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2.3
ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
Authority..
Alternatives.
General and Specific Criteria for Site Evaluation.
2.3.1 General Criteria....
11
12
13
2.3.2
Specific Criteria
14
CHAPTER 3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
3.1
3.2
...
3.1.2.1 Water Masses, Temperture, and Salinity.
3.1.2.2 Circulation: Currents, Tides, and Waves.
16
18
.20
.26
28
34
..34
36
..37
37
3.2.1.5.3
Nickel....
3.2.2.2.6 Other Chlorinated Organics.
3.2.2.3 Statistical Analysis of Sediment Chemical Data.63
3.2.2.4 Grain Size...
3.2.3 Biotic Residues.......
61
81
3.3.3 Fish and Shellfish Resources.
3.3.3.1 Finfish Community Composition in
96
.97
.98
.98.
Zooplankton........
.99
100
...101
Massachusetts Bay..
.103
4.1
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Effects on the Physical Environment.
4.1.1 Short Term Effects..
4.1.1.1 Disposal Processes.
4.1.1.2 Mound Formation/Substrate Consolidation.
4.1.2 Long Term Effects....
4.1.2.1 Bathymetry and Circulation.
4.1.2.2 Potential for Resuspension and Transport.
4.1.2.2.1 Conditions for Resuspension..
4.1.2.2.2
Application to the MBDS..
149
.150
150
.186
.188
4.3
4.3.1 Effects on Plankton.
..188
4.3.1.2
4.3.1.3
189
..191
192
1
1.4
4.2.2 Sediment Chemical Environment.
4.2.2.1 Alterations in the Chemical Environment......187
4.2.3 Summary of Chemical Effects..
Effects on Biota....
4.3.1.1 Mortality from Physical Stress
Sublethal Effects..
Toxicity......
4.3.2 Effects on Fish and Benthic Resources....
4.3.2.1 Effects on Fish Eggs and Larvae..
4.3.2.1.1 Mortality from Physical Stress
4.3.2.1.2 Sublethal Effects.
Toxicity..
4.3.2.1.3
4.3.2.2 Effects on Demersal Fish and Benthic
Invertebrates...
4.3.2.2.1 Mortality and Community Effects
from Phyical Stress.
Toxicity...
4.3.2.2.2
4.3.2.3 Effects on Epibenthic Invertebrates.
4.3.2.3.1 Mortality from Physical Stress.
.192
193
.194
195
199
.201
..203
.203
..204
.205
.208
4.3.2.4 Effects on Pelagic Fish and Invertebrates....203
4.3.2.4.1
4.3.2.4.2
Mortality from Physical Stress.......
4.3.2.4.3 Impacts to Food Resources.
4.3.3 Effects on Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds.
4.3.4 Effects on Threatened and Endangered Species
4.3.5 Summary of Biological Effects.....
Effects on Human Use..
4.4.1 Fishing Industry.....
4.4.1.1 Short-term effects.
4.4.1.2 Long-term effects..
208
Reponsibilities under the Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act...
5.i
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
Responsibilities for Permitting.........
Responsibilities for Enforcement.
Responsibilities for Site Management.
.209
209
210
.211
211
5.1.4 Mechanisms for Cooperation.......
Permitting Process..
5.2.1 Alternatives Analysis.
5.2.2 Sampling and Analysis
Decision-making.
212
..212
.213
.214
5.3.3 Future Directions for Testing Protocol Development..217
5.3.4 Reference Site Implications..