Cartagena second. COMMUNICATIONS. Colombia has no continuous railway system, but there are various short lines engaged in local traffic. Total length of railway reported in operation at end of 1910, 980 kilometers (609 miles). There was under construction by the Pacific Railway of Colombia a section from Buenaventura on the Pacific to the valley of Cauca, which had been completed to a point sixty miles from the coast, where an important tunnel was being built, while fifteen miles beyond this point work was under way. This line will extend eventually to Bogotá, the capital. Telegraph offices, 524, with 17,181 kilometers (10,676 miles) of line. Post offices, about 500. FINANCE. For several years the government has experienced serious financial difficulties and has counted itself successful when able to maintain the value of the paper currency, as compared with gold, at a ratio of 100 to one. The gold dollar, or peso, is equivalent to the United States dollar, the silver peso fluctuates with the price of silver, and the paper peso is legally current at one cent. Revenue for 1909, $14,437,100, of which $6,560,159 customs and $2,037,117 liquor tax. The budget for 1910 balanced at $10,831,500; for 1911, revenue $9,570,500, expenditure $10,831,500. Foreign debt, £2,666,400 (also the government guarantees railway bonds. £492,000, and interest on railway bonds, £1,480,000); internal debt (1910), $3,290,169. There is an enormous outstanding paper currency. ARMY. A law making military service compulsory for all able-bodied citizens is not uniformly applied, and a standing army of some 6000 men is maintained. Those who have served with this army are held as an unorganized reserve. COLORADO, POPULATION. The Thirteenth Census taken in 1910 showed a population for the State of 799,024, as compared with 539,700 in 1900, an increase of 48 per cent. in the decade. The principal cities with their population in 1910 and 1900 are as follows. The figures in parenthesis are for 1900. Denver, 213,381 (133,859); Pueblo, 44,395 (28,157); Colorado Springs, 29,078 (21,085); Leadville, 7508 (12,455); Cripple Creek, 6206 (10,147). The figures for the last two cities show a decrease. They owe their founding to mining enterprises, and as the mines become less widely operated there is a movement of a portion of the population elsewhere. AGRICULTURE. The Thirteenth Census included statistics of agriculture. These are of date of April 15, 1910. On that date there were in the State 46,170 farms, as compared with 24,700 in 1900. The land in farms amounted to 13,532,113 acres, as compared with 9,474,588 in 1900. The improved land in farms amounted to 4,302,101 acres. The average acres per farm was 293.1. The value of farm property, including land, buildings, implements and machinery, domestic animals, poultry, and bees, was $491,471,806, as compared with a value of $161,045,101 in 1900. The average value of property per farm was $10,645, compared with $6520 in 1900. The average value of land per acre was $26.81, as compared with $9.54 in 1900. Of the 46,170 farms in the State in 1910 37,780 were operated by owners and managers and 8390 by tenants. Of the farms operated by their owners, 26,822 were free from mortgage and 9636 were mortgaged. Of the operators and managers of farms, 37,198 were native white, 8398 were foreign-born white and 574 were negro or other non-white. The value of the various kinds of domestic animals, and poultry and bees in 1910 was $70,161.344, as compared with a value in 1900 of $49,954,311. The cattle numbered 1,127,737, valued at $131,017,303; horses and colts, 294,035, valued at $27,382,926; mules, 14,739, valued at $1,798,935; swine, 179,294, valued at $1,568,158; sheep and lambs, 1,426,214, valued at $6,586,187. The poultry of all kinds numbered 1,721,445, valued at $1,012,251. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1910 and 1911 are shown in the following table: GOVERNMENT. The executive authority is vested in a president, elected by the Congress for a (constitutional) term of four years and assisted by a cabinet of seven ministers. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, members of the former (35) being chosen by indirect vote, and of the latter (92) by direct, for four years. In 1904 Gen. Rafael Reyes was elected president; in the following year, by congressional resolution, his term of office was extended to ten years, dating from January 1, 1905. In the summer of 1909 he resigned, and on August 3 Gen. Ramón González Valencia was designated by the Congress to serve for one year. On July 15, 1910, the Corn .....1911 Congress elected Carlos E. Restrepo, who was Wheat....1911 inaugurated on the 7th of August following for First and second designados Oats a four-year term. (elected September 25, 1911), Marco Suárez and Rye José María González Valencia, respectively. HISTORY. A general election was held in February, indicating by its results that the people generally supported the existing government. By executive decree the province of Arauca was cut off from the jurisdiction of the department of Boyacá and is to be governed by a special commission. There was trouble between Colombia and Peru on account of the latter's occupation of Puerto Córdoba in territory claimed by Colombia. A battle was fought at Coquila and the defeat of the Colombians with heavy loss was reported. The dispute had been settled by arbitration, but news did not 1910 1910. 