DID THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH USE WATER IN THE EUCHARIST? by those Christian writers who have attempted to present it to the world in the English language." As our author accuses others of misrepresenting Mohammedanism. we naturally expect him to give a different statement of his religion from that with which we are acquainted. But, when we turn to his lectures, we find the same familiar "Six Articles of Faith" and five points of practice which are laid down in the Koran, and commented on by all writers on Mohammedanism. Moreover, his vindication of Mohammed's character is no whit more satisfactory than that of Sale, Gibbon, Irving, Clarke, and others. He denies, indeed, that Mohammed ever advocated, taught, or consented to the propagation of Islam by means of the sword," and says the prophet "condemned violence and the taking of life in any form." But readers of the twenty-second chapter of the Koran will hardly accept this statement. Of course, he claims that the Moslems have not been more cruel than the Christians; that the Crusades and Inquisition were as disgraceful as the wars of the Mohammedans; as if two wrongs made a right, or as if one sin may neutralize and wipe out another! When I read Mr. Webb's statement that Christians had misrepresented Mohammedanism, I wondered if he would deny that Islam sanctions polygamy. But no: he has the courage of his convictions, and, knowing that the Koran, while forbidding promiscuous and unlimited polygamy, nevertheless allows a plurality of wives, Mr. Webb boldly declares his belief in polygamy. He says: Almost the first question a Christian asks me is, 'Do you believe in polygamy?'Yes,' I reply, under certain conditions.' I not only believe in polygamy, but shall advocate its introduction into the American social system as soon as America has become sufficiently moral and refined (sic) to adopt it decently and respectI freely admit the fact that the introduction of ably. polygamy at once into our American social system would certainly prove most pernicious; but when the system and its purposes and tendencies are properly understood (sic) and the beneficent moral influences of Islam have produced the effects which they must inevitably produce among educated and enlightened people, it can and should be advocated. It is absolutely the only remedy for the curses of prostitution and marital infidelity with which America and Europe are most grievously afflicted, and it will elevate our womanhood to that exalted and admirable position which it is fitted by nature to occupy." In other words, this moral and religious "reformer" proposes to remove a great social evil by legalizing it and giving it a religious sanction, and by substituting another in its place. Still, I predict that, notwithstanding the staleness of our author's ideas and their moral offensiveness, many will embrace his "religion." If polygamy has not hindered the rise and spread of Mormonism, it will not impede the progress of Mohammedanism in this country. Many people have little enough moral judgment to suppose that the prevalence of polygamy would be no worse than frequency of divorce and the prevalence of prostitution, and that these evils may be removed or rendered respectable" by legalizing them. Mohammedanism will, doubtless, become another "fad" in this country of "fads"; but those who dream of any great triumph of this system here would do well to study such expositions of Islam as Dr. Kuenen gives in his Hibbert Lectures. Judaism and Christianity contain all the truths of Mohammedanism minus its errors. It is a great pity that one who has had the advantages of studying Mohammedanism that Mr. Webb has had, should be so captivated by it that he ceases to be an authority on the subject. The comparative study of religions was never more important and interesting than it is to-day; and, if Mr. Webb had studied Islam more philosophically and judicially than he has, if he had not been blinded by his new light "-he might have rendered both Mohammedanism and other religions good service by returning to his country and delivering rational lectures on comparative religion. As it is, he will probably make himself a laughing-stock, and win for himself the unenviable reputation of a Joseph Smith. PROFESSOR DR. M. REISCHEL, OF GIESSEN. A THE UNIVERSITY OF Translated and Condensed for THE LITERARY DIGEST from a Paper in N article published in the year 1891 by Professor Harnack, of Berlin, has brought into public prominence the question, Did the ancient Church to a large extent use water in the celebration of the Lord's Supper? It was known that certain sects had done so, but Harnack's claim that the custom was one in vogue also in the Orthodox Church was a startling proposition. Harnack's discussion at once elevated the matter to a serious historical problem. His line of thought was that the institution of the Eucharist by the Lord had been understood originally to signify that the blessings of the Supper were not conditioned by the strict use of bread and wine, but by eating and drinking as such, i. e., by the use of a simple meal. To constitute such a meal, something to eat and something to drink were necessary, bread and the cup, although the latter need not of a necessity be wine. A part of the old North African Church for nearly an entire century made use of water instead of wine, as indeed a great many other Christians did about the year A.D. 150. Justin Martyr, the most popular apologetical writer of that period, who can be accepted as a reliable witness of Christian customs in the larger congregations of Asia Minor and Rome, never speaks of wine being used in the Lord's Supper. He mentions only water and bread as the elements in the Eucharist. This deviation from the original character of the Supper as instituted by Christ was caused, according to Harnack, not only by an ascetic antagonism to the use of any intoxicants, but also the poverty of many Christians had much to do with the substitution of water for wine. To this must be added the further fact that as the Lord's Supper was celebrated in the morning, the fear that in the times of persecutions the use of wine by the Christians at an early hour in the morning might become dangerous, as his breath would betray odor of the "Lord's blood." These surprising propositions of the famous Berlin professor have aroused determined opposition not only among the conservatives, but also among the more liberal investigators. Probably the ablest reply to Harnack's proposition is the discussion by Professor Jülicher, published in the volume which a score of admirers issued as a memorial of the seventieth birthday of the veteran Church historian of Tübingen. Professor Jülicher examines in detail the arguments from Justin the Martyr, and concludes that his early Christian author knows and teaches that bread and mixed wine are the true elements in the Eucharist. Again, he states, that the use of water in the North African Church was very limited both in regard to locality and time. In reality only "a few Africans" had favored or practiced this innovation, and then did not reject the use of wine in the Eucharist, but only refused to use wine so early in the morning, as out of season and contrary to good form, and accordingly used water when the Eucharist was celebrated at any early hour of the day. However, so much of Harnack's proposition remains established that, not only in many sects, who had emphasized in the extreme the opposites of God and matter, spirit and flesh, and favored ascetic principles and practices, the Lord's Supper was celebrated without wine, but that in certain sections of the Church proper, there was a strong inclination to adopt this manner also. This, too, has been demonstated anew: that in the ancient Church, the use of wine mixed with water instead of pure wine was not an indifferent custom among the early Christians on account of the symbolical significance, indicating thereby the union between Christ and His people. This discussion has again emphasized the fact that in primitive Christianity, the act itself, that is, eating of a meal, and not merely the use of the elements, was regarded as the chief thing in the celebration of the Eucharist. Books. TENTING ON THE PLAINS; or, General Custer in Kansas and Texas. By Elizabeth B. Custer. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 1893. [Mrs. Custer was sustained in her heroic endurance of the hardships of frontier life, to which she was so many years exposed, partly by hier devotion to her husband and partly by her capacity for appreciating the romance of the situation, in which the man cast in heroic mould was ever the one conspicuous figure. It was this latter faculty which won for her so much popularity through "Boots and Saddles" and " Following the Guidon," works teeming with the most wild and romantic adventure without any departure from, or even embellishment of, facts. The present volume was first published in expensive form and sold only by subscription, it is now given to the public in a popular edition. The story covers the period from the young General's good-by to the Army of the Potomac, at the close of the war in May, 1865 (he was then only twenty-five), and his departure for Texas, to the summer of 1867. We can do no more than give a very slender sketch of the work which, like the author's previous ones, is one unbroken narrative of adventure, with shifting scenes of camp-life from beginning to end.] G ENERAL CUSTER was given scant time, after the last gun of the war was fired, to realize the blessings of peace. He did not even see the last of that grand review of the 23d and 24th of May, 1865. On the first day he was permitted to doff his hat and bow low as he proudly led that superb body of men, the Third Division of Cavalry, in front of the grand stand, where sat the " powers that be." In the afternoon of that memorable day General Custer and his staff rode to the outskirts of Washington, where his beloved Third Cavalry Division had encamped after returning from taking part in 'the review. The trumpet was sounded, and the call brought these war-worn veterans out once more, not for a charge, not for a duty, but to say that word which we, who have been compelled to live in its mournful sound so many years, dread even to write. I began to realize, as I watched this sad parting, the truth of what the General had been telling me: he held that no friendship was like that cemented by common danger on the battle-field. The soldiers, accustomed to suppression through strict military discipline, now vehemently expressed their feelings; and although it gladdened the General's heart, it was still the hardest sort of work to endure it all without a show of emotion. Once more the General leaped into the saddle, and we rode rapidly out of sight. At dark we were on the cars with our faces turned southward. To General Custer this move had been unexpected. General Sheridan knew that he wanted little time to decide, so he sent for him as soon as he encamped at Arlington, after our march up from Richmond, and asked if he would like to take command of a division of cavalry on the Red River in Louisiana, and march through Texas, with the possibility of eventually entering Mexico. We missed all the home-coming, all the glorification, awarded to the hero. General Custer said no word of regret. The cannon were fired, the drums beat, the music sounded for all but us. The General and his staff of boys, loving and reverencing women, missed what men count the sweetest of adulation. One weather-beaten slip of a girl had to do all their banqueting, cannonading, bonfiring, brass-banding, and general hallelujahs, all the way to Texas. The troops of General Custer's command were organized at Alexandria and brought into some sort of discipline, before we marched into Texas. [Next come several chapters of bright, sparkling narrative, personal incident and description of Texan society, followed by an account of the six-weeks' march from Leavenworth to Santa Fé, with sketches of camp-life in the Far