7,376,000 .....1911 4,872,000 1910 ...1911 1910 Potatoes ..1911 a Tons. 707,000 a 1,414,000 MINERAL PRODUCTION. The value of the mineral products of the State in 1910 was $60,357,715, compared with a value in 1909 of $59,190,424. The State was in 1910 first in the production of gold. The total gold production in 1910 was valued at $20.507,058, as compared with a value of $21,846,600 in 1909. Of the gold produced, the value of that produced by the Cripple Creek district was $11,002,253. The ures passed will be found in the paragraph State ranks fourth in the production of silver, Legislation below. The unusually long session being surpassed only by Montana, Utah, and of the legislature was due to the attempt to Nevada. The total silver production in 1910 elect a United States senator to succeed Charles was 8,509,598 fine ounces, as compared with J. Hughes, who died in 1910. It was found 8,846,300 fine ounces in 1909. The zinc pro- impossible to secure enough votes for the elecduced in 1909 amounted to 77,089,648 pounds. tion of any candidate, and the legislature thereThere was a great increase in the lead produc- fore adjourned without having made a choice. tion on account of discoveries in Leadville in Colorado, therefore, has but one representative 1909-10. The State produces a large amount of in the United States Senate in the Sixty-second lead. In 1910 there were produced 19,249,503 Congress. On December 3 Senator Guggenheim pounds. Large quantities of copper are also announced that he would not be a candidate for minued. In 1910 this amounted to 8,339,535 reëlection in 1913. He declared that he came pounds, a considerable decrease from the pro- to this conclusion solely because of personal duction of 1909, which was 11,485,631 pounds. interests. Senator Guggenheim was elected in 1907 to succeed Thomas M. Patterson, Democrat. He is identified with large mining interests, and during his service as senator was subjected to many attacks on account of his identification with these interests and his ownership of large mining properties. As the result of his withdrawal there will be an election for two United States senators in 1913. On May 26 the city of Denver was restrained by a federal injuncetion from issuing bonds or taking other steps toward installing a municipal water system on the ground that by an ordinance of 1890 an agreement had been made whereby the city gave the local water company a franchise for twenty years, and was then to renew the agreement or purchase the plant. The production of gold in the State in 1911, according to the estimates of the Director of the Mint, was 926,568 fine ounces, valued at $19,153,860. This is a considerable falling off from the production of 1910, which was 992,028 fine ounces, valued at $20,507,058. This gave the State second rank in production, as the output of California in 1911 surpassed this. The silver produced in 1911 was 7,530,940 fine ounces, valued at $4,142,017. This also showed a decrease from the output of 1910. In the production of coal Colorado ranks first among the States west of the Mississippi and seventh among all the coal producing States. There were produced in 1910 11,973,736 tons, valued at $17,026,934, as compared with 10,716,936, valued at $14,296,012 in 1909. The increased demand for Colorado coal was caused in part by the cessation of work among the miners in the Southwestern States on account of the strike. There was also a better demand for domestic fuel. Nearly 50 per cent. of the coal mined in the State is produced in Las Animas county. A notable feature of the development of the year was the increased production of Routt county. The development in this county has dated almost entirely from 1908, when 13,000 tons were produced. In 1910, 258,452 tons were mined. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions under the State control are as follows: State House, State Insane Asylum, Soldiers and Sailors' Home, Industrial Workshop for the Adult Blind, State Home and Training School for Mental Defectives, State Industrial School for Boys, State Industrial School for Girls, State Penitentiary and State Reformatory. The appropriation for the maintenance of these institutions in 1911 was $895,000 and for improvements $208,700, making a total of $1,103,700. The legislature of 1911 passed an unusually large number of important measures relating to charities and corrections of the State. One of these regulated the sentencing of first offenders to the State Reformatory, and others provided for the better administration of the affairs of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. Several public conferences were held during the year in which subjects pertaining to the welfare of the unfortunate and delinquent were discussed by those interested in the philanthropies of the State. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT Little of importance occurred in the political history of the State during the year. There was no State election, as the next election for State officers is to be held in 1912. The legislature was in session until May 6. The most important meas LEGISLATION. Among the important measures enacted at the legislative session of 1911 were the following: An act creating an auditing board in the State, a child labor law (see CHILD LABOR), a measure creating a court of appeals, an enactment abolishing the fellow-servant negligence existing by the common law, a measure creating drainage districts, a general election law, a law providing for factory inspection, a law creating a State tax commission, a general warehouse law, and a measure providing for the adoption of a State flag. STATE OFFICERS IN 1911. Governor, John F. Shafroth; Lieutenant-Governor, Stephen R. Fitzgarald; Secretary of State, James B. Pearce; Treasurer, Roady Kenehan; Auditor, M. A. Leddy; Attorney-General, Benjamin Griffith; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Helen M. Wixson; Commissioner of Insurance, William L. Clayton; Adjutant-General, John Chase-all Democrats except Griffith and Wixson. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, John Campbell, Republican; justices, S. H. White, Democrat; W. A. Hill, Democrat; M. S. Bailey, Democrat; William H. Gabbert, Republican; G W. Musser, Democrat; James E. Garri gues, Republican; Clerk, James R. Killian, Democrat. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Democrats, Senate, 26; House, 40; joint ballot, 66; Republicans, Senate, 9; House, 25; joint ballot, 34; Democratic majority, Senate, 17; House, 15; joint ballot, 32. The representatives in Congress will be found in the article UNITED STATES, section Congress. COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF. An institution of higher learning at Boulder, Colo., founded in 1876. The number of students enrolled in the various departments of the university in 1910-11 was 1100. The faculty numbered 187, including lecturers and assistants. Homer C. Washburn was appointed professor of chemistry, and Carbon Gillespie, M. D., was appointed professor of anatomy. No noteworthy benefactions |