West, buffalo-hunting, prairie-fires, tornadoes, Indian fighting, floods, cholera, etc. Here is one sketch of a scene in which, the General having left his wife in camp, while he himself was on active duty, wrote to her that she might join him under escort of Colonel Cook, commanding a small detachment and a wagon-train. The commanding officer refused to let her go.] In one of these ravines six hundred savages in full war-dress were in ambush awaiting the train of supplies, and sprang out from their .hiding-places with horrible yells as our detachment of less than fifty men approached. Neither officer lost his head at sight of what was then new to him. They directed the troops to form a circle about the wagons, and in this way the little band of valiant men defended them selves against attack after attack. Not a soldier flinched, nor did a teamster lose control of his mules, though the effort to stampede them was incessant. This running fight lasted for three hours when the Indians withdrew. Their experienced eyes caught sight of reinforcements. The first time I saw Colonel Cook after this affair, he said: "The moment I found the Indians were on us, and that we were in for a fight, I thought of you, and said to myself, 'If she were in the ambulance, before giving an order I would ride up and shoot her.'' This was in accordance with the General's general instructions. Already in those early days of the regiment's history, the accounts of Indian atrocities perpetrated on the women of the frontier ranches had curdled the blood of our men, and over the camp-fire at night, when these stories were discussed, my husband had said to the officers that he should take every opportunity to have me with him, but there was but one course he wished pursued: if I was put in charge of any one in the regiment, he asked them to kill me, if Indians should attack the camp, or the escort on the march. But it was not until this occasion that the seriousness with which the General's request was considered by his brother officers first came home to me.. [Mrs. Custer was separated from her husband for a long period while he was engaged in Indian warfare, and graphically describes the agonized suspense she endured as day after day passed without any letter from him, but he came on her unexpectedly at last, to bid her pack and accompany him. And she tells us in her closing paragraph: "There was in that summer of 1867 one long, perfect day. It was mine, and-blessed be our memory which preserves to us the joys as well as the sadness of life!-it is still mine for time and for eternity.] HISTORY OF THE NEW WORLD CALLED AMERICA. By Edward John Payne, Fellow of University College, Oxford. 12mo, Vol. I., pp. 605. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 1892. [This is the first volume of a work which seems likely to be of considerable size. It is a history of America, written on a novel theory, that human advancement is due solely to the organized provision of the food-supply on an artificial, as distinguished from a natural basis. This initial volume, Book I., entitled "Discovery," describes the discovery of America as an episode in the general history of geographical exploration, of slow birth, dependent on physical_conditions, and involved in three separate historical processes there set forth. Book II., entitled "Aboriginal America," and not concluded in the present volume, undertakes to show that the course of American history, traced from the Discovery as a startingpoint, has for its basis the social condition and history, previous to the Discovery, of the advanced tribal groups who were found by the Spaniards settled in various parts of the intertropical mountain district on the Pacific side of the continent. In support of this thesis, the social condition of the "Peruvian, Muyscan, and MayaMexican tribal groups," is described and their history is traced up to and including the Spanish conquest. Some of Mr. Payne's objects and conclusions are best given in his own words.] T° restore, if possible, the true features of the advanced communities of the New World, to analyze their social structure and economy, to measure by some definite standard the degree of progress they had attained, and to trace their history, so far as it can be recovered, distinguishing what can fairly be accepted as fact from what can be shown with reasonable certainty to be fabulous, constitute, in the whole, a task of some magnitude: a task, it may be, which cannot be satisfactorily accomplished by any single-handed effort. In the course of such inquiries the questions are naturally suggested: (1) Whether the advanced aboriginal communities can properly be ranked as belonging to the class of civilized nations? and (2) whether their advancement, whatever rank be assigned to it, was imported, either wholly or partially, from the Old World, or was entirely of indigenous growth? The older writers usually represented the Mexicans and Peruvians, more especially the former, as highly civilized peoples; later critics have described them as utter savages. The truth lies between these extremes; but it is nearer to the latter than the former. The writer believes that the facts here presented to the reader sufficiently show that the advancement of Mexico and Peru falls short of that degree to which the name of civilization can be properly applied. The Mexicans and Peruvians were barbarians: that is, while possessing a material basis sufficient to support a low degree of civilization, their habits of thought and life remained essentially savage. The Mexican warriors, the most advanced class found in America, were cannibals; in both Mexico and Peru regular human sacrifices formed an essential part of the scheme of life. Cannibalism was unknown in Peru, though it existed among the Indians of the forest districts to the eastward of the Andes and to the northward of Los Pastos, the northern limit of the Inca dominion; this may reasonably be ascribed to the fact that the Peruvians possessed large domesticated food-animals, which were wanting in Mexico. In most other respects the Peruvians were at a lower level than the Mexicans. The facts collected in this book go far to confirm the view that while the American aborigines had immigrated as savages from the Old World, the aboriginal advancement of America was of indigenous origin. If, as the writer has contended, advancement is universally based on the conversion of natural food-resources, already known to savage tribes, into an artificial basis of subsistence, the indigenous origin of American advancement may be considered as practically demonstrated: for the llama and the paco, the potato, the manioc, and the maize, indigenous to the New World, were absolutely unknown in the Old, while the corresponding bases of agriculture and herdsmanship in the Old World were equally wanting in the New. The aborigines, moreover, had reduced to cultivation every indigenous food plant capable of cultivation and worth the trouble of cultivating, and had domesticated every indigenous animal capable of profitable domestication. An advancement based on the use of indigenous foodmaterials, which positively exhausts the list of plants and animals available for the purpose, all of which have apparently been utilized. by savages before becoming the basis of an artificial food-supply, is manifestly in itself indigenous. To this it may be added that no people in a low grade of advancement, so far as is known, has ever been raised to a higher one by the arrival in its midst, as an isolated inci.dent, of a small body of individuals belonging to some more civilized country. That civilization rests historically upon religion, in some form, as its basis, will scarcely be questioned, though opinions may reasonably differ as to the mode in which religious conceptions have originated. It is sufficient for the writer's argument that they occur in the stage of natural subsistence, technically known as savagery, and that their presence is manifested by the practice of offering food and drink to invisible beings, most conveniently described as "spirits," who are understood to exercise a favorable influence over human fortunes, especially in regard to the food-supply. This practice has been continued and developed when the food-supply has been organized on an artificial basis; religious ritual has thus been moulded to its definite form under the influence of agriculture or herdsmanship, or of both combined, as the case may be. These invisible beings, visibly embodied in the form of gods, have in fact been transferred, concurrently with man himself, from a natural to an artificial basis of subsistence. This general theory of sacrifice is by no means new, though it appears in its place as a deduction from the general law first mentioned: that the practice of sacrifice was simply to feed the gods was admitted on all sides in the controversies which accompanied the diffusion of Christianity in the ancient world. The aborigines never reached the conception of religion without sacrifice. A curious and widely spread misconception, the " Socialism," often alleged to have existed in Peru under the Incas, remains to be corrected in the next volume. Nowhere have the distinctions of rank and the rights of property been more rigidly maintained than under the severe despotism of Peru; this so-called Socialism, when examined, proves to be nothing but the forced common labor exacted from the peasantry. It speaks volumes for the neglect of American history, to find more than one eminent authority harping on the "State Socialism" of Peru. Russia or Turkey might with equal propriety be quoted as examples of "State Socialism." HISTOIRE DES BALLONS ET DES AÉRONAUTES CÉLÈBRES. By Gaston Tissandier. 2 vols, Imperial 8vo. Vol. I., pp. 156, 1783-1800. Vol. II., pp. 161, 1801-1890. Paris: H. Launette & Cie. [These superbly made volumes, illustrated by numerous fine photogravures and colored plates, form a complete history of the subject from original sources. The author, who is the accomplished editor of the French scientific journal, La Nature, has pursued his researches con amore, and produced a deeply interesting book. Although the title-page of Vol. I. purports to begin the account withi 1783. it goes much further back, and sketches the attempts made to rise in the atmosphere, from antiquity to the end of the eighteenth century. M. Tissandier has himself made ascensions in balloons, and one in a balloon propelled by electricity, the first to which that motive-power has been applied. We take from a chapter on "Accidents and Catastrophs" two interesting narratives, and also the author's opinion as to what is needed to make ballooning a practical thing.] IN 1874, the King of Siam at the festival of his coronation, desired to offer his court the spectacle of an aërostatic ascent. He had sent to Paris for a balloon which was inflated in his presence. When the balloon was ready no one could be found who knew how, or who was willing, to guide it in the air. Then the King directed a poor slave under condemnation of death to be led into his presence and ordered the unfortunate creature to get into the car. The wretch climbed into the place as he was ordered, with the look of one who was going to destruction. The balloon, liberated from the ropes which fastened it to the earth, shot upwards with the rapidity of an arrow. will be astonished to learn that the slave thus launched into space, without provisions, without any means of guiding his course, or the least notion of ballooning, was never heard from. No one Many aëronauts have been the victims of sarcasm by the crowd present to witness the ascension. Such was the case with the French aëronaut, Arban, in 1846. He had announced an ascension at Trieste on the eighth of September at four o'clock in the afternoon; at that hour not only was the balloon not inflated, but an accident to one of the holders of the gas rendered the operation difficult and slow. The public became impatient, murmured, and threatened. At six o'clock there were loud cries; the crowd broke through the inclosure within which the inflation was going on and insulted the aëronaut. Arban, indignant, determined to start, come what might. He attached the basket to the balloon; but that, not being wholly filled with gas, had not the force requisite to rise. Nevertheless the outcry increased; the storm became a tempest. The exasperated aëronaut detached his basket, clung to the balloon, and went up without guide-rope or anchor. In such an equipage Arban had the misfortune to be caught by an upper current of air which carried him over the Adriatic. He was observed for a long time with the aid of glasses. Barks and rowboats were launched to follow him, All was useless. He was soon lost in the fogs of the horizon. Nevertheless, always clinging to the balloon, he soared for two hours above the ocean; then he fell into the sea. By eight o'clock in the evening he was nearly drowned, but the bag of gas still carried him from wave to wave. At eleven o'clock his strength was almost gone, when suddenly a bark appeared, manned by two brave fishermen, François Salvagne and his son. The two sailors rowed with all their might and pulled Arban on board more dead than alive. The terrible experience did not discourage Arban, who some years afterwards made an ascent at Barcelona. He was carried towards the Mediterranean and never heard of again. La Mountain, well known in the United States from his numerous ascents, perished in mid-air in the most frightful manner, by reason of not having attached the car to his balloon properly. He made an ascension at Iona, in Michigan, on the Fourth of July, 1873. Thousands of spectators witnessed the ascension. He conceived the unfortunate idea of suspending his basket not from a network surrounding the aërial globe, but by a series of cords independent of each other and attached to a ring placed around the upper part of the balloon. He rose above the clouds nearest to the earth, through the breaks in which he could be seen. The cords probably twisted together in such a manner as to render the pressure of the gas unequal in different parts of the balloon. However that may be, the bag was torn and the gas escaped. La Mountain was precipitated from a great height with his basket and the pendant cords. He was seen to cling convulsively to this aërial skiff, which plunged downward to the ground with indescribable swiftness. Some ingenious minds, which busy themselves with aërial navigation, attach more importance to the form and construction of the aërial ship than to that which is the soul of the system-the motor which assures the propulsion. Why have the aëronautical experiments made by my brother and myself remained in suspense? Because the balloon, La France, which has given the most satisfactory results hitherto obtained in the navigation of the air, had a speed of only six metres a second. This air-ship can be piloted only when the atmospheric currents have a speed of less than six metres a second. In order to find a wind so feeble, you must have very calm weather, something very rare in our climate. The air-ship La France, in order to do its work in ordinary weather, with winds of an average intensity, must have a speed of from ten to twelve metres a second. As, however, the weight that a balloon can raise is limited, it is necessary, in order to obtain such a result, to have on board a motor as light as that which was used for the first aërostatic experiments, but of much greater strength. The problem of aërial navigation, then, consists in finding a motor much lighter than any of those which are now used for industrial purposes. By motor I mean everything included in the mechanical system of the balloon, comprising: 1. The generator of energy; 2. The machine; 3. The propeller; and 4. The provision of combustible matter-coal or petroleum, if steam is used; chemical products, if electric or other motors are used-sufficient in quantity to feed the machine for some hours. This problem is assuredly not insolvable, but it offers very great difficulties, and those difficulties are precisely the ones which at this time shackle the progress of aërial navigation. A certain number of persons argue in this fashion: You can never, they say, impart to balloons a speed sumcient to overcome aërial currents of an average intensity; you must therefore abandon balloons and have recourse to apparatus for flying or something heavier than the air. Yet, for such a scheme, you must still have light motors, even lighter motors than for an air-ship. It may be regarded as settled that anything heavier than the air can never be used for aërial locomotion. The Press. SOCIAL TOPICS. than a band of lawless conspirators against the public welfare, all of whom deserve imprisonment. It is much to be desired that all the workingmen of this country may resolve to join in the so-called conspiracy; for its aim is to liberate the entire working class from its wage slavery to private capitalism, and at the STRAINED FROM BOYCOTTING AND QUITTING same time to free all mankind from the comWORK? THE RIGHT TO STRIKE. CAN RAILWAY EMPLOYÉS BE LEGALLY RE law as now laid down, every Union, in so far | an injunction. But this is not really new. The as its members order the boycotting of remedy is always appropriate in cases where non union businesses, is nothing else irreparable damage is threatened, or pursuit of legal compensation would be inadequate. Let it once be understood that this time-honored summary remedy is available against violent breaches of contract involving the public safety and comfort, and every railroad company will make haste to agree upon terms with its employés fair to both parties. If the latter refuse to engage or reëngage themselves upon proposed terms, let them be compelled to keep the peace, and to abstain from interference with others who wish the chance they resign. let them be compelled to abide by it as other 'But while the term of their agreement lasts, citizens are compelled to keep their undertakings. How much would be left of the evil of strikes under such a simple, fair enforcement of old-fashioned justice? Simply this, I think: That strikes might occur (as they ought to) upon occasions of real importance; but they would be free from violence, and they would be subject at once and normally to the action of the Courts. mon dangers of the rage for profit, of tyranNew Nation (Edward Bellamy's paper, Bos-nical compulsion, and of superstition. ton), March 25.-If the ruling [of Judge Ricks] is good law, it is the death-blow of trade- Instead of enunciating a startling novelty Railway World (Philadelphia), March 25.unionism and labor organizations of any sort. Judge Ricks, in his recent decision, followed It ends the industrial struggle by striking from the time-honored principles of law and justice. the hands of one of the combatants its only Whatever disagreements may, from time to weapon, the strike, that is to say the concert- time, occur between officials and employés, the ed refusal to work until grievances are reCourts do not sanction the virtual blockade of dressed. There has hitherto been no move in traffic on which the strikers were bent. Men the war of organized capital upon organized can leave their employment but they cannot labor, at once so audacious in conception and remain on the premises for the purpose of obso far-reaching in possible results as this rul-structing the movement of trains. They can ing. If it holds good, involuntary servitude, go or stay. If they go, they must withdraw abolished by Lincoln's proclamation in 1863, quietly and peaceably. If they stay, they must will again have been legalized in our land. perform their duties. As might have been exThe first effect of the rulings will be, as al-pected, there is an outcry against the iniquity ready seems to be generally admitted, to con- of this decision. Men who remain on or near vert all the railroad men in the country into the tracks of a railway, now urging some felintense believers in railroad nationalization. low employé to join them, now heaping ridiIf they are going to be held to be public em- cule and insult on some one who prefers to ployés they are going to demand the advanearn a livelihood for himself and family, now tages as well as the responsibilities of public threatening a new-comer with personal vioemployês. That is what is coming, and it is lence, are obstructing traffic. It is reasonable coming soon. Nationalism is the only way to suppose that they will proceed to actual asout for any of us. The trusts, the militia, and sault on persons and property. The lesson the Courts are bound to drive the people into that a company has a right to run trains, and it, whether they will or no. carry freight and passengers, even if some individuals have, or think they have, a grievance, is a lesson agitators are slow to learn. America is not Turkey, in spite of the loud protestations that liberty is being destroyed. Judge Ricks has offended every man who believes that popular liberty entitles him to throw bricks at a window or set fire to a building. Journal of the Knights of Labor (Philadelphia), March 23.-The language of Judge Ricks regarding the probable effect of a decision given by him in connection with the case is somewhat startling and will go far toward confirming the belief that some Judges at any rate are simply the servants and pliant tools of the corporations, willing and ready at all times to pervert judgment when the interests of these corporations require it. Here is the Judge's language: Railway Age (Chicago), March 24.-To the minds of many, the strangest thing is the fact that the power of Federal authority to protect the public in the use of its lines of transportation was ever questioned, and was not long ago invoked in the direction which Judges Ricks and Taft have now taken. The common law, the special statutes forbidding conspiracy against private and public interests, and the Inter-State Commerce Law, which, while teeming with prohibitions against railways, has also strong provisions for their protection, all seem to give power and commandment to their min In my opinion the strike is ended, and there is no fear and injuring of the great body of the public by Railway Review (Chicago), March 25.-The remarks of Judge Ricks to the employés summoned before him in the contempt proceedings are especially worthy of careful reading, in that they set forth that a railway employé cannot terminate his services as the agent of a common carrier at will. This is a new doctrine to come from a Court, but it has the flavor of sound common-sense, and as supporting the proposition which this paper has for years maintained, it is altogether gratifying. Chicago Arbeiter Zeitung (Anarchist), March 23. The proceedings at Toledo teach that it has become impossible for the workingmen to bring about a genuine improvement in their social condition by the pursuance of so-called lawful methods. It is demonstrated that the measures adopted by organized labor in its own behalf, even if not immediately swept away by the remorseless hand of law, are destined to become of no account as measures for accomplishing definite objects and peculiar purposes; that as such measures they fall within the category of unlawful acts, and Engineering and Mining Journal (New bring down judicial vengeance upon the York), March 25.-As I understand it, the reheads of their originators. The fact cent injunctions were granted to prevent the that the oppressive laws are not every-violation of an implied contract. It would be where and always administered unsparingly better to have it expressed; but there is nothis of no consequence at all; these laws ing revolutionary in the reasoning by which we have ever with us, all the same, and they it is inferred to exist. The employés of a railwill be applied as soon as the interests of road company have agreed to do the work capital make their execution necessary. In which the company is itself bound to have view of this state of things, how woful, shrill, done. They may leave work at a day's notice and foolish are the jeremiads which the "law- (in the absence of any agreement to the conand-order" working men pronounce against trary), but they cannot refuse to do a given the Anarchists and their despicable design to render political law-giving and presumptuous dictation impossible! For according to the part of the work, the whole of which they have Bradstreet's (New York), March 25.-Whatever might be said about the precedents, the decision rendered by Judge Ricks seems to be only the working out of the doctrine of public interest to its logical conclusion, and its application to the employés of railroad corporations on the one side, as it has been applied to the corporations and their officers on the other. The decision means that employés of quasipublic corporations must assume their employment with the understanding that they may not in all cases quit work when they please, and that they cannot quit it under circumstances going to show a design to cripple the operation of the roads with which they are connected or others which have contracts with them. The decisions in the cases will doubt less be appealed from, and whether they will Boston Journal, March 24.-The Inter-State Commerce Law expressly provides that every common carrier "shall afford all reasonable, proper, and equal facilities for the interchange of traffic between their respective lines, and for the receiving, forwarding, and delivering of passengers and property to and from their several lines and those connecting therewith." To the faithful observance of these regulations the roads and their officers are bound under heavy penalties. But the by-law of the Locomotive Brotherhood intervenes and says that under certain circumstances what the law requires the roads to do shall not be done, and that if it is attempted to be done the engineers in the road's employ shall at once quit their work. When a strike occurs upon a connecting road, railroad managers are to take their choice between violating the clear provisions of the law of the United States and having their own business peremptorily brought to a standstill, and the performance of their public functions made impossible. Is it a legal act for any organization to make and enforce such a by-law as that? This is the real point at issue, and however the present case may be conducted, this is the point which will ultmately have to be settled. Brooklyn Eagle, March 24.-Congress has passed a law saying that no railroad can refuse to take passengers, mails, or freight from any other railroad, merely because it may not like that other road. Now what Federal law will not permit railroads to do it will not permit the railroad employés known as locomotive engi neers to do. Yet this is just what the rule of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers presumes to do and to order its members to do. The Inter-State Commerce Law was passed by Congress. The rule of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was passed by itself. In this country whatever gets in the way of the laws of the United States gets out of their way, | workingmen as members of a union, and of the otherwise it is ground to powder. Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, March 24. -Upon the general subject of men working or ceasing to work according to their own personal feelings or ideas in the matter, there is much and contrary discussion. This is a question, however, upon which clear ideas should prevail. Human society is so organized that we are all more or less dependent upon each other, and there must be mutual recognition of mutual rights and duties, or endless confusjon will follow. than our own laborers, and by doing so lay up orders and decrees issued by officers of such money. He argued that industry and economy unions. If what has been intimated as the being regarded as virtues in our own people, probable decision of the Court shall be made it is unjust that we object to the Chinese the settled law of the land, the trades and labor for possessing the same qualities. This chamorganizations will be weakened beyond repair. pioning of Chinese cheap labor by one occupyOrders from the heads of such organizations ing such a high position as Justice Brewer will carry no weight if they can be suspended attracts attention. We do not see the justice summarily by the Courts, and the members of his conclusion on this subject. The Chinese, prohibited from obeying them under penalty of for unnumbered generations, have followed punishment for contempt. The enemies of methods of life radically at variance with the labor would be glad, no doubt, to have the American plans and ideas. The Chinese cases now on trial to take that turn; but we laborer, by remaining in his own country, is doubt if they would profit by it one-thousandth upon an equal footing with all and has an equal Cleveland Leader, March 23.—Judge Ricks part as much as the cause of individual free-chance, and no more; but for us to open our deserves credit for finding what appears to be dom would suffer. The rule of the union may gates to him to come into our midst with his a sound basis for the ruling in the Inter-State be, under certain circumstances, despotic; but inherited ideas and capacities for working and Commerce Statute. In effect, it will prevent a even when it is most so there is this alleviation, living in a way that it would simply be imposlabor leader from arbitrarily interfering to ter- that the subject of it submits himself to it vol- sible for Americans to do without years or minate contracts between employer and em-untarily and can repudiate it at will. It would possibly generations of a growth, or rather ployé, on a moment's notice, and will compel be far otherwise with the despotism which degeneration in that direction, would be giving workingmen in the employ of a railway comwould be the natural outgrowth of such a rul- the Chinese immigrant an advantage which he could in no wise possess in his own country, pany to refrain from using their places to ing as has been hinted at. block the performance of its just duties by a and in the same proportion perpetrate a most common carrier. It takes it out of the hands grievous injustice upon our own people who would see our country flooded with a strange people with whom they could not compete, as they could not descend to their plane of living, even if they wished to do so. of three or four men to tie up all the railways of the country and paralyze commerce on the instant to the great injury of the public as well as the railroad company, and is, accordingly, a valuable protection to the trade of the nation. Indianapolis Sentinel, March 25.-We do not believe that a Judge can prevent the employé from resigning his position. Whatever argument might be made in favor of such power, it is certainly not practicable to make men work if they refuse. You may do it in penitentiaries, but it will never be possible to enforce penitentiary discipline on free men. If Judge Ricks should decide it to be the law, and should be upheld by the Supreme Court, the legislative department would unquestionably make it not the law at the earliest opportunity. The idea of compelling any man to continue in an employment that is for any reason distasteful to him, is utterly repugnant to all American theories of freedom and the natural rights of man. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," are more sacred than any importance of transporting freight or passengers, and they will always remain so in this country. Chicago Globe, March 25.-Chief Arthur has issued an official statement of the engineers' side of the Ann Arbor strike. After covering all the points in controversy, he closes with the following statement: All the engineers and firemen ask is fair play and there will be no trouble. If the men are not at liberty to quit work when at any time it suits their convenience, then certainly the same rule will apply to a railroad at any time they choose without consulting his convenience and comfort. We are at any time ready to subscribe to any rule that will apply alike to employer and employé. company and deny them the right to discharge a man This is certainly high and right ground to take, and is fully in keeping with the Daily Globe's sentiments on this subject as expressed a week ago. There is no doubt but the action of Judge Ricks will prove the entering wedge to the solution of this whole labor question. All that labor wants is fair play, and any action of judge or jury that will tend to secure that end by forcing the employer to make the concèssion should be hailed with joy by all working men. Detroit Tribune, March 24.-An important question here seems to be whether railroad employés can be brought under the terms of the Inter-State Commerce Law. That act imposes certain conditions upon common carriers. Judge Ricks's position extends the provisions of the Inter-State Commerce Law to railroad em ployés. He sets up the same control and regulation of their actions as is assumed in the case of common carriers. He puts common carriers, their officers, agents, servants, and employés in the same boat. Is the Inter-State Commerce Law capable of this construction? That is the real question at issue. Detroit Free Press, March 24.-Indirectly, at least, the question is raised as to the binding force of agreements entered into between Minneapolis Journal, March 23.-The order of the Court against the boycott by Lake Shore engineers of freight from the Ann Arbor Road, where the strike originated, is not so surprising, as the point has probably been covered in a general way, at least, before; but the injunction to restrain employés of the Ann Arbor Road from quitting work goes to the root of the matter and involves the very life of the labor organizations engaged in railroad work. It is an interesting question how far the same rule might be extended in its application to employés in other industries-how far the argument that public interest dominated the right to strike might hold good. St. Louis Republic, March 25.-If the Federal Government through its Courts can control the actions of railway employés on the ground that they are rendering a public service, then the Federal Government, on the same ground of public expediency, can also control the actions of railway officials. Three-fourths of the troubles in connection with railways come from the arbitrary action of these officials, and when the issue comes to be fully understood Judges will take the places of Ricks and Taft who will haul railway officials into Court for promulgating orders and reducing wages that will result in inconvenience to the traveling public and interfere with inter-State commerce. The corporations need not imagine that they can use their Judges to interfere with the liberty of citizens who happen to be railway employés, without having the tables turned upon them. A few more such performances as that of Ricks and Taft and the Government ownership of railroads will become one of the great issues in our politics. Omaha Bee, March 24.-This issue is sure to bring prominently before the public mind the question of such Government control and regulation both of the corporations and their employés as will prevent conflicts that inflict injury upon the public. Legislation is needed that will compel those engaged in a service of a public character to subordinate private considerations to the public interests. Chinese Philadelphia Record, March 24.—It is in no unjust spirit of discrimination, then, that the Chinese are excluded from this country, but from a just sense of self-preservation which all nations must obey if they would accomplish a high destiny. To every logical mind, the exclusion of the Chinese from this country is a totally different matter from a restriction upon the admission of the European races from whom the American people have sprung. Immigration of kindred races is no more dangerous now than it was at any former period of the country's history. The evils connected with it are vastly overbalanced by the legal prohibition upon the Asiatic migration; noble purpose the Chinese laborers spend rela- THE CHINESE. Instead AT THE WEST AND Raleigh News and Observer, March 25.-The on |